Untitled

http://www.cherrythitsar.
org
±ÜÅú©»³°³¿§
¬®Í©ºïðð øÜ÷á ¬·ºåô³åª®ºå
«®³úÙ©ºÒ®¼ÕË»ôºá ú»º«µ»ºñ
http://www.cherrythitsar.org
ùµ¼Ç©³ð»º¬¿úå±Øµå§¹å
\ ¶§²º¿¨³·º°®µ Ò§¼Õ«ÙÖ¿úå ùµ¼Ç¬¿úå
\ ©µ·¼ ºåú·ºå±³å°²ºåªØåµ ²Ü²Ù©®º ®× Ò§¼Õ«ÙÖ¿úå ùµÇ¼ ¬¿úå
\ ¬½-Õ§º¬¶½³¬³Ð³ ©²º©Ø½¸ µ·¼ ºÒ®Ö¿úå ù¼Çµ ¬¿úå
¶§²º±´Ç±¿¾³¨³å
\ ¶§²º§¬³å«µ¼å §µ¯¼»cº µ¼å ¬¯µ¼å¶®·ºð¹ùÜ®-³å¬³å ¯»ºÇ«-·ºÓ«ñ
\ Ûµ¼·º·¿Ø ©³º©²ºÒ·¼®¿º ¬å½-®ºå¿úåÛÍ·º¸ Ûµ·¼ º·Ø¿©³º©µå¼ ©«º¿úå«¼µ ¿ÛÍ³·¸ôº «Í ¦º -«º¯åÜ ±´
®-³å¬³å ¯»ºÇ«-·ºÓ«ñ
\ Ûµ¼·º·¿Ø ©³ºÄ¶§²º©·Ù åº ¿úå«¼µ ð·º¿ú³«º°« Ù ¦º «º¿ÛÍ³·º̧ôÍ«º¿±³ ¶§²º§Ûµ·¼ º·®Ø -³å¬³å
¯»ºÇ«-·ºÓ«ñ
\ ¶§²º©·Ù ºå¶§²º§ ¬¦-«º±®³å®-³å¬³å ¾Øúµ »º±¬ ´ ¶¦°º ±©º®© Í º¿½-®×»åº Ó«ñ
Ûµ¼··º Ø¿úåÑÜå©²º½-«ºøì÷ú§º
\ Ûµ¼·º·¿Ø ©³º©²ºÒ·¼®¿º úåá ú§ºú³Ù ¿¬å½-®ºå±³ô³¿úåÛÍ·© º̧ ú³åÑ§¿ù°µå¼ ®¼µå¿úåá
\ ¬®-¼Õå±³å¶§²ºª²º°²ºåªØµå²Ü²© Ù ¿º úåá
\ ½¼µ·º®³±²º̧ ¦ÙÇÖ °²ºå§Ø¬
µ ¿¶½½ØÑ§¿ù±°º ¶¦°º¿§æª³¿úåá
\ ¶¦°º¿§æª³±²º̧ ¦ÙÖÇ°²ºå§Øµ¬¿¶½½ØÑ§¿ù±°ºÛ·Í º¸¬²Ü ¿½©º®¦Ü ÙØÇÒ¦¼Õå©µ¼å©«º¿±³
Ûµ¼··º ¿Ø ©³º±°º©°ºú§º ©²º¿¯³«º¿úåá
°Üå§Ù³å¿úåÑÜå©²º½-«ºøì÷ú§º
\ °¼µ«º§-Õ¼å¿úå«¼µ¬¿¶½½Ø3 ¬¶½³å°Üå§Ù³å¿úå«à®-³å«µ¼ª²ºå ¾«º°Ø¦µ ØÙÇÒ¦¼Õå©µå¼ ©«º
¿¬³·º ©²º¿¯³«º¿úåá
\ ¿°-å«Ù«°º Üå§Ù³å¿úå°»°º §Ü¶§·º°³Ù ¶¦°º¿§æª³¿úåá
\ ¶§²º©·Ù ºå¶§²º§®Í ¬©©º§²³ÛÍ·º¬ ¸ ú·ºå¬ÛÍÜå®-³å ¦¼©º¿½æ3 °Üå§Ù³å¿úå ¦ÙØÇÒ¦¼Õå©µ¼å
©«º¿¬³·º ©²º¿¯³«º¿úåá
\ Ûµ¼·º·¿Ø ©³º°åÜ §Ù³å¿úå ©°ºú§ºªµØå«µ¼ ¦»º©åÜ Ûµ·¼ º®× °Ù®åº ¬³å±²º Ûµ¼·º·¿Ø ©³ºÛ·Í º¸ ©µ¼·ºåú·ºå
±³å¶§²º±© ´ ¼µÇÄ ª«ºðôº©·Ù ºú¼Í¿úåá
ª´®¿× úåÑÜå©²º½-«º øì÷ú§º

\ ©°º®-Õ¼å±³åªØåµ Ä °¼©ºþ³©ºÛ·Í º¸ ¬«-·º̧°³ú¼©; ¶®·º®¸ ³å¿úåñ
\ ¬®-Õ¼åöµÐºá Æ³©¼öÐ µ º ¶®·º̧®³å¿úåÛÍ·º̧ ôÑº¿«-å®×¬¿®Ù¬ÛÍ°®º -³åá ¬®-Õ¼å±³å¿úå
ª«wÐ³®-³å ®¿§-³«º§-«º¿¬³·º ¨¼»åº ±¼®åº ¿°³·º̧¿úÍ³«º¿úåñ
\ ®-Õ¼å½-°º°©
¼ þº ³©º úÍ·º±»º¨«º¶®«º¿úåñ
\ ©°º®-Õ¼å±³åªØåµ «-»ºå®³Þ«Ø̧½µ¼·¿º úåÛÍ·º¸ §²³ú²º¶®·º̧®³å¿úåñ
oD[&wempmtkyf - (56)
- bmoma&;pmpOf -
ßµùx±³±»³¶§Õ
§µèb¼Õªº¿«-³º
¬»³ö¹ú¼«þ®r§¹ª
¿úÌ¾µ®¼ ®¼ Þ¼ «åÜ
2003 ckESp?f atmufwdkbmv
°³®´½Ù·¸º¶§Õ½-«º¬®Í©º ó îìèÂîððî øì÷
®-«ºÛÍ³¦Øµå½Ù·º¸¶§Õ½-«º¬®Í©º ó ìïëÂîððí øé÷
§ØµÛ§¼Í ®º ©
Í º©®ºå ø§¨®¬Þ«®¼ ÷º á
îððí ½µÛÍ°ºá ¿¬³«º©¼µ¾³ª
±ÜÅú©»³°³¿§
¬µ§º¿ú øïððð÷
¨µ©º¿ð±´ ÑÜå±¼®ºå°¼µå øô³ôÜóéëé÷
ø±ÜÅú©»³°³¿§÷
¬®Í©º øïððùÜá ¬·ºåª-³åª®ºåñ
«®³úÙ©ºÒ®¼ÕË»ôºñ
®-«Ûº Í³¦ØµåÛÍ·º̧ ¿ùæ½·º¿¬å¶®·º¸
¬©Ù·åº §ØµÛ§¼Í º øú³¶§²º¸¿¬³¸¦º¯«º÷
ïççá ª®ºå ëðá §µÆÙ»º¿©³·ºñ
ú»º«µ»ºÒ®¼ÕËñ
®-«Ûº ³Í ¦Øµå§»ºå½-Ü ÌØ×Øß ÙÎÑËÐ
°³¬µ§º½-Õ§º «µ¼¶®·¸º
©»º¦¼åµ ïððð «-§º
rmwdum
vlxka':trm\ trSm-
pum;OD; -
1/ tem*g&du"r®ygv\ ZmwdXmae arG;&yfajr 19
2/ "r®ygv i,fpOfumv ausmif;aep 24
3/ awmufrnfhrD;cJ w&J&J 31
4/ a';ApfrS "r®ygvodkY 43
5/ r[maAm"d toif;wnfaxmifjcif;ESihf 46
yGJOD;xGuaf jcvSr;f
6/ pma&;ol\ udk,fawGUrsufjrifAk'¨*,m 57
7/ r[maAm"d*sme,f 61
8/ "r®ygv tar&duefEkdifiHpHknDvmcHokdY 70
wufa&mufjcif;
9/ aumif;usKd ;rsm;om 1893 ckESpf 77
10/ r[maAm"d wefaqmif;awmftrIBuD; 81
11/ "r®ygvolawmfpifESihf oDaygrif; 92
12/ "r®ygvbufrS [dE´LvlBuD;rsm; 108
13/ rd*'g0kef rlv*Eük#D 0d[m& 112
14/ ausmif;awmfBuD;zGihyf GJ 117
15/ jA[®pm&D "r®ygvESihf jA[®pm&D&aoBuD;OD;cEÅD 128
16/ "r®ygvt&Sif\ ae0ifcsdef 132
17/ "r®ygvt&SifokdY *kPfjyKMujcif; 138
10 Ak'o
¨ moemjyKyk*Kd¾ vfausmf tem*g&du "r®ygv
vlxka':trm&JU trSm
a&Tbkad ':rdrBd uD;u uRefrudk olYpmtkyf ]]tem*g&du "r®ygv}}

rSm uRefru trSma&;ay;ygvdkY ajymvmygw,f/ oleYJ uRefreJu Y uRefrwdkY
tdrfaxmifuspuwnf;u oduRrf;cifrifvmMuwmyg/ nDtpfrwpfrQ
ygyJ/ OD;vSeJU olYcifyGe;f OD;azwifeJYu i,fuwnf;u cifvmolawGukd;/
'gayr,fh olpma&;vmwJt h cg olYpmtkyaf wGu 1981 ckESprf mS pmya'om
qk? 1991 ckESpfrSm jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIeJY tEkynmpmayqk? 1993 ckESpfu
jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIeJY tEkynmqdkif&m trsdK;om;pmayqkawG? 1994 ckESpf
rSm pmayAdrmef yxrqkeJY yckuúL OD;tke;f azqkawG &&dScJhzl;ayr,fh uRefr
udk ckvkd wpfcgrS trSmpma&;ay;ygvdkY b,fpmtkyrf SmrS rcdkif;vmzl;yg
bl;/ 'Dpmtkyu f srS xl;xl;jcm;jcm;/
NyD;awmh ola&;wJhpmtkyu f ]]tem*g&du "r®ygv}}wJh/ uRefru
'Demrnfukd uav;uwnf;u Mum;zl;aewmyg/ uRefrtazu oufowf
vGwf OD;ausmv f SeJY Asppf uf½Hku OD;beJY pmtkyv f Jzwfaeus/ uRefrudk
tazu pmtkyt f ydt
kY ,lckid ;f wdki;f 'D 2ESpt
f rd u
f kd oGm;aeus/ oufowfvw G f
oD[&wempmay
a&Tbkrd rd Bd uD; 11
OD;ausmfvStrd fa&muf&if tem*g&du "r®ygvqdkwJh 'Demrnf tNrJawGUae

us/ Edkiif jH cm;u Ak'b ¨ momwpfa,mufyv J Yv
kd nf; odaew,f/ 'dxufawmh
bmrSykrd odygbl;/ uRefrwdkYu i,fi,fu oufowfvGwf OD;ausmfvSukd
Ak'¨bmomudk t*Fvdyv f kd udk;uG,wf JhvlBuD;vdkYyJ atmufarhxm;wmav/
a':rdrBd uD;u olYpmtkyfu 'Dyk*¾Kd vftaMumif;wJh qdkawmh uRefru ]]&Sif
'DtaMumif;udk bmhaMumifha&;wmvJ}} vdkY ar;rdw,f/ a':rdrBd uD; tdE´, d
udk bk&m;zl;oGm;zl;wmudk;/ tJ'DrSm tem*g&du "r®ygv&JU omoemjyK
vkyif ef;awGeJY xdawGUvmcJh&vdkY olu 'Dyk*¾Kd vfudk pdwf0ifpm;NyD; pmtkyf
wpftkyjf zpfatmif a&;wmyg/
olt&ifu a&;cJhwJhpmtkyaf wGu (1) rif;vuf0g; (2) avSoif;
twGi;f 0ef OD;a&Tarmif? (3) a&Tjynf0efBuD; OD;bdk;vdiId ?f (4) uke;f abmifjzL0ef;
rdk; (tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;taMumif;) qdkwJh pmtkyaf wGu uRefrwdkYwpf
0ufwpfysuf odxm;wmawGukd pHkpkv H ifvif cdkicf kid v
f vkH kH a&a&&m&m odvm
atmif a&;jyoGm;cJgw,fav/
a':rdrBd uD;u pmtkyaf &;&if olYpmtkyx f JygwJh tcsut f vufawG
udk xkxkxnfxnf cdkicf kdirf mrmawGjzpfatmif &SmazGazmfjywwfw,f/ ck
'DpmtkyfrSmawmh uRefrolYukd csD;rGr;f rdwmwpfck&Sdao;w,f/ olawmfpif
tem*g&du "r®ygvudk uRefrwdkY &aohudk,fawmfBuD; OD;cEÅDeJY EdIi;f ,SOf
jyxm;yHkukdav/ [kwfwmaygh/ 'Dyk*dK¾ vfESpOf D;rSm wlnDcsufawG trsm;BuD;
&dSwmyJ[m/ omoemawGudk MunfnKd wm? wpfoufyefvHk; omoemh
tvkyfudkyJ vkyaf qmifoGm;awmhwm? &GufaqmifcsufawG xkxkxnfxnf
cdkifckdirf mrm use&f pfwm? vlawGukd tusdK;jyKyHk BuD;rmwmawGrSm awmf
awmfwlwmyJ/
a':rdrBd uD; tckvkd tem*g&du "r®ygvtaMumif;udk av;av;
pm;pm;eJY tyifyef;cHNyD; &SmazGa&;om;wJt h wGuf olu Y avmifukd aus;Zl;wif
&ygw,f/
uRefrtaz&JU rdwaf qGBuD; oufowfvGwf OD;ausmfvSukdvnf;
oD[&wempmay
12 Ak'o
xl;xl;vnfvnf owd&rdygw,f/ OD;ausmv f Som&d&S if a':rdrBd uD;udk olu

