Twain's

Odyssey
A crazy ride through modern history

All rights reserved to Twain Education/OAK Educacao - Code: 9iyu118

This material is protected by international copyright law

Hey you! Welcome to our Journey!

Here you're going to travel with us through modern

history at the same time that you're growing your
vocabulary and your English Skills!

But... this is not an English Class!

This is a journey!

This is an experience!

This is Twain.
How can I use this material

Read the text (by yourself, with your teacher or with your friends!

Reflect on the Keywords and do some small research

Ask questions around or (if you're alone) think about every

question prompted at the end of each articl

Move the conversation and let's practice English!

The housing Crash, 2008
In 2008, the United States experienced a severe economic crisis that was triggered by a collapse in the
housing market. Banks had been lending money to people who couldn't afford to repay it, and this led to a
surge in the number of subprime mortgages that were being issued. When many of these homeowners
defaulted on their loans, the housing market crashed, and the ripple effects spread throughout the
economy.

The crisis had far-reaching consequences, including widespread job losses, a decrease in consumer
spending, and a drop in the stock market. Many businesses went bankrupt, and the government had to
step in with bailouts to prevent further damage. It took years for the economy to recover fully, and the
crisis left many people struggling financially.

Keywords: Economic Crisis, Housing Crash, Subprime Mortgages, Bailouts, Job Losses.

Questions
What factors led to the housing market crash in 2008
How did the economic crisis of 2008 affect businesses and consumers
What measures did the government take to try to mitigate the damage caused by the crisis?
Filme: A grande aposta

listening
Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrency is a digital form of
currency that operates independently
of traditional banking systems.

One of the most well-known

cryptocurrencies is Bitcoin, which was
The concept of cryptocurrency is
created in 2009. Bitcoin is created
based on blockchain technology, which
through a process called mining,
is a secure and transparent ledger that
where users solve complex
records transactions between users.

mathematical equations to earn new

This means that cryptocurrency Bitcoin (BTC) is the coins.

transactions are verified by a most famous

decentralized network of computers, cryptocurrency Other popular cryptocurrencies include
Ethereum, Litecoin, and Ripple. Each
rather than by a central authority

cryptocurrency has its own unique

like a bank.

features and uses, but they all operate

on the same basic principles of
blockchain technology.

listening
Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrency has become increasingly popular in recent years, as more people look for alternatives to traditional banking systems.

It offers several advantages over traditional currency, including faster and cheaper transactions, greater security, and increased privacy.

However, it also comes with some risks, such as the potential for market volatility and the possibility of hacking or fraud.

Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, Bitcoin, Mining, Ethereum.

Questions
How does blockchain technology make cryptocurrency transactions more secure than traditional banking systems
What are some advantages and disadvantages of using cryptocurrency instead of traditional currency
Can you name some other examples of cryptocurrencies besides Bitcoin, and what are some unique features of those currencies?
The metaverse
The Metaverse is a concept that refers to a virtual
world that is shared by millions of users. It is
created through a combination of technologies,
including virtual reality, augmented reality, and
blockchain. The Metaverse is intended to be a fully
immersive experience, where users can interact
with each other and with virtual objects in real
The Metaverse has the
potential to have a significant
impact on the global economy.
As more people participate in
virtual worlds, it could create
new opportunities for
businesses and entrepreneurs.

time.

For example, virtual real estate

One example of the Metaverse in action is the could become a valuable
game Second Life, which has been around since commodity, and virtual
2003. In Second Life, users create avatars that advertising could become a
represent them in the virtual world. They can major source of revenue.

interact with other users, buy and sell virtual

property, and participate in a wide range of
activities. The game has its own economy, with a However, there are also
virtual currency that can be used to purchase concerns about the
goods and services.
potential for addiction, as
well as the impact on real-
world social interactions.

listening Metaverse crazy Illustrations

The metaverse

Despite the potential risks, many companies are investing in the

Metaverse. Facebook has announced plans to create a Metaverse,

and companies like Nike and Louis Vuitton have already launched

virtual stores in Second Life. It remains to be seen how the

Metaverse will evolve in the coming years, but it is clear that it has

the potential to become a major force in the global economy.

Keywords: Metaverse, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality,

Blockchain, Second Life.

Movie Tip

Questions

What is the Metaverse, and what technologies are used to create it

What are some potential economic impacts of the Metaverse, both positive and negative

What are some concerns about the impact of the Metaverse on real-world social interactions, and how can they be addressed?
NFTs

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are a type of digital asset that are

stored on a blockchain. They are unique and cannot be replicated,

making them highly valuable to collectors and investors. NFTs can

represent anything from digital artwork to music to tweets, and

they are becoming increasingly popular in the world of

cryptocurrency.

One interesting connection between NFTs and the Metaverse is

that they can be used to create virtual assets that can be bought

and sold within the Metaverse. For example, a user could

purchase an NFT that represents a virtual house in a virtual world,

and then use that NFT to prove ownership of the house. This

could create a new economy within the Metaverse, where virtual

assets are traded just like real-world assets.

Bored Ape Yacht Club is an

example of a big NFT Project

By owning their digital asset you have access to an exclusive group

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NFTs
There is a lot of excitement around NFTs right now, with some selling for millions of dollars at auction. However, there are also concerns about their
environmental impact, as the process of creating and trading NFTs requires a lot of energy. As the technology continues to evolve, it will be interesting to
see how NFTs are used within the Metaverse and beyond.

