Chapter 5 - Force and

Chapter 5 - Force and Motion Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

“I know not what I appear to the
world, but to myself I seem to
have been only like a boy
playing on the sea-shore, and
diverting myself in now and then
finding a smoother pebble or a
prettier shell, whilst the great
ocean of truth lay all
undiscovered before me."
- Sir Isaac Newton
1643 - 1727
(84 years old!)

David J. Starling
Penn State Hazleton
PHYS 211
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Introduction Motion

Newton’s First Law

I We know that the position of a body can be described
Newton’s Second Law
by the following equation: Newton’s Third Law
I r(t) = r0 + v0 t + 12 at2
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Introduction Motion

Newton’s First Law

I We know that the position of a body can be described
Newton’s Second Law
by the following equation: Newton’s Third Law
I r(t) = r0 + v0 t + 12 at2
a(t) = dtd v(t) = dtd dtd r(t)
 
I
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Introduction Motion

Newton’s First Law

I We know that the position of a body can be described
Newton’s Second Law
by the following equation: Newton’s Third Law
I r(t) = r0 + v0 t + 12 at2
a(t) = dtd v(t) = dtd dtd r(t)
 
I

1.4
1.2
a(t) = 1
1.0
x(t), v(t), a(t)

0.8
0.6
v(t) = (1)t
0.4
0.2
x(t) = 1/2(1)t2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time (s)
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Introduction Motion

Newton’s First Law

I We know that the position of a body can be described
Newton’s Second Law
by the following equation: Newton’s Third Law
I r(t) = r0 + v0 t + 12 at2
a(t) = dtd v(t) = dtd dtd r(t)
 
I

1.4
1.2
a(t) = 1
1.0
x(t), v(t), a(t)

0.8
0.6
v(t) = (1)t
0.4
0.2
x(t) = 1/2(1)t2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time (s)

I Today, we will learn how this motion is created.

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Introduction Motion

Newton’s First Law

I We know that the position of a body can be described
Newton’s Second Law
by the following equation: Newton’s Third Law
I r(t) = r0 + v0 t + 12 at2
a(t) = dtd v(t) = dtd dtd r(t)
 
I

1.4
1.2
a(t) = 1
1.0
x(t), v(t), a(t)

0.8
0.6
v(t) = (1)t
0.4
0.2
x(t) = 1/2(1)t2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time (s)

I Today, we will learn how this motion is created.

I This is called dynamics
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Introduction Motion

Newton’s First Law

I We know that the position of a body can be described
Newton’s Second Law
by the following equation: Newton’s Third Law
I r(t) = r0 + v0 t + 12 at2
a(t) = dtd v(t) = dtd dtd r(t)
 
I

1.4
1.2
a(t) = 1
1.0
x(t), v(t), a(t)

0.8
0.6
v(t) = (1)t
0.4
0.2
x(t) = 1/2(1)t2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time (s)

I Today, we will learn how this motion is created.

I This is called dynamics
I Dynamics are described by Newton’s Laws
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Introduction Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Introduction Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

≈ 2000 years ago

≈ 4, 500 years ago

≈ 4, 400 years ago

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Introduction Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

≈ 2000 years ago

≈ 4, 500 years ago

≈ 4, 400 years ago 325 years ago!

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Introduction Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

Sir Isaac Newton’s scientific contributions

I Mathematics
I Kinematics
I Dynamics
I Gravitation
I Optics
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Consider the following diagram: Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Consider the following diagram: Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

If the string suddenly snaps when the puck is in the position

shown, which path best represents the puck’s subsequent
motion?
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

Interesting Example
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s First Law Newton’s Third Law

When the net force on an object is zero,

it moves with constant velocity.
(The Law of Inertia)
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s First Law Newton’s Third Law

When the net force on an object is zero,

it moves with constant velocity.
(The Law of Inertia)

Examples:
I A puck or hockey player on ice
I A paper weight on your desk
I What else?
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

But what is a force? Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

But what is a force? Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

Types of forces:
I Tension
I Contact
I Friction
I Force at a distance
I Normal
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

What is “net force?”
Newton’s Second Law
X
~Fi = ~F1 + ~F2 + ~F3 + ... = ~Fnet Newton’s Third Law

i
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

What is “net force?”
Newton’s Second Law
X
~Fi = ~F1 + ~F2 + ~F3 + ... = ~Fnet Newton’s Third Law

How can net force be zero?