pmeJYayeJY a&;NyD; csD;usL;&if; 0rf;ajrmufaus;Zl;wifwJhtaMumif; ajymae
rSmyg/ NyD;awmh a':rdrBd uD; &vdkwJhtcsut f vufawG olYqDrmS oGm;awmif;
&if olpkaqmif;xm;wJh pmtkypf mwrf;awGxJu trsm;BuD;ay;rSmyg/
a':rdrBd uD;&JU BudK;pm;rIukd om"kac:ygw,f/ aemufvnf; pmawG
a&;Edkiyf gapOD;/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
aus;Zl;pum;
vd k t yf o nf h pmtk y f r sm;
csD;jr§ifhMuaom? tdEd´,EdkifiH? e,l;a'vD
NrdKUrS q&mawmf OD;okE´&ESifh rEÅav;NrdKU
jrif;0efausmif;wdkuf a&SUausmif;q&m
awmf OD;okwmvuFm&t&Siw f kYdtm; aus;
Zl;wifpum; avQmufMum;tyfygonf/
a&TbdkrdrdBuD;
oD[&wempmay
14 Ak'o
pum;OD;
EdkifiHwum&dS vlrsKd ;toD;oD;wGif ,HkMunfukd;uG,f&m bmom

t,l0g' trsm;tjym;&dSaomfvnf;? y"mebmom&yfBuD; (4)rsdK;om &dSyg
onf/ ay:xGe;f &m ouú&mZftpOftwdkif; qdk&aomf [dE´Lbmom? Ak'¨
bmom? c&pf,mefbmomESihf tpövmrfbmomrsm; jzpfavonf/
tm&SwGif Ak'¨bmomudk;uG,faom EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;&dS
aomfjim;? wpfEkdifiHESihfwpfEkdifiH &[ef;rsm;0wf½Hkaom ouFe;f ta&mifrS
pí udk;uG,q f nf;uyfyHkenf;pepf? apmifhxrd ;f tyfaom odu©myk'f? owf
rSwaf om usihpf Ofrsm;um;? tm;vkH;wpfajy;nDr[kw/f odkYjcm;em;&jcif;rSm
EdkifiH\ bom0&moDOwkt&vnf;aumif;? vlrsdK;\ ½dk;&m"avhxHk;pHrsm;
t&vnf;aumif; jzpfzG,&f Syd gonf/ Ak'ömoemwGif ax&0g' *dkPf;0if
oHCmawmfrsm;onf txl;cReftxufjrufqHk; jzpfonf[k EdkifiHwum
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u todtrSwfjyK vufcHxm;MuaMumif; od&ygonf/
omoemawmf oHk;&yf&Sd&mwGif t&if;cHjzpfaom y&d,wådom
oemt&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHrS ax&f&0g' *dkPf;0if oHCmawmfrsm;rS
oD[&wempmay
yd#uwfoHk;yHkukd EIwv f Gwt

f m*HkaqmifEkdiaf om wdy#d u"& &[ef;rsm;?
jrefrmEdkifiHü tqufrjywfqdkavmufatmif ay:xGef;vsuf&dSaMumif;
onfvnf; tjcm;aom Ak'¨bmom0ifEkdiif Hrsm; tv,fwGif owif;jyefv Y S
ygonf/
omoemawmf pnfyifxGef;um;aponfh taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;
&dSonfhteuf bk&m;&SifESihfvnf;aumif;? w&m;awmfESifhvnf;aumif;?
vlom;wdkYtm; qufoG,faygif;ul;ay;ayaom omoemh0efxrf; &[ef;
awmfrsm;\ BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI? jynfoltrsm;u udk;uG,fylaZmfrI[laom
taMumif;ESpcf surf Qjzifh rNyD;ao;yg? ratmifjrifEkdiaf o;yg/ EdkifiOH ;D avQmif
jzpfaom rif;tpdk;&udk,fwdkifuyg tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufjcif; cH,l&ygrSom
pnfyifxGef;awmufEkdijf cif;jzpfygonf/
rif;\ tmPmpuf rnfrQxufjrufonfqdkygrl vGefcJhaom
ESpfaygif; (2300)cefYu? rZÑdra'oac: tdE´d,Edkiif HrS tmaomurif;BuD;
onf ol\ tmPmpufjzifh Ak'ömoemawmf jyefYyGm;atmif aqmif&Guf
awmfrlaomaMumifh tdE´d,? od[dkVEf kdifiHrStp ta&SUwdkif;EdkifiHtcsdKUrSmyg
xGef;um;vm&jcif; taMumif;&if;rSm rif;tpdk;&wdkY b,favmuf tusdK;
jyKEdkiaf Mumif; odomyg\/ odYpk rG ;f aqmifEkdiaf omaMumifh omoemh'g,um
bk&ifrif;jrwf[lí trTrf;wif oHk;EIe;f jcif;rsm;udk r[m&mZ0iftapmif
apmifwGif awGUjrif&pNrJjzpfavonf/ jrefrmEdkiif HwGif yk*HacwfrSpí ukef;
abmifacwfaemufykdi;f a&mifcsdeftxd? rif;aumif;tcsdKUu omoemawmf
jyefYyGm;atmif vkyaf qmifMu&mwGif tdE´d,EdkifiH r[maAm"dawmfBuD;
odkYyif a&mufatmif apwD,*FP 0wfukd jyKaqmifcJhMuayonf/ jrefrm
Edkiif o
H nf jAdwo d QwvkdY ufokdY a&mufNyD; jrefrmrif;r&dSawmhonfh tcgwGirf l
omoemawmfonf qkwf,kwftm;enf; oGm;&avonf/
odkYjynfwGif;wGif omoem ñdI;EGrf;aeapumrl taemufOa&my
wpfcGiw f Gif ax&f&0g' Ak'¨bmom\ tajccH t"dyÜm,frsm;udk &dypf m;
em;vnfapEdkifaom t*Fvyd b f momjzifh a&;om;xm;onfh pmtkyt f csdKU
oD[&wempmay
16 Ak'o
pwif0ifa&mufp jyKaeavNyD/ rpöwm [m'D øÓ®ò Ø¿®¼§÷ a&;aom

þÓ¿²«¿´ ±º Þ«¼¼¸·-³þ pmtkyo f nf? (1860) ckESpfwGif xkwaf 0ojzifh
tapmqHk;avmufjzpfEdkifrnf[k ,lq&ygonf/ (1897) ckESpfwGif
qmtuf'0iftm;Edk;a&; ]]tm&S\ tvif;a&mif;}} øÔ·¹¸¬ ±º ß-·¿÷ pmtkyf
BuD; ay:xGufvm&m ,if;pmtkyo f nf vlot d rsm;qHk;? jyefYEHUS rItwGiu f s,f
qHk; pmtkyjf zpfvmav\/
þpmtkyftcsKd UaMumifh taemufOa&mywGi-f
]]Ak'¨bmom[lonf aumif;aom t,l0g'w&yfjzpfaMumif;}}
pwiftodtrSwjf yKvmaom tcsdef[k ,lq&ygonf/ xdkumvydkif;um;
jrefrmEdkiif H &wemyHk rEÅav;aejynfawmfü rif;wke;f rif;BuD; eef;pHaeaom
tcsdefjzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkiif Hatmufykdif;ESihf &cdkifjynfe,fwkYdtm; (1852) ckESpfu
t*Fvdyf-jrefrm yxrppfyGJtNyD; ay;tyfvdkuf&NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh
t*Fvdydkief ,fjzpfvsuf&dSaeayNyD/ odkY&dS&mwGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&ESifhtwl
xufMuyfygvmaom omoemjyKtzGJUrsm;u ,if;wdkY c&pf,mefomoem
udk pepfwus ysdK;axmifjyKpkcJhMuojzifh weoFm&Dwdkif;wGif tawmfyif
tajccsEkdiaf eacsNyD/
xdkYaemuf (1855)ckESpf oDaygrif;vufxufwGifrl jrefrmEdkifiH
txufykdi;f yg t*Fvyd v f ufatmufusa&mufoGm;avonf/ ,if;umv
ESihf ra&S;raESmif;[k qdk&rnfhESpfykdif;wGif vlrsdK;jcm;xJrS Ak'¨bmomudk
ouf0if,HkMunfí taemufOa&myEdkiif rH sm;odYk oGm;a&mufNyD; Ak'o ¨ moem
jyKtvkyu f kdaqmif&Gufaom yk*¾Kd vftcsdKU &dSvmjcif;udkvnf; rSwrf o d rQ
azmfjyygOD;rnf/ (1902)ckESpfü jrefrmjynfa&muf t*Fvyd v f lrsdK; ß´´¿²
Þ»²²»¬¬ ]]tvif;bJeuf}} onf Ak'ömoemwGif ouf0if,HkMunfrI
jzifh &[ef;jyKNyD; tmeE´m rawå;,sbGJUcH,lonf/ xdkYaemuf Ak'¨pmay
usrf;*efrsm;udk (6)ESpw f mrQ avhvmoifMum;NyD;vQif (1908) ckESpüf Ak'¨
omoemjyK&ef t*FvefodkY <ua&mufoGm;onf/ xdkt&Sifonf vef'efNrdKU
oD[&wempmay
wGif oDwif;oHk;aexdkiNf yD; Ak'¨w&m;awmfESihftnD aexdkifjcif;? Ak'¨w&m;

awmfwiG f olwpfyg;wdEkY iS hf qufq&H mü aexdkiuf siBhf uHjyKrlykrH sm;udk enf;jyí
w&m;a[mMum;onf/ odv kY Qif ,if;\ a[mMum;onfhtajymESihf tvkyu f kd
wpfxyfwnf; nDnGwfatmif aqmifEkdifojzifh rsm;rMumrDtcsdefwGi;f üyif
Ak'¨ tqHk;tr w&m;awmfudk ,HkMunfouf0ifaom vlOD;a& tweftoifh
rQ &&dSvmav\/
xdkYaemuf oD[dkVfEkdifiHom; tem*g&du"r®ygv olawmfpif\
omoemjyKaqmif&Gujf cif;jzifh (1926)ckESpfwGif t*FvefEkdifiH vef'efNrdKUü
tdrfwpfaqmif0,fum r[maAm"dtoif;cGJwpfckukd atmifjrifpGm wnf
axmifEkdicf Jhonf/
xdkYaemuf uRefrwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHonf t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufrS
vGwv f yfa&;&aom (1948)ckEpS ?f arvwGif jrefrmbke;f BuD; t&Siaf oXdvm
bd0Ho udk,fawmfonf vef'efNrdKUodkY<ua&mufum jrefrm Ak'¨bmom0if
rsm;tm; pkpnf;NyD; taqmufttHkwpfckwGif ]]omoemhum&D}} 0d[m&
trnfjzifh bke;f BuD;ausmif;zGihNf yD; omoemjyKvkyif ef; vkyaf qmif&m tawmf
yif atmifjrifavonf/
,cktcgwGiu f m; jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;& omoem
a&;XmerS OD;pD;NyD;vQif omoemjyK wuúokdvBf uD;rsm; wnfaxmifjcif;ESihf
twl jynfwiG ;f jynfy omoemjyKvkyif ef;udk pepfwus aqmif&u G af eayNyD/
bke;f awmfBuD;rsm; Edkiif H&yfjcm;oGm;a&mufí omoemjyKc&D; vSnhv f nfMu
&mwGif awmifykvkq&mawmf r[mpnfq&mawmf csrf;ajrhq&mawmf
awmifwef;omoemjyKq&mawmf OD;Owårom&? tr&yl&NrdKU r[m*E¨m½Hk
q&mawmf OD;uk@vmbd0Ho? ppfudkif;awmif½kd;rS oDw*lq&mawmf
OD;ÓPdó& tp&dSaom ax&ft&SiBf uD;rsm; tygt0if jynfyomoemjyK
vkyif ef;wGif tm;BudK;rmefwuf aqmif&Gufawmfrlvsuf&SdMuavNyD/
qdkcJhaom Ak'ömoemjyK yk*dK¾ vfBuD;rsm;teuf uRefr wwftm;
oD[&wempmay
18 Ak'o
orQ avhvmzwfrSwf pkaqmif;NyD; &dSESihaf om oD[dkVEf kdiif Hom; (,ck oD&d

vuFm) tem*g&du "r®ygv olawmfpiftaMumif; a&;om;wifjyvdkyg
onf/ odkY a&;om;&mwGif xdk olawmfpiftaMumif; txkywåo d nf jynfhpHk
vHkavmufNyD[kum; rqdkEdkifyg/ ol\ wpfoufwmtwGif; vkyaf qmifcJh
orQ omoemjyK wdki;f usKd ;jynfusKd ; aqmif&Gurf w I t
kYd euf wpfpyd w f pfa'o
rQom azmfjyEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
,if;yk*Kd¾ vBf u;D ESihf ywfoufí zwfMum;rSwo f m;xm;onfh pmawGU
tcsurf sm; xdjkY yif tdE,´d Edkiif &H Sd r[maAm"dapwDAwmfBuD;ESihf rd*'g0keaf wm&dS
rlv*Eük#b d k&m;ausmif;awmfoYdk uRefrwdkY bk&m;zl;a&mufchpJ Ofu awGUc&Jh
aom udk,fawGUrsujf riftcsurf sm;udkyg qufpyfa&;om;&ef tm;xkwfyg
rnf/
uRefronf pmzwfolrsm; txl;ojzifh rdrw d dkY udk;uG,f&m Ak'¨
omoemawmftaMumif; jyefYyGm;atmif aqmif&GufcJhMuolrsm; taMumif;
udk tav;teuf pdw0f ifwpm; ar;jref;pl;prf;Muaom vli,fausmif;om;
okawoDrsm;twGuf odjriforQ a&;om;azmfxkwf&ef uRefrwdkY vlBuD;
rsm;wGif wm0ef&Sdayonf[laom cH,lcsuft& þ "r®ygv olawmfpif
taMumif; &SmazGjyKpkjcif;jzpfyg\/
Ak'ömoem urÇmcsOf;atmif aqmif&Guf&mü oD[dkVfEkdifiHom;
jA[®pm&D olawmfpif tem*g&du "r®ygvonf Ak'ömoem0iftm;vHk;u
tpOfowd&aus;Zl;wifaeoifhol jzpfaMumif; vli,fvl&G,t f aygif;tm;
odapcsifaom apwemjzifh azmfxkwfwifjytyfygonf/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
tem*g&du "r®ygv\ arG;&yfajr