Keywords: NFTs, Blockchain, Digital Assets, Metaverse, Virtual Economy.

Questions
What are NFTs, and how are they stored and traded
How can NFTs be used to create a virtual economy within the Metaverse
What are some of the concerns about the environmental impact of NFTs, and how can they be addressed?
The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that The growth and
aims to create intelligent machines that can think and act implementation of AI is
like humans. AI technology has come a long way in recent expected to have a
years, and it is now being used in a wide range of significant impact on the
applications, from self-driving cars to virtual personal economy in the coming
assistants.
years. Some experts predict
that AI will create new jobs
and industries, while others
warn that it could lead to
widespread job loss and
economic inequality.

As the technology
continues to evolve, it
will be important for
governments and
businesses to find
ChatGPT is the ultimate AI Tool ways to ensure that
everyone benefits from
its development. OpenAI is the company behind
ChatGPT
listening
The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

One example of the economic impact of AI is in the

healthcare industry. AI is being used to analyze vast

amounts of medical data and develop more accurate

diagnoses and treatment plans. This has the potential to

improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs, but

it could also lead to the displacement of some healthcare

workers.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Intelligent Machines,

Automation, Job Loss, Healthcare.

Movie Tip

Questions

What is Artificial Intelligence, and how is it being used in different industries

What are some of the potential economic benefits and drawbacks of AI

How can governments and businesses ensure that everyone benefits from the development of AI technology?
AI and the Metaverse
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a key technology that will help drive
the development of the Metaverse, a virtual world where
people can interact with each other and digital objects in a fully
immersive environment. AI algorithms can be used to create
intelligent and lifelike virtual characters, optimize gameplay
experiences, and enhance the overall performance of the
Metaverse.

The economic impact of the Metaverse is expected to be

significant, with some experts predicting that it could become a
multibillion-dollar industry in the coming years. As AI
technology continues to evolve and improve, it will become an
increasingly important component of the Metaverse, helping to
drive innovation and create new opportunities for businesses
and consumers alike.

What do you
think about AI?

listening
AI and the Metaverse
In turn, the Metaverse will also provide new opportunities for AI development and testing. By creating a virtual environment that mimics the real world,
developers can use the Metaverse to train and test AI algorithms in a safe and controlled environment, without the risk of real-world consequences.

AI and the metaverse are closely connected, as the metaverse is a virtual world that relies on advanced technologies such as AI to create immersive
experiences. AI can enable more realistic and personalized interactions within the metaverse, such as intelligent NPCs, chatbots, and virtual assistants
that can understand and respond to users' needs and preferences. AI can also be used to optimize resource allocation and facilitate content creation and
curation within the metaverse. Overall, the integration of AI and the metaverse can enhance the user experience, improve efficiency, and unlock new
possibilities for entertainment, education, social interaction, and commerce.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Metaverse, Virtual World, Immersive Environment, Economic Impact.

Questions
How can AI be used to enhance the performance of the Metaverse
What economic opportunities do experts predict for the Metaverse, and how will AI play a role in that growth
How can the Metaverse be used to develop and test AI algorithms, and what advantages does this approach have compared to real-world testing?
What is capitalism?

Capitalism is an economic system that emerged during the Industrial

Revolution and is characterized by private ownership of the means of

production, competitive markets, and the pursuit of profit. Capitalism has

been a driving force behind many technological innovations throughout

history. The development of the steam engine, for example, was motivated

by a need to increase the efficiency of production and reduce costs.

Similarly, the rise of the internet and digital technology can be traced back

to a desire to improve communication and increase productivity.

The current state of technology can be seen as a reflection of the capitalist

society we live in. Companies are constantly competing for market share

and profits, and technological advancements are often driven by the desire

to increase profits and reduce costs. This has led to the development of

new products and services that are designed to be more efficient and

cost-effective, but can also have negative consequences such as job

displacement and increased income inequality.

Industries are a big

piece of Capitalism

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What is capitalism?
While capitalism has been successful in generating wealth and
promoting innovation, it has also led to social and economic
inequalities. The rise of automation and artificial intelligence is
likely to exacerbate these inequalities, as those who are unable to
adapt to the changing economy may be left behind. As we
continue to develop new technologies and ways of doing
business, it is important to consider the ethical implications and
ensure that the benefits are shared fairly.

Keywords: capitalism, private ownership, competition,

innovation, inequality.

Movie Tip

Questions
In what ways has capitalism driven technological development throughout history
How has the pursuit of profit influenced the development of technology in our society
What are the potential negative consequences of technological advancements driven by a capitalist economy?
Capitalism & Socialism
Capitalism and socialism are two distinct economic systems
that have been the subject of debate for centuries. Capitalism
is a system that emphasizes the private ownership of property
and the free market. On the other hand, socialism is a system
that emphasizes collective ownership of property and a
planned economy.

One of the key differences between capitalism and socialism

is the role of the state. In a capitalist system, the state's role is Banking institutions
limited, and businesses are free to operate with minimal Lenin's Picture
government intervention. In contrast, the state plays a more
significant role in a socialist system, as it is responsible for
managing the economy and ensuring that wealth is distributed Another key difference between capitalism and socialism is the way in
equally among the population.

which goods and services are produced. In a capitalist system, goods

and services are produced based on demand and supply, and prices
are determined by the market. In contrast, in a socialist system,
goods and services are produced based on the needs of society, and
prices are determined by the state.

listening
Capitalism & Socialism
Despite their differences, it is possible for capitalism and socialism to coexist.