~ ~
P
i Fi = 0 = 0î + 0ĵ + 0k̂
I
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

What is “net force?”
Newton’s Second Law
X
~Fi = ~F1 + ~F2 + ~F3 + ... = ~Fnet Newton’s Third Law

How can net force be zero?

~ ~
P
i Fi = 0 = 0î + 0ĵ + 0k̂
I

I An object with no applied forces

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

What is “net force?”
Newton’s Second Law
X
~Fi = ~F1 + ~F2 + ~F3 + ... = ~Fnet Newton’s Third Law

How can net force be zero?

~ ~
P
i Fi = 0 = 0î + 0ĵ + 0k̂
I

I An object with no applied forces

I An object with balancing forces
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

The converse is also true:
Newton’s Third Law

When an object moves with constant velocity,

the net force is zero.
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

The converse is also true:
Newton’s Third Law

When an object moves with constant velocity,

the net force is zero.

Constant velocity? → dtd ~v = ~a = ~0

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

The converse is also true:
Newton’s Third Law

When an object moves with constant velocity,

the net force is zero.

Constant velocity? → dtd ~v = ~a = ~0

v(t) = vx (t)î + vy (t)ĵ + vz (t)k̂

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

The converse is also true:
Newton’s Third Law

When an object moves with constant velocity,

the net force is zero.

Constant velocity? → dtd ~v = ~a = ~0

v(t) = vx (t)î + vy (t)ĵ + vz (t)k̂

     
d d d d
v = vx (t) î + vy (t) ĵ + vz (t) k̂ = ~0
dt dt dt dt
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

The converse is also true:
Newton’s Third Law

When an object moves with constant velocity,

the net force is zero.

Constant velocity? → dtd ~v = ~a = ~0

v(t) = vx (t)î + vy (t)ĵ + vz (t)k̂

     
d d d d
v = vx (t) î + vy (t) ĵ + vz (t) k̂ = ~0
dt dt dt dt
d d d
vx (t) = vy (t) = vz (t) = 0
dt dt dt
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

There are two ways to make ~v change in time ( dtd ~v 6= ~0): Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

There are two ways to make ~v change in time ( dtd ~v 6= ~0): Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

I Change the magnitude of ~v (|~v| = v) Newton’s Third Law
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

There are two ways to make ~v change in time ( dtd ~v 6= ~0): Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

I Change the magnitude of ~v (|~v| = v) Newton’s Third Law

I Change the direction of ~v

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s First Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Lecture Question 5.1 Newton’s Third Law
When you drive your car down a straight highway at a
constant velocity, the net force on your car is zero.

(a) True
(b) False, because of air drag.
(c) False, because of friction from the road.
(d) False because of air drag and friction from the road.
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Second Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

Newton’s Second Law

An object acted upon by a net force

accelerates according to
~Fnet = m~a.
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Second Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

The S.I. unit for force can be found from the equation:
I F = ma → kg-m/s2
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Second Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

The S.I. unit for force can be found from the equation:
I F = ma → kg-m/s2
I This combination is called a Newton (N)
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Second Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

The S.I. unit for force can be found from the equation:
I F = ma → kg-m/s2
I This combination is called a Newton (N)
I Force is in newtons (N) [4.45 N ≈ 1 lb]
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Second Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

The S.I. unit for force can be found from the equation:
I F = ma → kg-m/s2
I This combination is called a Newton (N)
I Force is in newtons (N) [4.45 N ≈ 1 lb]

N = 445 N.
F = 100 lb = 100 lb × 4.45 lb
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Second Law Motion

Lecture Question 5.2 Newton’s First Law

A car of mass m is moving at a speed 3v in the left lane on a Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

highway. In the right lane, a truck of mass 3m is moving at a
speed v. As the car is passing the truck, both drivers apply the
brakes to stop ahead at a red light. What is the ratio of the force
required to stop the truck to that required to stop the car? Assume
each vehicle stops with a constant deceleration and stops in the
same distance x.