tem*g&du "r®ygv olawmfpifonf Ak'¨bmom0if vlrsdK;
tm;vHk;u *kPjf yKxdkuaf om omoemh ol&Jaumif;jzpfonf[k qdkyg&ap/
þpum;rSm olYb0wpfavQmufvHk; aqmif&GufcJhaom vkyf&yfrsm;tm;
qifjcifoHk;oyfNyD; ,kHMunfpGmqdktyfaom pum;jzpfyg\/
ol\taMumif;udkqdkvQif ol\ZmwdXmae arG;&yfajrrSyifvQif
pwif&ygvdrhfrnf/ ,aeYacwfwGif oD&dvuFmEdkifiH[k jyXmef;oHk;pGJaeMu
aom uRef;EdkifiHonf uRefrwdkY i,fpOfurl ykvJuRef;? oD[dkVfuRef;[k
vnf;aumif;? xdkacwfxufa&S;usaom yk*aH cwfurlum;? vuFm'DyoDCkØ
jynf[kvnf;aumif; jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif a&;om;cJhMuygonf/
þpmtkyw f iG u
f m; "r®ygv olawmfpif ay:xGe;f onfah cwfu oHk;EIe;f cJah om
tac:twdkif; oD[dkVf[kyif a&;om;ygrnf/
oD[dkVfEkdifiHonf vGecf Jhaom ESpf (2200)ausmf umvuwnf;
uyif jrwfAk'¨ omoemjyKaqmif&mwGif BuD;us,fxif&Sm;vSaom
tmaomu rif;BuD; øß-±µ¿÷ uRefrwdkYEdkiif HwGif oD&"d r®maomu rif;BuD;
oD[&wempmay
20 Ak'o
[k trsm;odMuaom omoemh'g,umrif;\ tm;xkwv f kyaf qmifraI Mumifh

Ak'o¨ moem xGe;f um;pnfyifchaJ om Edkiif jH zpfygonf/ tmaomu rif;BuD;
onf a&? ajr? a'o eD;pyf&mEdkifiH t&yf&yfokdY omoemjyKtzGJUrsm; ap
vTwo f nf/ ,if;tzGJUrsm;twuf rif;BuD;\ om;awmfr[dEE´ iS hf orD;awmf
oCFrw d åm øÍ·²¹¿³»¬¬¿¸÷ wdkYtm; bDpD (247) ckESpw f Gif oD[dkVEf kdifiHokYd
oGm;a&mufaponf/ ,if;tzGJUESifhtwl bk*m;&Sif oAÁnKwÓPfawmf
&&dSawmfrl&m aAm"danmifyifBuD;rS tyifyGm;wpfqlESifh Ak'¨bmom tajccH
usifhpOfw&m;pmayrsm;yg wygwnf;,laqmifoGm;aponf/ oD[dkVfwGif
,if;armifawmf ESrawmfwkd Yonf udkvefbdkNrdKUrS (128)rdkifa0;aom
tEk&m"yl& øß²«®¿¼¸¿°«®¿÷ NrdKUukd tajccHpcef;jyKygonf/ ,if; tEk&m
"yl&NrdKUtrnfudk Mum;onfESihf wcsufwnf;owd&vmaom yl&(NrdKU)
tu©&mygonfh tjcm;NrdKUBuD;tcsdKUtaMumif;udkyg qdkyg&apOD;/
rSwo f m;xm;orQ a&S;tusqk;H NrdKUrmS tdE, d´ Edkiif HwiG f tZmwowf
rif;vufxufü yg#vdyl&NrdKU&dS&mwGif aemuftcg øÐ¿¬²¿÷ yg#vdyk'[ f k
tvG,w f ul ac:wGifvmonf/ tmaomurif;BuD; vufxufawmfwGif
um; qdkonfh ]]yl&}} tu©&monf NrdKUBuD;om;[laom t"dyÜm,f
aqmifvmonf[k Mum;od&yg\/ tdE, ´d Edkiif rH S pwifí jrwfA'k ¨ omoem
awmf qufEG,fjyefYyGm;vmaom jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; t&dr'éyl&-yk*H
jynf? &wemyl&tif;0? tr&yl&-awmifNrdKU? t,kZÆyl&-uke;f abmifNrdKU?
aZ,smyl&-ppfudkif;NrdKU? &wemyHk rEÅav;NrdKU[laom ]]yl&}} pum;vHk;
wGifwGif oHk;pGJcJhMuavonf/
xdkYjyif ,cifu ]]oD[yl&}} ac:wGiaf om ]]puFmylNrdKU}}vnf;
usef&Sdygao;onf/ ,aeYacwfü puFmylNrdKUudk bmoma&;ESihf qufpyf
awG;ac:jcif; rjyKrdMuapumrl a&S;ya0oPDtcguqdkvQif yifv,furf;
½dk;wef;wpfavQmufwnfaeaomaMumifh oD[kdVfEkdiif HESifh taMumif;ruif;
bJ omoema&;t& qufE, G af ejcif;aMumifh oD[yl&NrdKU[lí Ak'ömoem
t&dyftaiGU&dScJhjcif; jzpfwef&monf/ ,ck ,dk;',m;Edkiif Honfvnf;
oD[&wempmay
t,k'¨,yl&rS qif;oufa&GUavsmvmjcif; jzpfyg\/

a&S;u a&;vufpjyefaumufygrnf/
r[dEÉSihf oCFrdwåmwdkYonf tEk&m"yl&NrdKUwGif tajccsNyD; yifh
aqmifvmcJhaom aAm"dyifyGm;udk aumif;pGm pdkufxlylaZmfMuonf/ &Sif
oefvmaom aAm"dyifysdKteD;wGif "gwk*[apwDBuD; wnfxm;Muonf/
yifhaqmifcJhaom ]]"gwfawmfrsm;tdrf}}[k bGJUawmforkwfjcif; jzpfonf/
("gwk="gwfawmf/ y[=tdrf) xdk"gwk*[ apwDBuD;ESifh aAm"dyif
wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? ,if;y&0kPt f wGif;ü xm;&dSaom r[dEÉSifh oCF
rdwåm ax&DrwdkY ½kyfwkrsm;udk ,aeYwdkif awGUEdkifygao;onf/ xdkYtwl
oD[dkVf&Sd xlygapwDrsm;onfvnf; yrmPBuD;rm;Muonf/
udkvefbkdNrdKU0ef;usi&f Sd r[mxlygapwDBuD;\ tcsif;rSm (295)
ay&dSonf/ tb,apwDBuD;um;? tjrifh (393)ay? tcsif; (377)ay&dS
aomaMumifh oD[kVd &f Sad pwDrsm;wGif tBuD;rm;qkH;jzpfaMumif;rsm;udk tdE´, d
EdkifiH emvE´mwuúokdvfrS uxdu q&mawma'gufwm OD;Zm*& udk,f
awmfu uRefrwdkYudk trdefY&dSzl;ygonf/
xdktcgrSpNyD; oD[dkVfEkdiif Honf tmaomurif;BuD;\ tmPm
pufjzifh "r®pufvnfywfapjcif;aMumifh Ak'¨bmom udk;uG,faom EdkifiH
jzpfvmavonf/ oD[kVd rf w S qifh Ak'o¨ moemjyefYymG ;&mEdkiif rH sm;wGif yxr
jrefrmEdkiif Hatmufykid ;f ok0PÖbkrr®d Swqifh 'kw,d t&dr'éyl& yk*HjynfokYd
taemf&xmrif;BuD; vufxufawmfwGif txufykdif;EdkifiHw0ef;vHk; Ak'¨
omoem jyefYyGm;vmavonf/
ta&SUwkdi;f rS Ak'¨bmomEkid if Hrsm;onf oD[dkVfEkdifiHrSwqifh ul;
pufxeG ;f um;vmonf[k ,lq&ygonf/ vlrsdK;rwlaomfjim; udk;uG,&f m
bmom twlwlyifjzpfacsonf/ xdkYaemuf taemufwkdif;rS NAdwo d Qe,fcsJU
,EÅ&m;bD;BuD;onf ta&SUwkdif;EdkifiHtcsdKUodkY t&dSeft[kefjzifh vSdrhfvm
aomtcg (1815)ckESpfwGif oD[dkVfEkdifiHonf NAdwo d QvufatmufodkY
usa&mufoGm;&av\/ uRefrwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; t*Fvyd -f jrefrm
oD[&wempmay
22 Ak'o
yxrppfyJt G NyD; (1825)ckEpS w f iG f &cdkijf ynfe,f weoFm&Dwkid ;f wdrkY Sm t*Fvyd f

vufodkY ay;tyfvku d &f ojzifh oD[kdVfEkdiif HESihf (10)ESpo
f mjcm;NyD; t*Fvyd f
vufatmufcHjzpfMu&avonf/
odkY NAdwo d QwkdY vufatmufcjH zpf&onfEiS hf ra&S;raESmif;yif ,if;
wdkU\ c&pf,mef omoemjyKtzGJUrsm;onf z0g;ajcxyf xufMuyfruGm
vdkufygvmMuavonf/ olwkdYonf olwdkY\ vkyfief;vky[ f eftwdkif;
tcsdefrqdki;f bJ c&pf,mefomoemjyKvkyif ef;udk pepfwus vkyaf qmifMu
av\/ oD[dkVw f Gif vlOD;a&trsm;pkjzpfaom qif[m;vdpv f lrsdK;rsm;onf
Ak'¨bmomudk rd½kd;zvmtjzpf tqufqufuyif tpOfwpdkufukd;uG,fvm
Muolrsm;jzpfygonf/ olwyg;vufatmufcHb0odkY a&mufMuavaom
tcg bmoma&; omoema&;rSpí ,Ofaus;rIrsm;yg tajcysufMu&
avonf/
a&SUuqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; rnfonfhbmomjzpfap rif;tpdk;&wdkY\
tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufrIonf ta&;ygvSonfhtwdkif; ,if;wdkY c&pf,mef
bmomudk ,if;wdkYvufatmufcHEkdiif Hrsm;wGif tajccsEkid f&efrsm cufonfh
tvkyrf [kwfacs/ odkYvQif ,if;wdkYomoemjyKtzGJUrsm;u bufaygif;pHkrS
tm;xkwv f kyu f kdifEkdifMuonfESihftrQ NAdwdoQtpdk;&uvnf; vdkavao;
r&dS ulnDaxmufyHhay;onf/ xdktajctaetwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm acwf
aygif;rsm;pGm odum© BuD;cJhavaom Ak'¨bmom0ifqif[mvdprf sm;onf t&m
&mwGif rsufESmi,fvmMuawmhavonf/ &dS&if;pGJ Ak'ömoem wjznf;
jznf; ñdI;rSdev f movdk c&pf,mefomemrSm wpfESpx f ufwpfESpf &Sifoef
BuD;xGm;vmav\/
txl;ojzifh uav;rsm; ynmoif&mausmif;rsm;rSm tajccH
,dr;f ,dkiv
f monf/ Esprf sm;rMumrDtwGi;f wGif tpdk;&pmoifausmif; [lorQ
onf t*Fvdypf moifaom omoemjyKausmif;csnf; jzpfukefawmhonf/
qif[mvdpb f mompmoifausmif;[lí wpfausmif;rQ r&dSawmhacs/ aus;
vufawm&Gmrsm;wGirf l wpfausmif;wav&dSao;onfqdk\/ NrdKUrsm;wGif
oD[&wempmay
rl bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm;rSmom Ak'¨bmom qif[mvdpaf usmif;&dSawmhonf/

odkYjzpfav&m Ak'¨bmom omoemawmfukd ax&fBuD; 0gBuD;rsm;
trSL;jyKvsuf 'g,dum 'g,dumrsm;jzpfaom vluHkxH aqGpk rsKd ;pk todki;f
t0ef;rsm;uomvQif rdb½dk;&m Ak'ömoemawmftm; wwftm;orQ
apmifha&SmufzufwG,fum rwdraf umryaysmufatmif xdef;odr;f aeMu&
avawmhonf/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
24 Ak'o
"r®ygv i,fpOfumv ausmif;aep

udkvefbkdNrdKUwGif qif[mvdpv f lrsKd ; øÍ·²¸¿´»-»÷ vluHkxHwpfOD;
jzpfaom "r®*ke0g'rl[m'D&rf øÜ¸¿®³¿¹«²¿©¿®¼¿²¿÷ onf a&S;½dk;pGJ
Ak'b ¨ mom0ifjzpfonf/ omoemhtaqmuftOD;rsm;udk aqmufvkyf vSL'gef;
avh&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;orm;BuD;jzpfavonf/ ol\orD;i,frvdumudk
olwt kYd odkut
f 0ef;xJryS if rl'D,ma[00dwae; øÓ«¼·§¿® Ø»©¿©·¬¸¿²¿÷
ESihf vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;ay;onf/ ,if;wdo kY rD;cifyeG ;f wdo
kY nfvnf; udkvefbkd
NrdKUrSmyif aexdkifMuonf/
(1864)ckEpS f pufwifbmv (17)&uf? paeaeYwiG f yxr om;OD;
&wemarG;zGm;onf xdkom;a,musmf ;uav;um; þpmtky\ f y"meyk*Kd¾ vf
tem*g&du "r®ygv jzpfvmrnfo h al ywnf; ol\aemufniD ,f (3)a,muf
xGe;f um;ao;onf/ (2)a,mufrmS zciftvkyu f kd qufcí H ti,fqHk;om;
um; q&m0efjzpfvmNyD;aemuf t*FvefEkdifiH vef'efNrdKUwGif aq;ynm
qufvufoifMum;&if; (10)ESpfcefY aexdkifcJhonf/
om;OD;uav;onf arG;uif;pt&G,rf SpNyD; rdcif\ odraf rGUEl;nHh
oD[&wempmay
aom p½dkujf zifh MuifempGmapmifha&Smufjcif;udk tESD;wGif;rSyif pwifcHpm;