For example, many countries have mixed economies, where the state plays a role in regulating the economy, but businesses are free to operate in a
market-based system.

One such example is Sweden, which has a strong welfare state and a regulated market economy.

In Sweden, businesses are free to operate, but the government provides a robust social safety net and ensures that wealth is distributed more equally
among the population.

Keywords: Capitalism, socialism, free market, planned economy, state intervention

Questions
What are the key differences between capitalism and socialism
Can capitalism and socialism coexist? If so, how
What are some examples of countries that have successfully combined elements of capitalism and socialism in their economic systems?
The First World War (The Great War)
The First World War, also known as the Great War, was a global conflict
that lasted from 1914 to 1918. The war involved major world powers and
alliances, with the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
the Ottoman Empire) fighting against the Allied Powers (led by the United
Kingdom, France, and Russia, and later joined by the United States). The
war was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of
Austria in 1914 and was characterized by trench warfare and the use of
new technologies such as tanks, airplanes, and chemical weapons.

The war had significant historical implications, leading to the collapse of

four empires (the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian), and
redrawing the political map of Europe and the Middle East. It also marked
the end of the long 19th century, characterized by European dominance
and imperialism, and ushered in the modern era. The war led to the rise of
new nations, such as Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Poland, and paved
the way for the Second World War, as it created a sense of bitterness and
anger that lingered in many countries for years to come.

A war of trenches
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The First World War (The Great War)
In conclusion, the First World War was a devastating conflict that had profound
historical implications, reshaping the political and cultural landscape of the world.

It was a brutal reminder of the destructive power of modern warfare and had lasting
effects on the global community.

Keywords: First World War, Great War, global conflict, Central Powers, Allied
Powers, trench warfare, new technologies, collapse of empires, redrawing political
map, modern era, rise of new nations, Second World War.

Movie Tip

Questions
What were the main causes of the First World War
What were some of the new technologies used in the war and how did they affect its outcome
How did the First World War change the global political landscape and pave the way for future conflicts?
The Second World War (WWII)
The Second World War, also known as WWII, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved
the majority of the world's nations, including the great powers, and resulted in the deaths of millions of
people. The war began with the invasion of Poland by Germany and eventually led to the atomic bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States, which caused Japan's surrender.

WWII had a significant impact on world history and shaped the modern world in many ways. One of the most
significant impacts of the war was the formation of the United Nations, an international organization created
to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations. The war also marked the end of European
imperialism and the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.

The Nazi German Army

In addition to political and economic changes, the war also
had a profound impact on society and culture. It led to the
rise of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States and
the feminist movement in many parts of the world. WWII also
prompted advancements in science and technology,
particularly in the fields of aviation and medicine.
In WW2 armies had The Allies won the war!
increased the use of tanks

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The Second World War (WWII)
Overall, the Second World War was a significant event in world
history, with far-reaching consequences that continue to shape
our world today.

Keywords: Second World War, global conflict, United Nations,

Cold War, Civil Rights Movement

Movie Tip

Questions
How did the Second World War impact the formation of the United Nations and what is its significance
What were the social and cultural changes that resulted from the Second World War
How did the scientific and technological advancements that resulted from the war contribute to the development of modern society?
The Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the
Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies from
the end of World War II until the early 1990s. It was characterized by
ideological conflict, political and economic competition, and military
buildup. The two superpowers never directly engaged in armed
conflict, but they engaged in proxy wars, espionage, and
propaganda campaigns.

One of the main conflicts during the Cold War was the arms race,
where the US and the Soviet Union stockpiled nuclear weapons and
built up their military capabilities. The threat of nuclear war loomed
over the world, leading to heightened tensions and fear of global
destruction.

Another significant event during the Cold War

was the Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1962, the Soviet
Union deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba, which
prompted a US response that led to a tense
An ideological war

standoff. This event brought the world closer to

A proxy war
nuclear war than any other during the Cold War.

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The Cold War
The Cold War also had significant economic implications, with the US
and Soviet Union competing for influence over developing countries
through economic aid and trade agreements. The collapse of the
Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War, and it led to
the emergence of the US as the sole superpower in the world.

Keywords: Cold War, geopolitical tension, ideological conflict,

nuclear weapons, arms race.

Movie Tip
Questions
What were the main conflicts during the Cold War
How did the arms race impact the world during the Cold War
What were the economic implications of the Cold War, and how did it affect developing countries?
The Iraq War

The War in Iraq began on March 20, 2003, after a US-led coalition invaded the country to

oust dictator Saddam Hussein. The invasion was based on the belief that Iraq possessed

weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), which posed a threat to global security. However,

after several years of conflict, it was revealed that no WMDs were found in Iraq.

The War in Iraq was also connected to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the

World Trade Center in New York City. The US government believed that Hussein had ties to

Al-Qaeda and was involved in the planning of the attacks. While there was no direct

evidence linking Hussein to the attacks, the US government used it as justification for the

invasion of Iraq.