(a) 1/9

(b) 1/3

(c) 1

(d) 3

(e) 9
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Third Law Motion

Newton’s Third Law Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

The mutual forces between two bodies Newton’s Third Law

are equal and opposite.

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Third Law Motion

Newton’s Third Law Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

The mutual forces between two bodies Newton’s Third Law

are equal and opposite.

Other examples:
I Tug of war!
I Opening a door
I Jumping on a trampoline
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Third Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Example: An astronaut (ma = 80 kg) is tethered to a Newton’s Second Law

satellite (ms = 800 kg) in a remote region of space. The Newton’s Third Law

astronaut pulls on the tether with 40 N of force. What

happens?
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Third Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

First, let’s simplify this picture: Newton’s Third Law

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Third Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

What are the forces on each object? Newton’s Third Law

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Third Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Third Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

The Satellite:
I ~Fnet = 40î = ms~as = 800~as
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Third Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

The Satellite:
I ~Fnet = 40î = ms~as = 800~as
40î
I Therefore, ~as = 800 = 0.05î m/s2
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Third Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

The Satellite:
I ~Fnet = 40î = ms~as = 800~as
40î
I Therefore, ~as = 800 = 0.05î m/s2
The astronaut:
I ~Fnet = −40î = ma~aa = 80~aa
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Newton’s Third Law Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

The Satellite:
I ~Fnet = 40î = ms~as = 800~as
40î
I Therefore, ~as = 800 = 0.05î m/s2
The astronaut:
I ~Fnet = −40î = ma~aa = 80~aa
−40î
I Therefore, ~aa = 80 = −0.5î m/s2
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Summary Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

Newton’s Three Laws:

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Summary Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

Newton’s Three Laws:

I 1: When the net force on an object is zero, it moves
with constant velocity.
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Summary Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

Newton’s Three Laws:

I 1: When the net force on an object is zero, it moves
with constant velocity.
I 2: An object acted upon by a net force accelerates
according to ~Fnet = m~a.
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Summary Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

Newton’s Three Laws:

I 1: When the net force on an object is zero, it moves
with constant velocity.
I 2: An object acted upon by a net force accelerates
according to ~Fnet = m~a.
I 3: The mutual forces between two bodies are equal and
opposite.
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Summary Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Problem Solving Techniques
Newton’s Third Law

I Step 1: Identify object(s) and sketch

 Chapter 5 - Force and
Summary Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Problem Solving Techniques
Newton’s Third Law

I Step 1: Identify object(s) and sketch

I Step 2: Draw each force on object(s)
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Summary Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Problem Solving Techniques
Newton’s Third Law

I Step 1: Identify object(s) and sketch

I Step 2: Draw each force on object(s)
I Step 3: Draw a set of axes and separate forces into
components along them
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Summary Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Problem Solving Techniques
Newton’s Third Law

I Step 1: Identify object(s) and sketch

I Step 2: Draw each force on object(s)
I Step 3: Draw a set of axes and separate forces into
components along them
I Step 4: Sum the forces (head to tail)
I Step 5: Set equal to m~a and solve
 Chapter 5 - Force and
Summary Motion

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Lecture Question 5.3
Newton’s Third Law
When a satellite travels around the Earth in a circular orbit,
it moves at a (roughly) constant speed. Does Newton’s first
law apply in this situation?
(a) Yes
(b) No, because the satellite’s position is changing
(c) No, because the satellite is also pulled by the sun
(d) No, because the satellite changes direction
(e) No, because the satellite’s orbit eventually decays