vm&onf/ pum;ajymwwfump t&G,frSmyif rdcifu wwGwfwGwf
oifMum;ay;jcif;aMumifh ]]Ak'?¨ "r®?H oHCH}} [laom pum;oHk;vHk;udk tOD;
qHk; &GwfqdkwwfaeavNyD/ xdkYaemuf vrf;avQmufEkdifaomtcg rdbrsm;
ESihftwl bk&m;ausmif;rsm;odkY vdkufyg&jcif; npOfbk&m;0wfjyK&jcif;wdkY
aMumifh bmomw&m; ½dkaoudkif;½dIif;rIukd pwifxad wGUvm&avonf/
rdbrsm;u i,fpOfuav;b0rSmyif ,if;wdkYjzpfapcsio f vdk yHkavmif;ay;
rIrSm tusKd ;&dSavonf/
xdkYaMumifh tem*g&du "r®ygv jzpfvmrnfhuav;i,fonf
udkvefbkdNrdKU&dS 'g*g;bm;apwDBuD;rsm;\ qnf;vnf;oHukd ESpfoufpGm
emcH&if; BuD;jyif;vm&avonf/
rdbESpyf g;onf om;uav;tm; qif[mvdpf Ak'¨bmom ,Of
aus;rIESihf tuRrf;w0ifjzpfatmif odr;f oGif;arG;jrLcJhMuonf/ tcsdew f ef
aomf ]]arm0Adwae;}}[lí trnfay;uifyeG ;f wyfMuonf/ zcif\trnf
aemufqHk;pum;vHk;omjzpfí a&SUutrnfpmvHk;yg&dSOD;rnfjzpfaomfjim;
xdkpmvHk;udk uRefr&SmrawGUaomaMumifh tjynfhtpHkrazmfjyvdkuf&yg/ xdkY
aMumifh ol\i,femrnf arm0Adwae;[kom a&;om;ygrnf/
arm0Adwae; touf (5)ESp&f Sad omf yxrqHk;rde;f uav;ausmif;
wGif pwifae&onf/ aemufwpfESpfwGif yufwmomoemjyKausmif;
øÐ¿¬¬¿¸ Ý¿¬¸»´·» Í½¸»±±´÷ odkY ajymif;a&TU aeonf/ ausmif;pnf;urf;
t& c&pf,mef trnfcH,lNyD;rS ausmif;om;rSwyf Hkwif&aomaMumifh
trnfopf a';Apf jzpfvmonf/ olzY cif rl'v D ,
D m a[0Adwae;onfvnf;
taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh 'Geu f m½dk;vpf øÜ±² Ý¿®±´·-÷ trnfajymif;&
onf/
xdkenf;twdki;f udkvefbkdNrdKUESihf tjcm;NrdKUBuD;om;rsm;onf ½dk;&m
trnfrS c&pf,meftrnf cH,lMuí taemufwdkif;0wfpHkESifh "avhp½dkuf
rsm;udkyg vufcHusifhoHk;vmMuonf/ 'Gefum½dk;vpfonf t*Fvyd t f rnf
oD[&wempmay
26 Ak'o
cH,lxm;&apumrl t*Fvyd pf mwwfolr[kwfyg/ i,fpOfu olYtpfukd

oDwif;oHk;aom qif[mvdpb f ke;f BuD;ausmif;rS Ak'¨pmayudkom wwfajrmuf
cJholjzpfonf/ t*Fvyd pf mrwwfaomfvnf; oD[kdVfEkdifiH&Sd xif&Sm;aom
vkyif ef;&SifBuD;rsm;wGif wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ 0da'g',aumvdyf
ausmif; wnfaxmifolrsm;toif;wGiv f nf; wpae&myg0ifcJhonf/
odkYvQif BuD;aomvkyif ef;? jrwfaomvky&f yfrsm;udk jzpfajrmuf
atmif vkyaf qmifEkdifoljzpfaomaMumifh yifukd,ftodÓPfESihf t&nf
tcsi;f xufjrufoljzpfaMumif; txl;qdk&efrvdkyg/ xdkYjyif om;uav;rsm;
udkvnf; ynma&;? vlrIa&; ponfrsm;wGif rsufajcrjywf tuJcwf&ef
vnf; rarhavsmhaom zcifjzpfayonf/
taemufwdkif;0wfpHkudk0wfNyD; t*Fvyd af usmif;om;jzpfvmaom
a';Apfonf ausmif;pnf;urf;twdkif; eHeufcsdef ntdyf&m0ifcsdefrsm;wGif
c&pfawmfodkY aus;Zl;wifygaMumif; qkawmif;pum;udk trsm;ESifhtwl
&Gwqf k&d avonf/ a';Apfonf þodkYaom tjyKtrlrsm;udk aumif;onf
[kyif olxifonf/ ausmif;tkycf sKyfol tBuD;tuJrsm;taejzifhvnf;
onfuav;ÓPfaumif;onf? awmfonf[k xifjrifum ,if;wdkYbmom
0ifjzpfapNyD; omoemjyKvkyfief;wGif tokH;cs&ef vufoyfarG;Murnf[k
BuH&G,x f m;Muavonf/
ausmif;aebuf (2)ESpfausmfvmaomtcg om;awmfarmif
a';Apf\ c&pf,mefqefvmaom taetxdkit f jyKtrlrsm;tm; odjrifvmaom
rdbwdkYu pdk;&drrf uif;&dSMuNyD; ]]onftwdkif;jzifh cufacsNyD qif[mvdpf
p½dkufrsm;acgif;yg;aeyaum}} [k oabmaygufvmMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh
a';Apftm; yufwmausmif;aeqJwGiyf if wywfvQif (2)&ufus Ak'¨
bmom0if qif[mvdpf bke;f BuD;ausmif;odkY oGm;a&mufoifMum;&ef zcifu
pDpOfay;onf/
touf (8)ESpaf usmfcJhNyDjzpfaom a';Apfonf pOf;pm;qifjcif
ÓPf zGHUNzdK;pjyKvmavNyD/ bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;wGif vtenf;i,frQ
oD[&wempmay
twGi;f wGiyf if Ak'¨bmom\ tajccHtqHk;trw&m;awmfESihf bmoma&;

,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk olYt&G,fESihfrrQatmifyif wD;rdacgufrd &dSvmonf/
zcifBuD;uvnf; pm;jcif;tdyjf cif;rsm;ü a&mifh&JvG,af om onf;cHwwf
aom tusihfukd rsdK;aphcsay;ao;onf/
wpfaeYwGif yufwmausmif;odkY omoemydkifbke;f BuD; <ua&muf
vmonf/ xdkbkef;BuD;\vufukd 'l;axmuferf;&ef q&mrsm;cdkif;onfh
twdkif; erf;&avonf/ bmaMumifhonfvkv d ky&f onfudk oabmrayguf
aomaMumifh tdrjf yefvmaomtcg rdbrsm;tm; ar;Munfhonf/ xdkYaemuf
rdbrsm; qE´twdkif; pdefYbifeD'pfausmif;odkY a&TUajymif;ae&onf/
xdkpdebfY ifeD'pf ausmif;wGiv f nf; Mum&Snaf ecGihrf &yg/ (1876)
ckEpS w
f iG f ausmif;tmPmydik rf sm;u c&pf,mefbmomodkY r0ifvkad om ausmif;
om;rsm;tm; ausmif;xkwfypfonfh pm&if;wGif a';Apftrnf ygvmaom
aMumifhjzpfonf/
xdYak emuf udkvefbkNd rdKUEiS hf (5)rdkiaf 0;aom uGww f ND rdKU&Sd t*Fvu
d ef
c&pf,mefausmif;odkY abmf'gausmif;om;tjzpf a&mufcJhjyefav\/ c&pf
,mefomoemjyKausmif;rsm;rSvGJí tjcm;ausmif;wpfausmif;rS r&dSacs/
ola&mufvmcJhaom uGww f DNrdKU&dSausmif;onf pifppfomoem
jyK&mwGif ydkrdkjyif;xefygonf/ eHeufrsufaphESpv f Hk;zGihfonfrSpNyD; ntdyf
&m0ifcsed t f xd tBudraf ygif;rsm;pGm or®musr;f pmrsm; &Gwq f k&d jcif; qkawmif;
aus;Zl;wif&jcif;? tcsKd Uukd EIww f uftm*Hkaqmifapjcif;rsm; vdkuef m&onf/
apcdki;f orQ aumif;aumif;vdkuef maom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; t&m&mwGif
tcGit hf a&;ydak y;jcif;tm;jzifh qGaJ qmifonf/ xdakY Mumifh rlvu Ak'b ¨ mom0if
ausmif;om;tcsdKUonf c&pf,mefbmomodkY ul;ajymif;0ifMuav\/
touf (10) ESpfausmfvmNyDjzpfaom a';Apfonf bmoma&;
tjrifwpfjcm;pD qefYusifvsu&f Sdaom? q&mrsm;bufESihf rdbaqGrsdK;rsm;
oD[&wempmay
28 Ak'o
buf ESpfbuf&Sd&mwGif rnfonfhbufom;tjzpf &yfwnf&rnfukd qHk;

jzwf&awmhrnfh vrf;qHkwGif a&mufaeonf/ touft&G,fi,faomfjim;
jcm;em;aom bmomt,l0g'ESprf sdK;\ t,ltqusifhpOfrsm;udk em;vnf
xm;oavmuf ÓPfrDorQ awG;q qifjcifwwfonf/ i,fpOfrSpí
rdbaqGrsKd ;wdkY\ oGefoifqHk;rcsufrsm;udkvnf; em;pGJvsufyif/ ol\
arG;&myg todÓPfxufjrufrIaMumifh ,xmblwusus awG;ac:bdkY
rcJ,Of;yg/
þodaYk om tajctae&d&S mrSm wpfaeYwiG f Ak'b¨ mompmay oifay;
aom qif[mvdpb f ke;f BuD;u a';Apfavhvm&ef jrwfAk'¨\ opömw&m;
av;yg;udk &Si;f vif;rdeMfY um;NyD; tcsuftvufrsm;tm; rSwrf ad p&ef pmjzifh
a&;ay;vdkuo f nf/ a';Apfonf tav;teuf pOf;pm;onf/ pOf;pm;&if;
wpfaeYxufwpfaeY t*FvDuef ausmif;q&mtm; oifMum;ydkYcsaom c&pf
,mefbmoma&;t,ltqrsm;udk vufcH&ef oHo,jzpfvmonf/
ol\ taqmifrSL;jzpfolrSmvnf; iSuu f av;rsm;tm; aoewf
jzifh ypfcwf&ef 0goemBuD;oljzpfacsonf/ wpfnwGif a';Apfonf
bkef;BuD;ay;vdkuaf om opömav;yg;w&m;\ t"dyÜm,fzGihq f kcd suf pm&Guf
udk zwfaecdkuf taqmifrSL;0ifvmonfESifh rdoGm;av\/ taqmifrSL;u
þausmif;wGif Ak'p¨ mayudk avhvmcGirhf &daS Mumif; pnf;urf;udk odvsuEf iS hf
onfpmrsdK;zwf&rvm;[k Budr;f armif;NyD;vQif zwfvufp pm&Guu f kd qGJ,l
NyD; jywif;rS vTwyf pfvkduaf wmhonf/
a';Apfonf wpfpHkw&mapm'u rwufEkdifaomfjim; pdwfxcd kduf
vSonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfygvduf Ak'¨bmomausmif;r&dSaomaMumifh
þausmif;rsdK;wGif pmoif&onf rdred nf;wl pmoifom;rsm;\ epfemcsuf
qHk;½IH;csurf sm;udk vufawGUcHpm;rdavNyD/
xdkodkYjzpfNyD; rMumcifrSmyif pdwfxcd kdufaeaom a';Apfonf
]]olwyg;tm; rowf&[laom jyXmef;csu&f ySd gvsuf bmaMumifh c½kqw d f
oD[&wempmay
ppfyjGJ zpf&ovJ}}[k c&pf,mefausmif;om;rsm;tm; ar;cGe;f xkwv f ku