The War in Iraq was a divisive and controversial conflict, with many

countries opposing the invasion and the subsequent occupation. The

war lasted for several years, resulting in the deaths of thousands of

people, including US soldiers and Iraqi civilians.

Soldiers in the desert

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The Iraq War
Today, the War in Iraq is viewed as a significant event in modern history,
with many questioning the motives behind the invasion and the
subsequent impact it had on the Middle East region.

Keywords: War in Iraq, invasion, weapons of mass destruction,

September 11 attacks, Middle East.

Movie Tip
Questions
What were the main reasons behind the invasion of Iraq in 2003
How did the September 11 attacks impact the decision to go to war in Iraq
What were the consequences of the War in Iraq for the region and the world as a whole?
Industry Giants

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a handful of Andrew Carnegie was a

industrialists rose to become some of the wealthiest and most Scottish-American

influential men in American history. These men, including Cornelius industrialist who made his

Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Andrew Carnegie, fortune in the steel industry.

built their fortunes through a combination of business savvy, hard Carnegie was also a noted

work, and ruthless ambition. In many ways, their success reflected philanthropist, and his

the cultural and economic context of their times.

charitable donations helped

Vanderbilt
to establish a number of

Cornelius Vanderbilt was a shipping magnate who made his fortune institutions that still exist

through his control of steamship lines and railroads. Vanderbilt was today, including Carnegie Hall

one of the first "robber barons" of the 19th century, and his and the Carnegie Foundation John D.

aggressive business practices helped to establish the modern for the Advancement of Rockefeller

American economy.

Teaching.

John D. Rockefeller, meanwhile, was the founder of Standard Oil,

which dominated the oil industry during the late 19th and early 20th The rise of the industry giants also had a significant impact on American

centuries. Rockefeller's business practices were similarly society, particularly in terms of wealth inequality. These men were among the

aggressive, and he was known for his ruthless pursuit of profits.

richest people in American history, and their wealth allowed them to wield

significant political and economic power.

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Industry Giants
Despite their enormous wealth and power, however, the industry giants were not without their
critics. Many people viewed them as ruthless and exploitative, and there were concerns about the
ways in which their wealth and power might be used to undermine the democratic ideals that
were at the heart of American society.

In many ways, the industry giants of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were a reflection of the
cultural and economic context in which they lived. Their success was a testament to the
opportunities that were available during this period of American history, but it was also a reminder
of the many challenges and injustices that accompanied the rapid industrialization and economic
growth of this time.

JP Morgan
Keywords: Industry Giants, Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Andrew
Carnegie, American economy, rapid industrialization, wealth inequality, political and economic
power, cultural and economic context.

Andrew
Questions Carnegie
How did the rise of the industry giants affect American society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries
What were some of the criticisms of the industry giants, and how did they respond to these criticisms
How did the philanthropic efforts of industry giants like Andrew Carnegie contribute to American society?
The Korean War
The Korean War began in 1950 as a result of the ideological conflict
between North and South Korea. The two sides had been divided at the
end of World War II, with the Soviet Union occupying the North and the Today, North and South Korea remain
United States occupying the South. The war ended in 1953 with an divided and technically at war, with
armistice that established a demilitarized zone (DMZ) separating the two occasional flare-ups of violence in
countries, but a peace treaty was never signed. Since then, North Korea the DMZ. The North Korean regime,
has become one of the world's most secretive and repressive states, while led by Kim Jong Un, is one of the
South Korea has transformed into a prosperous democracy.

world's most isolated and repressive

governments, with a nuclear weapons
The war in Korea was largely a proxy conflict between the United States program that has caused concern
and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The U.S. feared that communist among many nations.

expansion would lead to the loss of other countries to communism, while

the Soviet Union saw the war as an opportunity to expand its influence in Meanwhile, South Korea has become
Asia. The conflict was brutal, with an estimated 2.5 million casualties, one of the world's largest economies,
including soldiers and civilians.

with a thriving tech industry and a

vibrant culture.

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The Korean War
Despite the stark differences between North and South Korea, there have been some signs of rapprochement in recent years.

In 2018, Kim Jong Un and South Korean President Moon Jae-in held a historic summit and pledged to work toward a peace treaty and the
denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. However, progress has been slow and there are still many obstacles to overcome.

Keywords: Korean War, North Korea, South Korea, Cold War, DMZ

Questions
How did the Korean War reflect the broader ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
How has the division of North and South Korea affected their respective economies and cultures
What are the prospects for peace and reconciliation between North and South Korea in the future?
The Rise of Social Media
The early 2000s saw the birth of social media, with
the first platforms including MySpace, Friendster,
and LinkedIn. However, it was Facebook, launched
in 2004, that became the dominant player in the
field. Social media has had a significant impact on
society and the economy, changing the way we
communicate, do business, and consume media.
and services. Social media influencers
One of the most significant impacts of social media
is its effect on communication. Social media
platforms allow people to connect with friends,
family, and strangers from around the world. This
has led to the creation of online communities
centered around shared interests and hobbies.
Social media also makes it easier for people to
share news and information with a wider audience,
which can be both positive and negative.
revenue decline as more people turn to
listening
Another significant impact of social
media is on business and the economy.
Social media has disrupted traditional
marketing and advertising methods,
with companies increasingly turning to
social media to promote their products
have also emerged as a new marketing
channel, with companies partnering
with popular influencers to promote
their brands.
Social media has also had a significant
impact on the media industry. Traditional
media outlets have seen their advertising
social media for their news and
entertainment. Social media platforms
have become a major source of news,
with many people getting their news
primarily from social media.
The Rise of Social Media
However, social media has also been criticized for its impact on mental health. Studies have shown
that social media use can lead to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Social
media has also been linked to cyberbullying and other forms of online harassment.

