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Lecture 2
Classification based on number of modes

Based on number of modes (light wave patterns ) Propagated within
the optical fiber
• Single mode fiber optic cables .
• Multimode fiber optic cables .
Based on refractive index profiles of fiber core,
There can be two types of optical fibers
Step index optical fiber
Graded index optical fiber
Propagation Properties
Based on Improvement in Propagation Properties

• Polarization maintaining optical fiber
• Dispersion shifted optical fiber
• Dispersion flattened optical fiber
Single-mode fibers
• Single-mode fibers – in single mode fiber only one mode can propagate through the
fiber.
• This type of fiber has small core diameter(5um) and high cladding diameter(70um)
and the difference between the refractive index of core and cladding is very small.
• There is no dispersion i.e. no degradation of signal during travelling through the fiber.
• The light is passed through the single mode fiber through laser diode.
• These are designed for single specific wavelength so that attenuation losses are
minimum
• in case of these fiber optic cables,micro bending losses are minimum
• Micro bending losses are losses occurring in due to lateral displacement of fiber optic
cable.
• Single-mode fiber has much less dispersion but is more expensive to
produce.
• Its small size, together with the fact that its numerical aperture is
smaller than that of multimode fiber, makes it more difficult to
couple to light sources.
Multimode fiber optic cables
• Multi mode fiber allows a large number of modes for the light ray
travelling through it.
• The core diameter is (40um) and that of cladding is(70um)
• The relative refractive index difference is also larger than single mode
fiber.
• There is signal degradation due to multimode dispersion.
• They are not suitable for long distance communication due to large
dispersion and attenuation of the signal.
On the basis of Refractive index
On the basis of Refractive index
There are two types of optical fiber:-
(i) Step-index optical fiber
The refractive index of cladding is also constant.
The light rays propagate through it in the form of meridiognal rays which cross
the fiber axis during every reflection at the core cladding boundary.
(ii) Graded-index optical fiber
In this type of fiber core has a non uniform refractive index that gradually
decrease from the center towards the core cladding interface. The cladding has a
uniform refractive index. The light rays propagate through it in the form of skew
rays or helical rays. They do not cross the fiber axis at any time.
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of ___________________________________ 8
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of ___________________________________ 9
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of ___________________________________
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What do you mean by dispersion ?
• Dispersion is basically broadening of output Pulse
• In case of single mode fiber, if the spreading of the pulse at the
output takes place then it is called intermodal dispersion.
• The refractive index of core changes with the wavelength of the
signal.It is called as the material dispersion
• Due to variation in core radius, index profiles and refractive index
difference again dispersion takes place It is called waveguide
dispersion .by changing the design parameters the dispersion can be
minimized
Based on improvements in Propagation properties
To minimize the dispersion
two types of modifications are done
i) matched cladding: index difference from core to cladding is 37 %
Ii) Depressed cladding: It has two cladding layers
• The refractive index profile of such structures is

shown in fig.
• Core is surrounded by two cladding layers. The inner
cladding layer is having radius b .
• the refractive index of inner cladding is n2which is
slightly less than n1 ie refractive index of core.
• Inner cladding is surrounded by outer cladding of
radius c .it has refractive index n3 which is grater
than n2 but less than n1.such a design fibers of
matched cladding and depressed cladding design
fibers are called as dispersion shifted fibers.
• In some design the dispersion is distributedover a
wide spectral range such fibers are called as
dispersion flattened fibers.
Multimode step Index fiber

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Multimode Graded Index fiber

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n=c/v
Fig 7d

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Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of __Electronic and Telecommunication Engg
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MFD
linearly polarized (LP) mode: A mode for which

the field components in the direction of
propagation are small compared to components
perpendicular to that direction.
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Lecture 2

Classification based on number of modes

Based on Improvement in Propagation Properties

• The refractive index profile of such structures is

Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of ___________________________________

Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of ___________________________________

Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of ___________________________________

linearly polarized (LP) mode: A mode for which

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