d o
f nf/
ausmif;om;rsm;u? ]]'g[m xm0&bk&m;ocif&JU tvdkawmftwdkif;
jzpfw,f}} [lí ajzMuonf/ ,if;tajzudkvnf; a';ApfrauseyfEkdif/
rMumcif xdktaMumif;onf q&mrsm;em;odkY aygufMum;oGm;
onf/ xdktcg tajz&cufaom ar;cGef;rsm; xkwfwwfaom a';Apfonf
Budrt f aqmfcH&av\/ xdkYtjyif q&mrsm;u ,if;wdkYomoemjyKvkyif ef;
wGif toHk;cs&ef rsufpduscJhzl;ol a';Apfonf ,if;wdkY odrf;oGi;f í
&Edkifrnfholr[kwf[lí tNyD;tydkif ausmif;rS ESix f kwfvku
d fav\/
a';Apf\ rvdrm® aom ar;cGe;f xkwcf sed Ef iS hf ausmif;tmPmydkirf sm;
u ausmif;rxkw&f ao;cif Mum;&ufykdif;üjzpfyGm;aom jzpf&yfwpfckukd
azmfjyyg&ap/ xdkjzpf&yfum; þodkYa';ApfwdkY twef;rS ausmif;om;wpf
a,muf aoqHk;av&m ,if;psmyeudpöwGif a';Apfvnf; trsm;ESihftwl
wufa&muf&onf/ aoqHk;ol½kyu f vmyfab;ü ,if;\rdbrsm;onf
vnf;aumif;? q&mrsm;ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; qkawmif;pm
rsm;udk &GwfqdkMu&onf/ y&dowfrsm;\ roufomaom rsufESmrsm;udk
awGUjrif&NyD; wpfqufwnf;yifvQif yxrqHk; aojcif;qif;&Jtm; txdwf
wvefY cHpm;awG;awmrdonf/ rdbaqGrsKd ;rsm;\ ylyef&aom qif;&Jukv d nf;
rsufjrifcHpm;&avonf/
(þae&mwGif (1930)ckESpf Edk0ifbmvxkwf ol&d, r*¾Zif;rS
awmifial rmifxeG ;f &deS af &;aom aqmif;yg;rS rlut JG aMumif;wpfckukd Mum;ñSyf
wifjyvdkygonf/) ,if;aqmif;yg;rS oufqkdif&m xkwEf Iwcf sufrSm-
]]a';Apf\ rdom;pktwGi;f ol\ESri,fuav;aoqHk;aomtcg
ol\rdbESpyf g;pvHk;yif aqmufwnf&mr&atmif tylrD;avmifjrdKufjcif;
udk jrif&avonf/ xdktcg ig\tazESifh tarwdkYonf cifwG,rf IaMumifh
tdraf xmifjyKMuavonf/ om;orD;yGm;pnf;Muonf/ ,ck orD;uav;
aoqHk;aomtcg cifw, G rf IaMumifhyif 'ku©BuHKMu&onf/ igrlum; þodkY
oD[&wempmay
30 Ak'o
odkY tjzpfrsKd ; rawGUBuHK&avatmif tdrf,maxmifjcif; rjyKvdkawmh Ak'¨

tqHk;trtwdkif; aexdkifusihfBuHNyD; omoemjyefYyGm;atmif jyKawmhtHh/
[lí oE´dXmefcsvkdufavonf/
txufygpmom;rSm psmyeudpöwGif a';ApfawGUjrifyHkESihf uGmjcm;
vSonfr[kwf oabmwlaomfjim; tqifvGJaeonf/ q&m awmifil
armifxGef;&dSeEf Sihf uRefr a&;om;csuf ESprf sdK;teuf wpfrsdK;om rSeEf kdif
ygonf/ b,fpmu rSefonfukd qHk;jzwf&ef rwwfEkdifyg/ b,ftqdku
rSerf Sef a';Apf\ ESvHk;om;wGif oHa0*&onfum; trSejf zpfzG,f&Sad y\/
a&;vufpudk jyefaumuf&aomf xdkjzpf&yfjzpfonft
h csed w
f iG f a';Apf
onf t&G,af &mufpjyKavNyD/ xdYak emuf ausmif;xkwjf cif;cH&aom a';A[f
tdro f kYjd yefa&mufvmaomf rdbrsm;u tjypfwifjcif; rjyKMuyg/ ydecf sHK;vm
aom om;udk usef;rm0NzdK;vmatmifom jyKpkMuavonf/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
awmufrnfhrD;cJ w&J&J
tdrfodkY jyefvm&aoma';Apfonf rdru d kd,füu r,HkMunfEkdif
aom taMumif;wpf&yfukd ,HkMunfav[ef tmrbaEÅrcHEkid af cs/ xdakY Mumfih
ausmif;xkwcf H&jcif;rsm;udk cHEkid &f nf&ySd gonf/ onfwpfBudrf þyHk ausmif;
xkwfcH&jcif;onfum; olYtzdkY Ak'¨bmom t½dk;tpOfbufodkY csdecf Giv f Qm
xGuaf paom taMumif;jzpfEkdifygonf/ jrwfAk'¨\ w&m;awmfomvQif
pdwaf t;csr;f apaom w&m;ppfw&m;rSef jzpfonf[k eufeufeeJ cJ pH m;rdonf/
odkYvQif Ak'b¨ momt,ltqudk vufc, H HkMunfapumrl wpfEkid if H
vHk;ü wpfrsdK;wnf;om&dSaom c&pf,mefausmif;wpfausmif;udkom 0if
a&muf&ayOD;rnf/ ynmoifMum;a&;udkum; vufvw T íf rjzpfacs/ aemuf
wpfEpS f ausmif;zGihcf sed w
f iG f a';Apfonf pdeYaf omrwfpaf usmif;odYk 0ifa&muf
onf/ xdak usmif;rSm udkvefbNdk rdKU ajrmufykid ;f wGi&f So
d nf/ ausmif;odYo
k Gm;&m
vrf;wGif Ak'¨bmom bk&m;ausmif; wpfausmif;udk jzwfoGm;&onf/
rdbrsm;\ ñTefMum;csuftwdkif; ausmif;ydwf&ufjzpfap
oD[&wempmay
32 Ak'o
tm;vyfonfh tcsdefjzpfap ,if;odkY0ifa&mufNyD; ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfxH

Mo0g'pum; em,l&onf/ ,if;q&mawmfum; rdbrsm;\ q&m&if;jzpfí
t&Sif rd*gwka0wD*ek E´ øÓ·¹»¬¬«ª»¬» Ù«²¿²¿²¿¼¿÷ bGJUawmfjzifh xif&mS ;
aom bke;f BuD;jzpfonf/ wpfaeU xkdausmif;wGif a';Apfa&mufaecdkuf
q&mawmfu zwfcGihfjyKí Ak'¨bmomESihq f dkifaom pmtkyw f pftkyu
f kd zwf
Munfh&onf/ xdkpmtkyu f m; tuf'iG t f m;;Edk; øÛ¼©·² ß®²±´¼÷ a&;zGJUaom
uAsm&SnBf uD;jzpfavonf/ þae&mwGif ,if;uAsm&SnBf uD;tm; a&;zGJUol
taMumif; tusOf;rQ azmfjy&ef vdktyfygonf/ tem*g&du "r®ygv
taMumif; jzpfpOfudk y"gexm; a&;om;aomfjim; olESiht f aMumif;ruif;?
qufpufjcif;&dSaom ta&;ygonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;udkvnf; csefvSyx f m;í
roifhyg/
tuf'Git
f m;Edk;onf (1832)ckESpw f Gif arG;zGm;aom t*FvefEkdiif H
om;jzpfygonf/ olonf atmufpzf kdY wuúodkvfrS (1854)ckESpw f Gif *kPf
xl;ESifh bGJU&xm;onf/ i,fpOfuyif a&S;a[mif;pmayESihf bmom&yfjcm;
pmpum;rsm;udk avhvm&ef qE´jyif;jyoljzpfacsonf/ xdkYjyif uAsmvuFm
a&;zGJU&efvnf; 0goemBuD;oljzpfonf/ olausmif;xGufNyD;aomf t*Fvdyf
udkvked jD zpfaom tdE,
´d Edkiif H&dS ouúwbmompmayoif ]zl;em;} aumvdyf
wGif q&mtjzpf tvky0f ifonf/ rsm;rMumrD ]zl;em;}aumvdy\ f ausmif;
tkyBf uD;jzpfvmav\/ þXmewGif tvkyv f kycf Gihf&jcif;onf olYtwGuf
]]tcsKd &Sm oumawGU}}qdkouJhodkY olY0goemESihf olYtvkyrf Sm tH0ifcGiu f s
jzpfawmhonf/ urÇmay:wGif ,HkMunfukd;uG,pf &m bmom&yfBuD; (4)&yf
&dSonfhteuf tdE´, d Edkiif Honf a&S;OD;usaom [dE´LbmomESihf Ak'¨bmom
bmomt,l0g'BuD; ESp&f yfay:xGe;f &m rl&if;tppf a&aomufjrpfjzpfyg
onf/
xdkbmomBuD; ESpf&yftaMumif;t&if;ZpfjrpfrS pí xdkacwfu
a&;om;xm;aom ouúwpmayrSpí tjcm;pmayrsm;? usrf;BuD;usrf;cdkif
rsm;tm; ausmif;tkyBf uD; pdwfwdkif;us &SmazGavhvm qnf;yl;Edkifav\/
oD[&wempmay
"r®ygv\zcif rl'DvD,ma[0 0doae;
oD[&wempmay
"r®ygv\rdcif rvdum
oD[&wempmay
olvkdvm;ESpo f ufaom tdE´, a&S;a[mif;pmayESihf ,Ofaus;rIt&yf&yf

udk olBudK;pm;tm;xkwo f avmuf? oabmaygufc&D;a&mufonf/ olESpf
oufjrwfEkd;&m tdEd, ´ Edkiif HBuD;onf ,cktcgwGif NAdwo d Qtpdk;&\ vuf
atmufwiG f wdki;f &if;om;jynfolrsm; b,favmuftxd zdEydS cf sKd ;ESrd cf aH eMu
&onfukd twGif;usus rsujf rifudk,fawGU odjrifvmonf/ txl;ojzifh
tdE,d´ Edkiif HrS a&S;twdawuwnf;u ay:xGe;f cJhavaom [dE´LbmomESihf
Ak'¨bmomwdkY ñdI;rSdeo f drfi,fae&onfukdvnf; udk,fcsif;pm em*½kPm
xm;wwfvmonf/ olESpftwefMum avhvm&SmazG wl;azmfcJhaom Ak'¨
bmom\ ,xmblwusaom oGeo f ifqHk;rrIrudkvnf; wcsed x f uf wcsed f
oabmaygufvufcHvmonf/
zl;rm;aumvdyaf usmif;tkyfBuD;tjzpf (10)ESpfausmf trIxrf;NyD;
aomf tvkyrf SxGuNf yD; t*FvefokdYjyefoGm;onf/ t*FvefwGif a';vD;
w,fvD*&yf owif;pmwGif ESpaf ygif; (20)ausmf vkyu f kdifcJhpOftwGif;
pmaytrsKd ;rsKd ;a&;onf/ a&;cJo h rQpmayrsm;teuf tdE, d´ Edkiif \
H bmoma&;
,Ofaus;rIESihf pyfqdkifaom pmrsdK;u trsm;pkjzpfonf/
odkY&dS&mwGif (1879) ckESpftwGif;u ola&;cJhaom ]]tm&S\
tvif;a&mif}} øÔ·¹¸¬ ±º ß-·¿÷ uAsm&SnBf uD;udk a&;om;xkwaf 0vdu k af om
tcg t*Fvdypf mzwfy&dowfrsm;twGuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f taMumif;t&m
wpf&yfudk ay;tyfvkdufouJhodkY tusdK;oufa&mufoGm;avonf/ ,if;
tm&S\ tvif;a&mifuAsmBuD;um; ol\ESvHk;om;rS ,HkMunfcsufESihf
cHpm;rIrsm;tm; ÓPfprG ;f &dSoavmuf tdwo f Gezf marSmuf a&;csvku d jf cif;yif
[k ,lq&ygonf/ ,if;uAsm&SnBf uD;\ wGiu f s,rf rI mS Edkiif aH wmfrsm;rsm;
wGif bmom&yftrsKd ;rsdK;jzifh ½dkufEdSyx f kwfa0&onf/ ,if;pmtkyfaMumifh
ta&SUwkdi;f rS Ak'b ¨ momqdkonfh bmom&yftaMumif;udk taemufEkdiif o H m;
rsm; em;vnftuJcwfcGihf &Muavonf/
xdYak emufrsm;rMumrDwiG f tuf'iG t f m;Edk;tm; pma&;q&m tausmf
tarmftjzpfjzifh t*Fveftpdk;&u ]]qm}} bGJUcsD;jr§ihfjcif;cHpm;&onf/
oD[&wempmay
38 Ak'o
]]qmtuf'Git f m;Ek;d }} jzpfvmjcif;rSm (1880) ckESpfcefYu jzpfygonf/

xdkYaemuf q&mBuD;onf olYukd,fol ]]uREfkyfwdkY Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; [lí
ajymqdkoHk;EIef;avh&SdaMumif;od&ygonf/ olonf (1904) ckESpfwGif
uG,fvGefonf/
a';ApftaMumif;jyefaumuf&aomf-
tm&S\tvif;a&mifpmtkyu f kd olzwf&aomtcsed frSm (16)ESpf
om;t&G,f&SdavNyD/ olonf rdrw d dkY Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;taejzifh rdrw d dkY
Edkiif HrSmyif wpfpwpfp tarSmifzkH;vmaom tajctaeudk aumif;aumif;
odygonf/ xdkYaMumifh rcHcsdrcHomjzpfaeaom a';ApftzdkY ,if;pmtkyfudk
zwfcGifh&vdkufjcif;onf olYtm; Edk;Mum;wuf<uvmaponf/ trdkuf
tarSmifrS rD;½I;wefaqmifukd vSr;f jrif&ouJhokdY tawG;tjrif yGihv f if;vm
awmhonf/ txyfxyfzwfonf/
xdakY emuf rMumcif taemufEkid if rH S oDtkq d kzd t
D oif; øÌ¸»±-±°¸·
Í±½·»¬§÷ rS vlBuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom r'rfbvmAufpuD; øÞ´¿ª¿-¬-µ§÷
ESihf ume,fvpf wDatmfaumh øÝ½´±²»´ò Øò Í¬»»´ Ñ´»½±¬÷ wdkYtzGJUonf
toif;udpjö zifh tdEE´d kid if v H mMurnfjzpfaMumif; q&mbke;f awmfBuD;u trdeYf
&dSonf/ wpfqufwnf;yif oDtkq d kdzD toif;qdkonfrmS bmom&yfaygif;pHk
obmw&m;tm;vHk;udk avhvmqef;ppf tESpx f kwNf yD; taumif;qHk; trSeqf k;H
jzpfavmufonf[laom OD;wnfcsufjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aom toif;jzpf
aMumif; &Sif;vif;ajymjyavonf/ a';Apfonf taMumif;pHkMum;od&NyD;
aomf vma&mufMurnfh yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;tm; tdE´d,odkYa&mufvQif rdrw d dkY
oD[dkVEf kid if o
H kYv
d nf; ta&mufvmMuyg&ef toif;odkY vdyrf í l zdwMf um;pm
a&;vdkufonf/
oDtkdqdkzDtzGJUonf (1880)ck arv (15)&ufaeYwGif udkvefbkd
NrdKUokYd a&mufvmMu&m xdkaeYwiG f Ak'b ¨ mom0if vlBuD;rsm;u wcrf;wem;
c&D;OD;BudKqdkMuavonf/ ume,fvfpwDvaf tmfaumh tm;? ume,fvf[k
ac:wGijf cif;rSm (1860-1865) ckESpt f wgif; tar&duefü jynfwGif;ppf
oD[&wempmay
oD[&wempmay
jzpfyGm;pOfu ume,fvt f qifhjzifh ppfAkdvjf zpfcJhbl;í jzpfygonf/