In recent years, social media has become increasingly polarized, with people using social media to
express their political views and engage in political discourse. This has led to the spread of
misinformation and the amplification of extreme views, which has contributed to political polarization
and division.

Despite its challenges, social media remains a powerful tool for communication, business, and
entertainment. As social media continues to evolve and new platforms emerge, it will be interesting to Movie Tip
see how it continues to shape society and the economy.

Keywords: Social Media, Communication, Business, Media, Mental Health

Questions
How has social media impacted traditional media outlets
What are some of the positive and negative effects of social media on communication
How has social media contributed to political polarization and division?
Google is born!
Google is a multinational technology company founded in 1998
by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. The company started as a
research project at Stanford University and quickly became the
world's most popular search engine. Today, Google offers a
wide range of products and services, including email, cloud
storage, mobile operating systems, and advertising.
Google Maps, and Google Drive have become
Google's impact on the economy has been significant, with the
company consistently ranking as one of the most valuable
brands in the world. Its advertising model has revolutionized
the way businesses advertise, with Google's AdWords platform
allowing businesses of all sizes to reach a global audience.
Additionally, Google has been a driving force in the
development of the internet, with its various products and
services helping to shape the way we consume and interact
with digital content.
faced criticism over the years. The company has
listening
Google's cultural impact has also been significant,
with the company's products and services
becoming integral parts of our daily lives. Google's
search engine has become a ubiquitous tool for
finding information, while products like Gmail,
staples in both personal and professional contexts.
Furthermore, Google's mobile operating system,
Android, has become the most popular
smartphone platform in the world, cementing the
company's influence in the mobile technology
space.
Despite its many accomplishments, Google has
been accused of anticompetitive practices and
mishandling of user data, leading to various
investigations and lawsuits. Additionally, some
have raised concerns over the company's role in
the spread of misinformation and its potential
impact on democracy.
Google is born!
In recent years, Google has continued to expand its reach, with the company investing heavily in
artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies. Additionally, Google has made efforts to
address some of the criticisms it has faced, such as increasing user privacy protections and
promoting media literacy to combat misinformation.

In conclusion, Google's impact on the economy and culture cannot be overstated. The company's
innovations have transformed the way we interact with digital content and has helped drive the
development of the internet as we know it. However, as with any large corporation, Google has faced
criticism and controversy over the years. Nevertheless, Google continues to push the boundaries of
what is possible in technology and remains one of the most influential companies in the world.

Keywords: Google, technology, advertising, mobile, culture

Questions
What are some of the criticisms Google has faced in recent years, and how has the company responded to these concerns
How has Google's advertising model impacted the way businesses advertise, and what are some of the implications of this
In what ways has Google's mobile operating system, Android, impacted the smartphone industry, and what are some of the potential
benefits and drawbacks of this dominance?
Apple is here
Apple Inc. is a technology company that designs, develops, and In addition to the iPhone,
sells a range of consumer electronics, computer software, and Apple has released several
online services. The company was founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs, other successful products,
Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in Cupertino, California. In the including the iPad and
early years, Apple produced the Apple I and Apple II personal Apple Watch. The iPad was
computers, which were successful but did not have a significant introduced in 2010 and
impact on the market. It wasn't until the introduction of the became the company's
Macintosh in 1984 that Apple began to see real success.

most successful product

after the iPhone. The Apple
Throughout the 1990s, Apple faced increased competition from Watch, released in 2015, is
companies like Microsoft and struggled to maintain its market share. a smartwatch that has
However, in the early 2000s, Apple made a comeback with the become increasingly
release of several successful products. In 2001, the company popular in recent years.
released the iPod, a portable music player that revolutionized the
music industry. The iPod's success paved the way for Apple's next Apple's success has had a significant impact on the
major product, the iPhone, which was released in 2007. The iPhone technology industry and on popular culture.

was a game-changer, combining the functions of a phone, a music The company's products are known for their sleek design,
player, and a computer in one device.

user-friendly interface, and high price point.

Apple's marketing strategy, which emphasizes the exclusivity

and quality of its products, has helped to establish the brand
as a symbol of luxury and sophistication.

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Apple is here
However, Apple's success has also been criticized for its reliance on cheap labor
and controversial supply chain practices. The company has faced criticism for
working conditions in its factories, as well as for its environmental impact.

Overall, Apple has had a significant impact on the technology industry and on
popular culture. The company's products have changed the way we interact with
technology and have become iconic symbols of innovation and luxury.