r'rfbvmAufpuD;rSm ½k&Sm;rif;rsdK;rif;EG,x f JrS qif;oufvm
aom ynmwwf vluHkxH trsdK;orD;BuD;jzpfygonf/ ,if;wkdYtzGJUu
udkvefbkdNrdKUwGif oDtdkqdkzDtaMumif; a[majymyGJvkyaf omtcg a';Apf
onf olYzcif? olYbBuD;wdkYEiS htf wl wufa&mufem;axmifonf/ toif;\
OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk oabmusaom a';Apfonf ume,fvw f dkYESifh rdwfzGJU
oduRrf;cGih&f aomtcg ,if;wdkYtm; olYq&mbkef;BuD;ausmif;odkY ac:oGm;
onf/ q&mbke;f awmfBuD; t&Sirf *d gwka0wD *keEúkd,af wmfu vlrsdK;jcm;
{nfhonfrsm;tm; Ak'¨bmom\ tajccHt,ltq oabmw&m;rsm;udk
&Si;f vif;ajymjyavonf/
ume,fvw f dkYtoif;vlBuD;rsm;u ar;aom cJ&mcufqpfar;cGe;f
rsm;udkvnf; olwdkYauseyfatmif tajzay;Edkifonf/ q&mawmfrSm pmay
usrf;*efwwfonfESihftrQ tajymta[maumif;vSonf/ ume,fvEf Sihf
r'rfbvmAufpuD;wdkY vlpkuvnf; Ak'¨bmom\ obm0usapaom
t,ltqESifh pifMu,faom usifhpOfrsm;tm; b0ifusESpfoufygonf/
Ak'¨w&m;awmft& vlowå0g[lorQonf rdrjd yKaom taMumif;w&m;
aMumifh wlnDaom tusKd ;w&m;&&dSpNrJjzpfonf/ vlwkdif;vlwkdif;onf
rdr\
d aumif;usKd ;qdk;usKd ;udk zefwD;&mwGif rdr\ d tjyKtrlonfom y"ge
jzpfonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufu vltaygif;udk zefqif;jcif; zefwD;jcif;
rjyKEdki[
f laom tqdktrdefYw&m;oabmudk vufcHMuavonf/
Ak'¨bmom t,l0g'onf t"dyÜg,fjynfh0
cdkifvHkaom taMumif;tusdK;qDavsmo f nfh
vrf;pOfudk ñTejf yaom bmomaywnf;/
[lí odrSwMf uonf/ ,if;wdkYtzGJUonf oD[dkVfwGif &uftwefMum
avhvmMuNyD;aemuf tdE´d,EdkifiHodkY c&D;qufMuonf/ xdktcsdefrSpNyD;
a';ApfESihf tquftoG,frjywfMuay/ tjyeftvSef pma&;Muonf/
a';Apfonf zcifBuD;\ tpDtpOft& ausmif;wufvsuEf Sifhyif
oD[&wempmay
42 Ak'o
zcif\vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tcsdef&ovdk ulnDvkyu f kdifay;&onf/ zcifonf

om;tm;teD;uyf tuJcyfum Ak', ¨ Ofaus;rIw&m;oabmrS rvGwaf tmif
owday;aeNrJjzpfavonf/ a';Apfonf pmawmfoljzpfaomfvnf; i,fpOf
upNyD; wpfausmif;NyD;wpfausmif; wpfajymif;wnf; ajymif;&jcif;aMumifh
tcsdeftv[ó jzpfonfhtcgjzpf&onf/
(1883)ckESpfwkdifa&mufaomf rufx&pf øÓ»¬®·½÷ wef;a&muf
vmNyD? odkYaomf pmar;yGJBuD;ajz&awmhrnfhtcsdefrSm rajz&awmhacs/ bmh
aMumifhqkdaomf qif[mvdpb f moma&;vSnhv f nfyJG tcrf;tem;wpf&yfwiG f
uufovpfbmom0ifrsm;u aESmifh,SufcH&jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ NAdwo d Q
tpdk;&\ ykvyd o f m;rsm;u uufovpfrsm;bufodkY yif;onf[k ,lqMu
í tHk<urIjzpfavonf/ þwGif pmoifausmif;rsm; ydwfvkduf&av\/
,if;tHk<urIrSm tao;tzGJrQr[kwf/ xdkjzpf&yfudk owif;Mum;&aom
ume,fvfatmfaumhESifh r'rfbvmAufpuD;onf pdk;&drfruif;jzpfNyD;
a&mufvmMujyefonf/ ta&;tcif;um; at;csr;f aeayNyD/
,if;wdkYa&mufvmMuaomtcg a';Apfonf oDtdkqkdzDtoif;odkY
rdr0d ifa&mufcGih&f ygu Ak'¨t,l0g'jyefyY Gm;atmif wpfenf;wpfzHkaqmifEkdif
ayvdrhrf nf[k BuHro d nf/ xdakY Mumifh toif;0ifciG hjf yK&ef yefMum;avonf/
ume,fwdkY toif;vlBuD;rsm;vnf; a';Apf\ pdwftm;xufoef
rIESihf t&nftaoG;xufjrufrIwkdYukd tuJodNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh oDtkq d kdzD
toif;om;tjzpf 0ifcGihfjyKvdkuMf uygonf/
xdktcsdefwGif ume,fvEf Sihf r'rfbvmAwfpuD;wdkY ESpfOD;vHk;
onf o&P*Hkok;H yg;ESihf wuGaom yÍöov D udk aqmufwnfcNhJ yD; vlo&d iS f
Mum; Ak'¨bmom0iftjzpfukd cH,lNyD;cJhMuavNyD/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
a';ApfrS tem*g&du "r®ygvodkY

(1884)ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvü oDtkq d kdzD toif;om;rsm;onf tdE´, d
Edkiif H tuf',mNrdKU øß¼§¿®÷ oGm;&ef pDpOfonf/ a';Apfukv d nf; twlvku d f
cJ&h efajymonf/ a';Apfu zcifBuD;xH vdkuyf gcGihaf wmif;aomfjim; zcifEiS hf
tbk;d jzpfou l oabmrwlMuyg/ c&D;xGucf siv f aS om a';ApfrmS tcufBuHK
aeonf/ r'rfbvmAufpuD;onf olYrdbrsm;xHoGm;NyD; om;twGuf
t&m&mpdwcf s&ef olwdkYESiht f wl vdkuyf gcGihjf yKyg&ef tEÅ&m,f r&dSap&yg-
[k? tmrcH pum;ajymumrS vku d fcGihf&awmhonf/
tdE,´d Edkiif H tuf',mNrdKUodkY a&muf&Sí d twlwuGaexdkifMuum
toif;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&GuMf uonf/ odkYtwlae&if;? ume,fvw f kdYESifh
ydkrdk &if;ESD;vmí Ak'ä'oem t,ltqrsm;udk avhvmESD;aESmjzpfMuonf/
tm;vHk;yif ADZyg&rDÓPfESifh xufoefaom 0D&, d &dSMuolcsn;f jzpfaom
aMumifh wpfOD;\ qdkvkd&if;udk wpfOD;u oabmaygufem;vnfMuonf/
touf (20)cef&Y SNd yDjzpfaom a';Apfuvnf; pum;0kid ;f wGif tweftoifhrQ
oD[&wempmay
44 Ak'o
OD;aqmif aqG;aEG;Edkifavonf/ ume,fvw f dkYbufrSvnf; Ak'¨tajccH

"r®oabmwGif odompGm aygufajrmufvmMuonf/
wpfaeYwGif r'rfbvmAufpuD;u a';Apftm; tyg;odkYvm&ef
ac:NyD;vQif ]]a&SUumvwGif ygVdpmayudk txl;BudK;pm;oif,l&efESifh
vlYavmu aumif;usKd ;udk qxufxyH k;d aqmifMu&ef}} tBuHay;pum;ajym
onf/ a';Apfuvnf; oabmwlvufcHí ol\tqHk;trwGif wnfyg
rnf[k uwdjyKavonf/ ,ifuwdpum;twdkif; vdkufemusifhaqmif&ef
vnf; pdwf&if;jzifh ydkif;jzwf oEéXd mefcsxm;vdkufav\/
tuf',mwGif vkyfaqmifbG,rf sm;NyD;pD;aomf a';Apfukd oD[dkVf
&dS rdbrsm;xH vdkuyf kdYNyD;aemuf t*FvefodkYjyefoGm;MuavNyD/ a';Apfonf
udkvefbk&d Sd toif;taqmuftODwiG f toif;vkyif ef;rsm;tm; pdwyf g vufyg
vkyo f nf/ tvkyfykdrkdvkyEf kdi&f ef qEéjyif;jyvmonf/ xdkYaMumifh rdrad etdrf
rdom;pkrS cGJxGufNyD; oDtkdqkdzDtoif;wdkufodkY ajymif;a&TUaecGihfjyK&ef rdb
rsm;tm; cGihyf efonf/ zcifBuD;u ]]tdrfwGif om;BuD;r&dSvQif nDi,frsm;
udk b,folapmifha&Smufrnfenf;}}[kqko d nf/ a';Apfuvnf; ]]vlwkdif;
vlwkdif; ol\uHtavsmuf jzpfwnfMu&aMumif;? rdrrd Smrlum; omoemh
aumif;usKd ;udk b0wpfavQmufvk;H ESpNf yD; vkyaf qmifomG ;awmhrnf &nf&, G f
xm;ygaMumif;}}jzifh zcifBuD;tm; azsmif;zsonf/
rdcif rvdumurl toif;½Hk;odkY om;armif ajymif;a&TUaernfukd
uefYuGujf cif;rjyKyg/ aemufwGif a';Apf\ qE´twdkif; cGihfjyKvdkufMuay
onf/ xdkESpfum; (1885)ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGijf zpfonf/
(1886)ckESpfwGif a';Apftouf (22)ESp&f SdavNyD/ toif;wdkuf
wGifaeNyD; toif;vkyfief;rsm;tm; vkyu f kdif&if; Ak'ömoem jyefYyGm;a&;
twGuv f nf; arhavsmhjcif;r&dSyg/ ,cktcg touft&G,fvnf; jynfh
ajrmufavNyD/ vl0wfaMumifrS jA[®pm&Dbdu©L øÞ¿®¸³¿½¸¿®·÷ b0odkY
ul;ajymif;&ef qE´&dSonf/ ,if;qEÉSifhtwl ausmif;om;wke;f u cH,lcJh
aom a';Apfa[0Adwae;trnftm; tNyD;pGefYvTwfNyD; bdu©Ltrnf
oD[&wempmay
cH,lawmhrnf/
,if;qHk;jzwfcsuft& rdcif\cGihfjyKcsufukd &,lNyD;aomf ]]tem
*g&du "r®ygv}}bGUJ cH,lvsuf bdu©Lb0a&mufvmawmhonf/ tem*g&du
"r®ygv øß²¿¹®·µ¿ Ü¸¿³¿°¿´¿÷ \ t"dyÜg,frSm ]]tdr&f mraxmif
w&m;aqmifol}} [kjzpfygonf/ odkYvQif tdr&f mraxmif w&m;aqmifol
tem*g&du "r®ygv bdu©Lonf t"dyÜg,fjynfh0aom bGJUrnfESihf avsmf
nDpGm wpfoufyefvHk; tjcm;r&dS aexdkif usihBf uHoGm;&ef oHrPd oEéXd mef
csrSwfvdkuaf v\/
þtcsdefwGif ol\ oli,fcsif;rsm;um; ausmif;wkef;utwdkif;
c&pf,meftrnfukdompGJNrJ toHk;jyKvsuf&SdMuonf/
,if;onfhaeYrSpí bdu©Lb0ESihf oD[dkVf&Sd oDtdkqdkzDtoif; Ak'¨
bmom u@\ twGi;f a&;rSL;taejzifh Ak'b ¨ mombke;f BuD;ausmif;rsm;ESihf
ywfouforQ udpörsm;tm; wm0ef,l aqmif&Guo f nf/
toif;vlBuD;rsm;uvnf; olYtm; pdwfxufoefqE´BuD;ol[lí
,Hk,kMH unfMunf tm;ay;Muonf/ þae&mrSpNyD; bGUJ topf "r®ygv[kom
oHk;EIe;f azmfjyyg&ap/
xdktcsdefrSpí "r®ygv olawmfpif\
ueOD;tcef;u@ pwifavNyD/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
46 Ak'o
r[maAm"dtoif;wnfaxmifjcif;ESifh yGJOD;xGufajcvSrf;
"r®ygvonf rdrv d kyif ef;pOfpwif&ef rnfonfhtvkyu f kd a&S;½I