Keywords: Apple, Steve Jobs, iPhone, iPad, iPod, technology, innovation, design

Movie Tip
Questions
How has Apple's marketing strategy contributed to its success
What impact has Apple had on the technology industry
Should Apple be held accountable for the working conditions in its factories and its environmental impact?
Microsoft
Microsoft, one of the largest and most influential technology In addition to software, Microsoft
companies in the world, was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul has also had a significant impact on
Allen. The company's early focus was on developing software for the gaming industry. In 2001, the
personal computers, which were just beginning to gain popularity. company released the Xbox, which
Over the years, Microsoft has become a major player in a wide quickly became a popular gaming
range of industries, from computer software and gaming to console. Over the years, Microsoft
smartphones and cloud computing.

has continued to innovate in the

gaming space, releasing new
One of Microsoft's most famous products is the Windows operating versions of the Xbox and developing
system, which was first released in 1985. Windows quickly became a range of popular games.

the dominant operating system for personal computers, and it

remains a major player in the market today. Microsoft also
developed other popular software, such as Microsoft Office, which In terms of cultural impact, Microsoft has been a major player in shaping the
includes tools like Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.

way people use computers and technology. Windows and other Microsoft
products have become ubiquitous in both personal and professional settings,
and the company's software has helped shape the way people work,
communicate, and consume information.

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Microsoft
From an economic perspective, Microsoft has had a significant impact on
the technology industry and the broader economy. The company has been
incredibly successful, generating billions of dollars in revenue and creating
countless jobs around the world. Microsoft's success has also inspired
countless other entrepreneurs and innovators, who have looked to the
company as a model for how to build a successful business in the
technology space.

Some keywords that may be useful for English learners include: Microsoft,
Windows, Xbox, Bill Gates, software, philanthropy, innovation, and
economic impact.

Keywords: Microsoft, Windows, Xbox, Bill Gates, software, philanthropy,

Movie Tip
innovation, and economic impact.

Questions
How has Microsoft influenced the way people use technology in their daily lives
What do you think is Microsoft's most important product or contribution to the technology industry
Do you think Microsoft has had a positive or negative impact on the broader economy? Why?
Banking
Banking as we know it today has its roots in ancient The industrial revolution of the 19th
times, where people engaged in practices such as century brought about significant
lending money, exchanging currency, and depositing changes in the banking system.

valuables in safe places. The Renaissance period saw

the emergence of the first modern banks, including the
Bank of Venice and the Bank of Amsterdam. These
institutions issued paper money and established credit
systems, leading to the development of banking as a
formal industry.
Banks began to offer loans to
businesses and individuals for the
purchase of new machinery and
other equipment, helping to fuel the

growth of industrialization. Banks

also began to offer savings
The Rothschild family played a significant role in the accounts and other forms of
development of the banking system in the 18th and personal finance, catering to the
19th centuries. The family established a network of needs of the growing middle class.

banks throughout Europe and funded wars and

revolutions, gaining significant political power as a
result. This period also saw the rise of capitalism,
which further spurred the growth of banking as a
means of financing business ventures and investing in
new technologies.

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Banking
In the 20th century, the banking system became increasingly complex and regulated, with the establishment of central banks and government oversight.
The rise of globalization and the growth of international trade have also had a significant impact on the banking system, with banks now operating on a
global scale and offering a wide range of financial products and services.

At its core, a bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from customers and provides loans and other financial services, such as credit cards,
savings accounts, and investment products. Banks make money by charging interest on loans and other fees, and by investing the deposits they receive.
Banks also act as intermediaries between borrowers and lenders, providing a safe and secure way for people and businesses to store and transfer
money. Banks are regulated by government agencies and must adhere to strict rules and guidelines to ensure their safety and stability. In essence, banks
play a critical role in the economy by facilitating the flow of money and credit, promoting economic growth and stability, and providing essential financial
services to individuals and businesses.

Keywords: Banking, Renaissance, Rothschild family, Capitalism, Industrial revolution, Central banks, Globalization.

Questions
How has the role of banks in society evolved over time, and what impact has this had on individuals and businesses
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of globalization on the banking system, and how has this impacted the economy as a whole
In what ways has government oversight and regulation impacted the banking system, and what role should governments play in regulating banks?
Banking and Crypto
The rise of cryptocurrencies has disrupted the traditional
banking system in various ways. Banks have long held a
monopoly over the global financial system, acting as Another way that cryptocurrencies have
intermediaries for transactions and storing people's money. disrupted the banking system is by offering
Cryptocurrencies have introduced a new type of currency that an alternative store of value.
is decentralized and operates outside the traditional banking Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum
system. This has challenged banks to adapt and compete with have gained popularity as investments due to
cryptocurrencies or risk being left behind.

their potential for high returns. This has

challenged banks to offer investment options
One of the main ways that cryptocurrencies have disrupted that can compete with cryptocurrencies.

the banking system is through their use of blockchain

technology. Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that Cryptocurrencies have also challenged
records transactions and is maintained by a network of banks to be more transparent and
computers rather than a central authority like a bank. This accountable. The decentralized nature of
technology has the potential to revolutionize the way banks cryptocurrencies means that transactions
operate, making transactions faster, cheaper, and more secure.

are public and cannot be altered. This has

led to calls for greater transparency in the
banking system and for banks to be more
accountable for their actions.

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Banking and Crypto

However, cryptocurrencies have also presented challenges for banks, particularly when it comes to regulation. Cryptocurrencies operate outside the

traditional regulatory framework of the banking system, which has made it difficult for governments to control them. This has led to concerns over

money laundering and other criminal activities that can be facilitated by cryptocurrencies.