OD;wnf&ygrnfenf;[l BuHpnfonf/ toufrSm (25)ESpfausmfjzpfí
touf"mwftm; tjynfh0qHk;t&G,jf zpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh udk,af &mpdwyf g
wuf<upGmjzifh a&SUquf&rnfh ajcvSr;f twGuf aZmuyfvsuf&Sdonf/
rdrod nf oDtdkqdkzDtoif;wGiyf if vkyu f kdifae½HkjzifhrNyD;ao; Ak'¨
omoemjyefYymG ;a&;twGuf oD;jcm;toif;wpfckxlaxmif&aomf ydkaumif;
rnf[k tBuHaygufvmonf/ ,if;tBuHukd ume,fvaf tmfvaf umhESihf
zGih[
f wdkiyf ifaomf oluvnf; oabmwlaxmufcHavonf/ vdktyfovdk
ulnDaqmif&Guaf yOD;rnf[k uwday;onf/
xdkYaemuf rdb? q&m? rdwaf qG&if;csmrsm;\ ½dkif;yif;rIjzifhpwif
onf/ toif;wpfoif; xlaxmif&efrSm &efyHkaiG&SmOD;rSjzpfrnf/ um
e,fvx f HokYd pma&;wdkiyf ifonf (1981)ckrwfvwGif ume,fvEf Sihf twl
jrefrmjynfokYdvmMuonf/ &efukefNrdKUa&mufaomtcg qif[mvdpf vlrsdK;
yef;wdrq f &mwpfOD;\tdrfwGif wnf;cdkMuonf/ ,cifuyif oduRrf;zl;
oD[&wempmay
aom armifzkd;rQifukd &SmíawGUonf/ ,if;wdkYESifhtwl Ak'¨bmom0if

vlBuD;rsm;tm; tusKd ;taMumif;ajymjyum &efykaH iGxnfh0ifMu&ef a[majym
Muonf/
&efukefNrdKUwGif arQmfoifhoavmuf &efyHkaiG r&cJhaomfvnf;
tm;wufz, G f uwdpum;rsm; Mum;od&yg\ wpfqufwnf; &cdkib f ufokdY
c&D;qufMujyefonf/ &efukeNf rdKUrmS xuf ydkrkd tm;ay;axmufcrH I &Muonf/
jrefrmjynfrS jyefvmMuNyD;aemuf (1981)ck? arv (31)&ufaeU
wGif udkvefbkNd rdKUrS r[maAm"dtoif;udk wnfaxmifMuygonf/ t&m&m
pDpOfñeT fMum;ol 'g½dkufwmrSm ume,fvaf tmfaumhjzpfonf/ toif;om;
OD;a& (12)a,mufjzpfygonf/ toif;OuúXrSm t&Sif okr*Fvrax&f
øª»²æÍ«³¿²¹¿´¿÷ jzpfí twGi;f a&;rSL;rSm "r®ygvjzpfonf/ toif;om;
enf;yg;aomfjim; vkyaf qmifp&mrsm;udk axmifhaphatmif aqmif&GufEkdif
onf/
toif;\ trSwfwHqdyf tvHawmfwpfck vdktyfvmonf/ tvH
awmfyHkpHESihf ta&mifukd ume,fvaf tmfvaf umhuyif wDxGiaf &;qGJay;yg
onf/ tvHawmfyHkpHrSm tvsm;vdkufESihf tzsm;ydkif;wGif uefYvefYjzwf
ta&mif (6)rsKd ; ygygonf/ jrwfAk'\ ¨ a&mifjcnfawmf (6)oG,f xkwv f iT hf
jcif; t"dyÜg,faqmifonf/ ume,fvo f nf ta&SUEkdiif Hrsm;ü Ak'ömoem
xGef;um;vmawmhrnfh txdr;f trSwfukd azmfaqmifonfh yHkpHESifh ta&mif
wDxGifjcif;jzpfonf/ ,cktcg uRefrwkdY ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkY
worwfwnf; udkifaqmifaom omoemhtvHawmfyifjzpfayonf/
r[maAm"dtoif;wnfaxmifjcif; wpfvcefY&aSd omf t&Si"f r®ygv
onf ueOD;uwnf;u pdwu f ;l xm;onfh tBuHukd taumiftxnfazmf&ef
pdkif;jyif;onf/ olY pdwful;rSm vmrnfh jrefrmjyu©'ed ft& usa&mufaom
0gqdkvjynfhaeYwGif jrwfAk'¨w&m;OD; a[mMum;&m tdE´, d Edkiif H Am&mPoD
NrdKUteD;&dS rd'*g0keaf wmodkY ta&mufoGm;MuNyD; "r®puú0wåeokwaf wmfudk
oD[&wempmay
48 Ak'o
&GwfqdkylaZmfMu&ef tBuHaumif;jzpfonf/
toif;\ yxrOD;qHk; vkyaf qmifcsuftjzpf jrwfAk'¨\ w&m;OD;
"r®pMum a'oemawmfudk &Gwq f kzd Gihv
f Sp&f ef pdwu
f l;rSm avsmfuefvSyg\/
ol\tpDtpOfudk toif;tm; ajymjywdkifyifaomtcg uefYuGufolr&dS
aomfvnf; tdE´d,EdkifiHodkY oGm;&rnfh c&D;udk vdkufygvdkolr&dSbJ jzpfae
onf/ aemuf"r®ygvu c&D;p&dwfyg wm0ef,lrnfh taMumif;ESihf vdkuf
jzpfMuavatmif azsmif;zs odrf;oGif;aomtcgrS edum&bdu©L (4)yg;u
vdkufyg&ef oabmwlMuavonf/
þc&D;pOfudk rdbrsm;tm; &Si;f vif;ajymjy cGihaf wmif;onf/ þ
wGif rvdum r,fawmfu c&D;p&dwftjzpf tdE´d,oHk; ½lyD;aiG (600)ay;
vSLvdkufavonf/ (1891) ckESpf Zlvkdifv (10)&ufaeYwGif umv
uwåm;NrdKUodkY a&mufvmMuonf/ "r®ygvmESihftwl vdkufygvmaom
bdu©Lrsm;rSm
bdu©LcsE´*sdKwD
bdu©Lokr*Fv
bdu©LtEk"g&yl&bdrE´
bdu©Lok'óe
umvuwåm;NrdKUrS c&D;qufMuaomf a&S;½I&ma'o rd*'g0keaf wm
odkY Zlvkdifv (15)&ufaeYwGifrS a&mufMuavonf/
bdu©Lig;yg;wdkYtzGJUonf OD;wnfa&S;½IvmcJhaom rd*'g0kefawm
£odyw¬e a'otac: qmewfof øÍ¿®²¿¬¸÷ odkY a&mufvmMuNyD; ncsr;f
tcsdef rd*'g0kef orifaygonfh awm&*HkokdY 0ifrMd uavNyD/
ewåvu©P[kwfawmf a[mMum;&mae&m\ txdr;f trSwt f jzpf
wnfxm;aom "ar®"apwDBuD;tyg;wGif em;aeMuonf/ (xdka&S;a[mif;
apwDBuD;tm; uRefrwdkY zl;arQmfcJh&pOfu ppfudkif;NrdKUteD;&dS aumif;rIawmf
apwDBuD;\ t&G,fawmfcefY&dSavmufonf[k pdwfrSe;f Munfhrdygonf)/
ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmu wnfxm;cJhaom apwDawmfBuD;jzpfaomaMumifh txuf
oD[&wempmay
ydki;f r&dSawmhaomfvnf; vHk;0ef;cefYxnf MunfnKd bG,&f v Sd Sygonf/ atmuf

ajcwGif ausmufom;tay:ydkif;udk tkwfjzifh aqmufonf/
bdu©Lig;yg;wdkYonf ,if;apwDBuD;ESihf rvSrf;rurf;ae&mwpfck
wGif pcef;csMuvsuf 0gqdkvjynfh nOD;vxGucf sdeu f dk apmifhvifhaeMuav
onf/ Ak'ömoemhtvHawmfukd pdkufxlNyD; v0ef;ay:xGuv f maomtcg
ta&SUt&yfudk rsuEf SmjyKMuNyD;vQif aqmif,lvmcJhMuaom yef;? za,mif;
wdkif? tarT;wdkif paom ypön;f rsm;udk jrwfAk'ükd tm½kHjyKqufuyfMu
onf/ xdkYaemuf jrwfAk'¨\ w&m;OD;jzpfaom "r®puú y0wåeokwaf wmf
udk nDnmjzjz oHNydKif&GwfqdkylaZmfMuavonf/
þawmtkyf? þae&m? þodkYaom 0gqdkvjynfhn &Trf;jraom
va&mifatmufwGif jrwfbk&m;onf yÍö0*¾Dig;yg;wdkYtm; w&m;OD;a[m
Mum;ae[efukd pdwrf sufaphwiG f xifa,mifjrifa,mifjzpfvQuf twdkif;rod
ñTwEf l;MunfnKd aom yDwdt[kefjzifh tm½HkjyKMuav\/
vjynfh0ef; xGufjyLptcsdefjzpfaomaMumifh Munfvifaom
aumif;uifwGif vrif;onf 0if;vQHat;jraom a&mifjcnfjzifh avmu
wpfcGiu f dk tvSqifvsu&f Sdonf/
jrwfA'k u¨ k,
d af wmfukid f yxrOD;qHk; a[mMum;&ma'o? a[mMum;
onfhaeY? a[mMum;onfhtcsed fwiG f yxrqHk;Mum;em&ayaom yÍö0*¾Dig;OD;
uJhodkY rdrw d dkY ig;yg;onfvnf; ,cktcsdew f Gif þae&mawmfü a&muf&Sd
&Gwzf wfyal Zmfvsuf &dMS uonf/ pdwEf v S kH;MunfarGUqGwyf sHUzG,af umif;aypG/
rdrwd kYt
d zGJU\ yxrqHk;ajcvSr;f tjzpf pwifvkyaf qmifjcif;rSm atmifjrifav
NyD/ xdkonfhcHpm;rIjzihf "r®ygvt&Sio f nf twdki;f rod auseyftm;&vQuf
&dSonf/
"r®ygvt&Si\ f yxrqHk; pdwu f ;l ESihf a&;qGcJ ahJ om tpDtpOfum;
qDavsmfoifhjrwfvSayonfwum;/
"r®ygvt&Sifonf pdwftm½HkwGif vTr;f xHkvQuf&Sdaom yDwjd zifh
]]tdk...rEdIi;f ,SOfavmufatmif vSwJhnyguvm;?
oD[&wempmay
50 Ak'o
xdefxed fomaewJh va&mifatmufrSm? avñSi;f

uav;uvnf;? wokefokefwdkufcwfvkdY? tat;
"gwfukdaqmifMuOf;vmonfwum;/ tdk-jrwfAk'¨
t&Si?f uREfkyfwdkY omoemjyKtzGJU atmifjrifrI&
ygap/ tdE´d,ESihf oD[kdVfwdkY&dS rEdk;Mum;aom jynfol
wdkY\ trdkufarSmifudk Ak'©omoem\ rD;wefaqmifjzifh
xGe;f ñSday;Edkif&ygapom;}}
Ak'¨bk&m;yGihfawmfrl&m tdEd´,EdkifiHwGif &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuif

aysmufuG,fcJh&avaom jrwfAk'ËIwu f rÜwfawmf usL;&ifhoHonf ,ck
tcsdefwGif jyefvnf touf0ifcJhavNyD/
þae&mwGif taMumif;wdkufqdkifí uRefrawGU&aom Ak'¨0if
yef;csuD m;wpfcsytf aMumif; Mum;ñSyaf jymyg&ap/ ,if;yef;csu D m;rSm rEÅav;
NrdKU yef;csDq&m rsdK;jrifhaqG (trnf&if; OD;jraomif;)qGJaom bk&m;&Siu f
yÍö0*¾Dig;OD;tm; w&m;OD; a[mMum;[efykjH zpfygonf/ xdkum;ü a&;qGx J m;
aom toGifo@mefrsm;rSm uRefrjrifzl;aom or½kd;us yHkum;rsm;ESihf
vm;vm;rQrwlyg/
bk&m;&Siaf &SUarSmuf&Sd bdu©Lig;OD;\ 0wf½Hkrsm;onfvnf;aumif;?
touft&G,pf onfwkYdwGiv f nf;aumif;? wpfOD;ESihw f pfO;D rwlbJ uGJjym;
jcm;em;ygonf/ bk&m;&Sifa&SUarSmufwGif ,if;wkYu d ½dkaoav;jrwf[efrSm
xif&mS ;aomfjim; vuftkycf sx D m;jcif;r&dSacs/ txl;jcm;qHk;tcsurf mS t&G,f
uGmjcm;Mujcif; jzpfyg\/ odkYjcm;em;aom toGiaf &;qGJxm;yHkrSm uRefrwdkY
zwfMum;rSwfom;zl;avaom Ak'¨0iftjzpfawmfESifh nDñGwfygonf/
bk&m;avmif;zGm;awmfrlpu eu©wåaA'twwfjzifh edrw d fzwf a[mMum;
aom rif;q&myka&m[dwrf sm;teuf toufti,fqHk;jzpfaom au@n
jA[®P wpfOD;uomvQif vufñId;wpfacsmif;axmifNyD; ]]bk&m;pifppf
{uefjzpfvwåY}H }[k wpfceG ;f wnf;aom pum;jzifh ,wdjywfa[mcJhaMumif;
oD[&wempmay
uRefrwdkYtm;vHk; odzl;? Mum;zl;Muonfcsnf;jzpfay\/ odkYjzpfí au@n