Despite these challenges, many banks have recognized the potential of cryptocurrencies and are exploring ways to incorporate them into their

operations. Some banks have launched their own cryptocurrencies or invested in blockchain technology. Others have started offering cryptocurrency-

related services to their customers, such as allowing them to buy and sell cryptocurrencies.

In conclusion, the rise of cryptocurrencies has disrupted the traditional banking system in various ways, challenging banks to adapt and compete with

this new technology. While cryptocurrencies present many opportunities, they also pose challenges for banks, particularly in terms of regulation.

However, many banks have recognized the potential of cryptocurrencies and are exploring ways to incorporate them into their operations.

Keywords: cryptocurrencies, blockchain, decentralized, transparency, regulation.

Questions

How has the rise of cryptocurrencies challenged banks to adapt

What is blockchain technology and how has it disrupted the traditional banking system

What are the potential benefits and challenges of incorporating cryptocurrencies into the banking system?
Let's “Netflix and chill”

Netflix was founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph as a DVD rental-by-mail
service. In 2007, the company introduced its streaming service, which allowed users to watch
movies and TV shows instantly online. This was a game changer for the industry and Netflix
quickly became the leader in the streaming market.

In addition to its extensive library of licensed content, Netflix also began producing its own
original content in 2012 with the release of "Lilyhammer." This decision to create original
programming was a strategic move to differentiate itself from competitors and to have exclusive
content that could only be found on Netflix. It has since produced numerous critically acclaimed
shows such as "House of Cards," "Stranger Things," and "The Crown."

Netflix's growth has been fueled by its ability to adapt to changing technologies and user behavior.
The company was an early adopter of cloud computing and has continued to invest in infrastructure to
ensure seamless streaming experiences for its users. It also uses data analytics to determine what
content to produce and acquire, making decisions based on user viewing habits.

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Let's “Netflix and chill”
As of 2022, Netflix has over 200 million subscribers in more than 190 countries. The company continues to invest heavily in content creation, with a
budget of over $17 billion in 2021. It also faces increasing competition from new streaming services such as Disney+, HBO Max, and Amazon Prime
Video.

The rise of Netflix has had a significant impact on the entertainment industry, leading to a shift away from traditional cable TV and movie theaters. It has
also disrupted the way content is produced, distributed, and consumed.

Keywords: Netflix, streaming, original content, user behavior, data analytics.

Questions
How has Netflix impacted the traditional entertainment industry, such as cable TV and movie theaters
What factors have contributed to Netflix's success, and how have they adapted to changing technologies and user behavior
With increasing competition in the streaming market, what challenges does Netflix face in maintaining its position as a leader in the industry?
Bye, bye Blockbuster
The downfall of Blockbuster Video is a classic story of a company
that couldn't adapt to the changing times, with its demise marking
the rise of Netflix. Blockbuster was a massive video rental chain
that, at its peak, had over 9,000 locations worldwide. The
company's business model was based on customers renting movies
or games for a certain period, with late fees imposed for returns Blockbuster tried to compete with Netflix
that exceeded that period. Blockbuster's main competitor was by offering its own DVD-by-mail service,
Hollywood Video, another video rental store chain. However, as the but it was too little too late. Blockbuster
internet became more widespread, things changed rapidly.

was also too slow to embrace the

streaming technology that Netflix was
Netflix was founded in 1997 as a DVD-by-mail service. In 2007, developing, and its debt burden made it
Netflix launched its streaming service, which allowed users to difficult to pivot its business model.

stream content directly to their devices without the need for

physical media. Netflix's streaming service made it possible for
users to watch movies and TV shows instantly, and without the
need to leave their homes. It was cheaper and more convenient
than visiting a video rental store, and users didn't have to worry
about late fees. Netflix's early success was partly due to its
recommendation algorithm, which suggested new titles based on
In 2010, Blockbuster filed for bankruptcy,
and its remaining stores were sold off in
the following years. Netflix, on the other
hand, continued to innovate and expand,
eventually becoming the world's leading
streaming service.

users' viewing histories.

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Bye, bye Blockbuster

The downfall of Blockbuster Video and the rise of Netflix is a cautionary tale for

businesses that refuse to adapt to changing times. Blockbuster's failure to embrace

streaming technology and its reliance on late fees as a source of revenue proved to

be its undoing. Meanwhile, Netflix's willingness to embrace change and innovate has

allowed it to thrive and become a major player in the entertainment industry.

In conclusion, the downfall of Blockbuster and the rise of Netflix is a story of how a

company can be left behind if it doesn't adapt to new technologies and changing

consumer habits. It's also a reminder of the importance of innovation and a

willingness to take risks in order to stay ahead of the competition.

Blockbuster used to be huge!

Keywords: Blockbuster, Netflix, streaming, DVD-by-mail, bankruptcy.

Questions

Why did Blockbuster fail to keep up with the changing times, and how did this contribute to its downfall

What was the main factor that allowed Netflix to become the dominant player in the entertainment industry

What lessons can other businesses learn from the downfall of Blockbuster and the rise of Netflix?
Theranos, FTX and fraudulent startups
Theranos was a startup founded by Elizabeth Holmes in 2003 that
aimed to revolutionize blood testing by using a single drop of blood
instead of vials. The company claimed to have developed a
proprietary technology, but the technology never worked, and the
company deceived investors, regulators, and customers. Theranos
was eventually exposed by a Wall Street Journal investigation, and
Holmes and her partner were charged with fraud. The company filed
for bankruptcy in 2018.

FTX was a startup founded by Sam Bankman-Fried and Gary Wang

in 2019 that aimed to provide a cryptocurrency exchange platform.
The company became successful quickly, attracting significant
investments from venture capitalists and achieving a valuation of
over $1 billion. However, FTX was accused of market manipulation,
insider trading, and other illegal practices by regulators and
competitors. The company denied the allegations, but its reputation
was tarnished, and some investors pulled out.
These failed startups illustrate the risks and challenges of entrepreneurship,
particularly in the technology sector. Startups must navigate a complex
regulatory landscape and compete in crowded markets while innovating and
delivering value to customers. The cases of Theranos and FTX also highlight
the importance of integrity and transparency in business, as well as the
consequences of deception and fraud.

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Theranos, FTX and fraudulent startups
In conclusion, the stories of Theranos and FTX serve as cautionary
tales for entrepreneurs, investors, and regulators. While startups can
bring innovation and economic growth, they must also operate
ethically and transparently to succeed in the long term.

Keywords:  Theranos, FTX, startup, fraud, regulation.

Questions
What were the specific illegal practices that FTX was accused of
How did investors and customers react to the downfall of Theranos and FTX
What are some lessons that entrepreneurs, investors, and regulators can learn from these cases?
Pyramid Schemes

Pyramid schemes have been around for centuries and One of the most well-known

have caused significant financial losses to people. The cryptocurrency pyramid schemes is

schemes work by luring individuals to invest in a scheme Bitconnect, which collapsed in 2018.

with the promise of high returns on their investments. Bitconnect was a lending platform that

The investors are then asked to bring in more investors to promised high returns on investments.

increase their returns, which creates a pyramid structure.

Unfortunately, these schemes are unsustainable and The investors would lend their

collapse when there are not enough new investors to cryptocurrency to the platform, and the

support the returns promised to the previous investors.

platform would use these funds to trade

on their behalf. Bitconnect was able to

With the rise of cryptocurrency, pyramid schemes have attract a significant number of investors

become more prevalent. These schemes are known as and even had a market capitalization of

Ponzi schemes, named after Charles Ponzi, who was over $2 billion at its peak. However, the

known for operating a fraudulent investment scheme in scheme collapsed when investors tried

the early 20th century. In Ponzi schemes, early investors to withdraw their investments, and the

are paid out using funds from new investors, creating the platform stopped paying out.

illusion of a successful investment. Cryptocurrency has

made it easier for scammers to operate these schemes

as it is decentralized and unregulated.

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Pyramid Schemes
These pyramid schemes have resulted in significant financial losses for individuals and have damaged the reputation of the cryptocurrency industry.
Governments and regulatory bodies are working to combat these schemes, but it is challenging due to the decentralized nature of cryptocurrency.

In conclusion, pyramid schemes have been around for centuries, and with the rise of cryptocurrency, these schemes have become more prevalent.
Cryptocurrency has made it easier for scammers to operate these schemes, and they have resulted in significant financial losses for individuals. It is
essential to exercise caution and conduct thorough research before investing in any scheme, especially those promising high returns.

Keywords:  Pyramid schemes, cryptocurrency, Ponzi schemes, Bitconnect

Questions
Why have pyramid schemes become more prevalent with the rise of cryptocurrency
How can individuals protect themselves from falling victim to cryptocurrency pyramid schemes
What steps are governments and regulatory bodies taking to combat cryptocurrency pyramid schemes?
Climate Change

The financial sector is also being

Climate change refers to the long-term shift in global weather

affected by climate change, as more

patterns that have been observed since the Industrial Revolution,

and more investors are seeking to

which is largely caused by human activities such as burning fossil

invest in sustainable and

fuels and deforestation. This phenomenon has significant economic

environmentally-friendly companies.

impacts, such as increased costs associated with natural disasters,

disruptions in supply chains, and decreased agricultural

productivity. One example of this is the California wildfires, which

This has led to the rise of green

have cost the state billions of dollars in damages and losses.

finance, which refers to the financial

instruments and products that are

Another major impact of climate change is the rise in sea levels,

specifically designed to support

which is causing coastal cities to spend large sums of money on

sustainable investments. In addition,

infrastructure to combat flooding and erosion. In addition, the loss

many financial institutions are

of biodiversity caused by climate change is causing the decline of

beginning to consider climate risk in

industries such as fishing and tourism, which are dependent on

their investment strategies, as the

healthy ecosystems.

physical and transition risks associated

with climate change can have

significant impacts on their portfolios.

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Climate Change
Finally, the economic impacts of climate change are not limited to specific
regions or countries, but are a global concern. The Paris Agreement, which
was signed by nearly 200 countries in 2015, aims to limit global warming to
less than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. However, achieving
this goal will require a significant shift in global economic systems and policies,
and will require cooperation and collaboration from all nations.

Keywords:  climate change, economic impacts, natural disasters, sea level

rise, green finance.

Movie Tip

Questions
How are coastal cities adapting to rising sea levels caused by climate change
What are some industries that are being negatively affected by the loss of biodiversity caused by climate change
How can global cooperation help mitigate the economic impacts of climate change?
That's a wrap!
Thank you for going through
modern history with us!

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