jA[®Ponf bk&m;&Siw f &m;awmfemMum;&csdefwGif oufawmf (60)cefY
&daS vrnf[k wGuq f yg\/ odv kY Qif touft&G,?f 0wf½Hk? udk,af e[efxm;
jcm;em;aejcif;onf obm0,kwå&d Sday\/ ywf0ef;usif½Icif;onfvnf;
va&mifatmufwGif orifuav;rsm;yif yg0ifygao;onf/ a&;qGJol
rsKd ;jrifah qGonf trSew f u,f jzpfavmufz, G &f Sad om tcsutf vuf [lorQ
axmifhaphatmif qifjcifNyD;umrS olYtawG;tjrifa&;om;wifjyjcif; jzpf
[ef&Sdonf/ ,cka&;&if;yifvQif ,if;yef;csDum;udk jrifa,mifaerdao;
awmhonf/ yef;csDynmESihf ywfoufvQif evydef;wHk;jzpfaom uRefr
onfyif xdkum;udk jrifaomtcg ouf0ifavjcif;? obm0 ,kwå&d Sdav
jcif;[lí cHpm;rdygaMumif; ajymcGihf&dSonf[k xifyg\/
þodkY þES,f uRefrpdwfa&muf&mudk Mum;ñSyzf Gihf[NyD;aemuf?
a&;vufpudk jyefaumufaomf-
0gqdkvjynfhaeY nOfheufonftxd jrwfAk'ükd tm½HkjyK &Gwfzwf
MuNyD;aemuf þntzdkY þae&mwGifntdyf usdef;puf&ef pDpOfMuav
onf/ Am&mPDoDNrdKU øÞ¿²¿®·»-÷ rSm (6) rdkifcefY a0;aomaMumifh
oGm;&efrvG,af cs/ eHeufvif;í ywf0ef;usifjrifuGi;f udk arQmfMunfhvkduf
aomf wpfac:avmufü "ar®c apwDBuD;tm; xD;xD;rm;rm; jrif&onf/
xdktcg bdu©Lrsm;onf rdrw d dkY&dS&m t&yfESifh apwDBuD;udk r@dKifjyKí
tMum;wGif tuGmta0;udkvnf;aumif; OD;wnf&m t&yfrsufESmudk
vnf;aumif;? pepfwus ajryHkqGJNyD; ,lMuonf/ aemufwpfaeYaomtcg
trSwfw&m bk&m;ausmif;wpfaqmif wnfaxmif&ef &nf&G,fMuav
onf/
a&SUcyfvSr;f vSr;f wGif tmaomurif;BuD; pdkux f lcJhaom ausmuf
wdkifBuD;\ t&if;tikwfykdif;udk tumt&HrJh awGUMu&jyefonf/ (,if;
ausmufwkdif\ xdyyf kid ;f txdwjf zpfaom jcaoFhBuD; av;pD; ausmcsi;f uyf
wnfae[ef xkvkyx f m;av&m ,cktcgwGif rd*'g0kefjywdkuf\ wcrf;
oD[&wempmay
52 Ak'o
wem; jyxm;onf/) þrd*'g0keaf 'orSm tmaomurif;BuD;u Ak'o ¨ moem

t"GefY&Snf&Snf wnfwHhap&ef txl;xl;aom ausmufapwD ausmufwdkif
ponfrsm;udk ausmufom;csn;f csn;f ESiEf iS f toHk;jyKwnfaqmufxm;awmf
rlcJhavonf/
Ak'¨0ifwGif txG#t f jrwfxm;&dStyfaom þae&m þrd*'g0kef
tm&mrftwGi;f &dS taqmuftOD;ESihf apwDponfrsm;um; acsmufuyfvsuf
&dSonf/ Ak'o¨ moemawmfu, G yf aeaom acwfumvjzpfí ylaZmf qnf;uyf
olr&dSacs/
bdu©LwdkY\ aemufc&D;wpfqifhum; bk&m;&Siyf Gihaf wmfrl&m r[m
aAm"dwefaqmif;awmfBuD; wnf&Sdaom *,mNrdKUodkYjzpfonf/ (,ck r[m
aAm"dapwDBuD;[k ac:ygonf/) r[maAm"dwefaqmif;awmfajc&if;odkY
a&mufvmMuavNyD/ odkYaomf csufcsif; 0ifa&mufzl;arQmf&ef rjzpfEkid af o;/
r[efYac: [dE´L&aohxHwGif 0ifa&mufzl;arQmfcGihf&&ef tcGifhawmif;cHOD;
rnfqdk\/ rdrw d kYu
d dk;uG,&f mbk&m;udk rdrw
d dkY zl;arQmfciG h&f &efrSm bmomjcm;
[dE´L&aohxH cGihfjyKrdefY awmif;&OD;rnf qdkyguvm;/
wefaqmif;awmf y&0kPfw&yfvHk;udk tkyfcsKyfol b@mawmf
xdef; aomhukdif r[efYawywnf;/
r[efYxHrSm ylaZmfouúmypön;f tcsdKU ay;qufNyD;rS "r®ygvwdkY
tzGJU 0ifa&mufzl;arQmfMu&avonf/ r[maAm"dapwDBuD;um; jrifhrm;
cefnY m;vSavonf/ ausmufom;twd apwDawmfBuD;ay:ü ausmufom;xD;
awmf txG#w f ifxm;onf/ jymaomaumif;uifaemufcHü rD;cdk;a&mif
ausmufapwDBuD;rSm tEdIi;f r&dS MunfnKd bG,&f Sv d kdufygbd/
tdEd´,a&S;a[mif; okawoeXme ausmufpm0if *sife&,f
uifeif*[ef øÙ»²»®¿´ Ý«²²·²¹¸¿³÷ \ wdki;f xGmcsuft& apwDBuD;\
bdeyfawmfrSm pwk&ef;yHk av;axmifhpyfpyfyHkjzpfNyD; (22)ay&dS (6)axmifh
yHktcef;ygqdkvQif tvsm; (48)ay? teH (47)ay (3)vufr &dSonf/
tcef;atmufajc orHwvif;rSonf tjrifhqHk; trdk;acgiftxd (22)ay
oD[&wempmay
(1)vufr&dSonf/ twGif;atmufajc orHwvif;rSm tvsm;ay (20)

(7)vufr? teH (13)ay us,f\/ tvsm;wGif (5)ay (9)vufr
us,0f ef;aom ausmufcHkjrifh (tif;ysOf) jzifh ydki;f jcm;xm;ojzifh usefaom
tydkif;tzdkYrSm (14)ay (10)vufr&dSonf/
(tdE´d, xHk;pHtm;avsmfpGm bk&m;wefaqmif;awmfrsm;\ yrme
udk,x f nfrSm (6)axmifhyHkjzpfonf/) txG#t f xd ayaygif; (170) &dSrnf
jzpf\/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf tjrifhqHk;jzpfaom jyom'faqmiftxd
ayaygif; (160)&dSaomaMumifhwnf;/ y"mewHcg;0rSm ta&SUbufrsufESm
ü&dSí teHus,f (6)ay? (4)vufr/ prkwaf qmiftjrifh (13)ay (4)vufr
&dSonf/ wHcg;abmifudk eDBuH jymvJhaom ausmufom;yuwdjzifh xkvkyf
wyfqifxm;onf/
(apwDBuD;\ yrmP twdkif;twmrSm rd*'g0kef OD;udwård m
a&;aom r[maAm"kyÜwåd uxmusrf;rS azmfjycsuftm; ul;,lxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/)
bdu©Lig;yg;onf t0ifptjrifrSyif twdkif;rod MunfnKd aom
ESvHk;jzifh twGi;f *E¨muk#w d dkufodkY 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ a&SUwnfhwnfh
yvijf rifah y:wGif ,ckvuf&Sjd zpfaom ausmufnKd Ak'½¨ kyyf mG ;awmfukd zl;jrif
&onf/ a&S;tqufqufu ½kyfyGm;awmfr&dSawmhí ,ck½kyyf Gm;awmfukd
r[efYu wifxm;onfqkd\/ bdu©Lrsm;onf jrwfAk'¨tm; tm½HkjyKum
o'´gMunfnKd ylaZmfMuuke\ f / odw kY ap jrifuiG ;f wGif a&T&ifppkYd &m ypön;f BuD;
wpfcku umqD;vQuf&Sdonf/ xdkypön;f BuD;rSm bk&m;&Siu f ed ;f 0yfawmf
rl&m yviaf wmf\ a&SUwnfhwnfhü&dSaom oQD0vdit f *FgBuD;aywnf;/
,if;oQD0vdit f *FgyHkBuD;wGirf l [dEL´ bmom0ifwkYu d tarT;wdki?f yef;ponf
jzifh ylaZmfxm;onfrsm;udk yufyif;jrifMu&aom "r®ygvwdkYtzGJU\ pdwf
raumif;jcif;BuD;pGmjzpf&yHkrSm txl;a&;p&mrvdkawmhacs/
tjrifrawmfqifawmfESihf cavmufygwm;/
usdKif;ESihf oabmufyguvm;/
oD[&wempmay
54 Ak'o
MunfnKd 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihf aMuuGJ0rf;enf;jcif;wdkYonf 'GefwGJ

vsu&f Sad csonf/ "r®ygvolawmfpifum; xdkjrifuGif;tm; rMunfh&ufEkdif
atmif pdwfxcd kdufvSygonf/ ausmif;om;t&G,fwkef;u bke;f awmfBuD;
a&;ay;vdu k af om opömw&m;av;yg; t"dymÜ ,fziG qhf kcd supf m&Guu
f kd taqmif
rSL;q&mu qkwfypfvkdufjcif;onf pdwfxcd kdufcJh&yg\/ odkYwap ,aeY
,ck jrifawGU&aom jrifuGi;f aMumifh pdwfxcd kduf&jcif;ESihf EdIi;f pmvQif
i,fpOfujzpf&yfonf ao;i,fvSpGm\/
xdkYaemuf apwDawmfBuD;ESifh uyfvQuf&Sad eaom aAm"danmifyif
bufodkY vma&mufNyD; ygvmaom vSLbG,yf pön;f uav;rsm; qufuyf
vSL'gef;onf/ "r®ygvonf jrwfAk'üdk tm½HkjyK&if;-
]]Ak'¨jrwfpGm oAÁnKwÓPfawmfukd &&dSawmfrl&m aAm"danmif
yif\ t&if;üyifvQif pGefYypfjcif;cH&aom þae&mawmftm; pifMu,fap
vQuf þa'o\ pnfyifxGe;f um;jcif;ESihf þapwDawmfBuD;tm; apmifh
a&SmufcGihf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;vufodkY jyefvnfa&muf&Sdapa&; udpöwGif
rdrbd 0udk jr§KyfESHpaw;ygawmhtHh}} [lí t"dXmefjyKav\/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
r[maAm"dapwDawmfBuD;
oD[&wempmay
pma&;ol\ udk,af wGUrsujf rif Ak'¨*g,m

"r®ygvbdu©LtzGJU r[maAm"dapwDBuD;odkY (1891) ckESpfwGif
oGm;a&mufcJhNyD;aemuf ESpaf ygif; (90)wdwjd ynfhaom (1981) ckESpw f Gif
uRefrudk,fwdkif ,if;a'oodkY bk&m;zl;a&mufcJh&yg\/ ESpf (90)Mumvm
NyD;csdef r[maAm"dapwDBuD;\ tajctaeESihf jrifuGi;f rnfokdYrnfykH jcm;em;
aeyHkudk odom&ef Mum;ñSyw f ifjyyg&ap/
jrefrmEdkiif t
H pdk;& omoema&;OD;pD;XmerS cGihjf yKcsut
f & Ak'*¨ g,m
bk&m;zl;tzGJU trSw(f 6)wGif uRefrvdkufygcGihf &ygonf/ [dkw,fESihf
c&D;oGm;vma&;Xme\ tpDtpOfjzifh vl (36)OD;ygaom tzGJUonf (1981)
ckESpf rwfvwGif tdE´d,ESihf eDaygvf ESpfEkdifiHodkY bk&m;zl;oGm;&mü *,m
NrdKUa&mufvsif Ak'¨bmom bke;f awmfBuD; OD;ÓPdEáusmif;wGif wpfzGJUvHk;
wnf;cdkMu&ygonf/ ausmif;0dki;f us,fjyefo Y avmuf wdkufausmif;BuD;rSm
vnf; acwfrDy&dabm* tjynfhtpHkwyfqifxm;aom taqmifaqmif
tcef;cef;&dSaomaMumifh vdkavao;r&dS ae&musvSygonf/ q&mawmf
OD;ÓPdEr´ mS rlvyxru jynfyomoemjyK&ef tmoHwiG af &muf&Sd oDwif;
oD[&wempmay
58 Ak'o
oHk;NyD;aemuf vD'kdvrf;rBuD;ab;&dS (7)rdkifuGma0;aom rm*&dwm&GmrSm

ESptf wefMumomoemjyKcJhonf/ xdkYaemufrS vuf&Sd*&mNrdKU þausmif;
wGif ausmif;xdkiq f &mawmftjzpf a&mufvm oDwif;oHk;aejcif;jzpfygonf/
uRefrwdkYtzGJUonf eHeufapmapmwGif rvSr;f rurf;&dS r[maAm"d
apwDAwmfBuD;odkY qGr;f awmfuyfzl;arQmf&ef xGufvmMu&m ta0;uyif
0gqdkza,mif;wdkiBf uD;ozG,f xD;xD;rwfrwfBuD;&dSaeaom apwDBuD;tm;
zl;jrif&ygonf/ tawmfeD;uyfvmaomtcg apwDBuD;\ yxrypö,m
axmifh (4)axmihfwGif ,if;apwDBuD;yHktwdkif; apwD&Hav;ql&Sdonfukd
awGU&onf/
apwDawmfBuD;t0if rkcf0wGif bdeyfrsm;udk tyfxm;MuNyD; 0ifc
wpfa,mufvQif ½l;yD;wpf0uf (jym;50)us ay;aqmifMu&onf/ (*dw0f wGif
avScg;jzifh twefqif;&ao;onf/ rvSrf;rurf;&dS ae&ÍÆ&m jrpfonf
rdk;wGi;f rSm a&vQHygvQif bk&m;ajcawmf&if;odkY a&ra&mufEkdi&f ef wHwkdif;
tjyifbufrS tjrifh (15)aycefY wm½dk;ozG,f ajrzdkYxm;jcif;aMumifh xdkodkY
qif;&jcif;jzpfonfqdk\/)
bk&m;'g,dum tmaomurif;BuD;onf apwDawmfwnfaqmuf
pOfu tvGerf maom ausmufwHk;wdkYjzifh NyD;apvQuf av;a'gifhyHkwGif
txufbufodkY wjznf;jznf;ajyjypfpGm ½I;íwufNyD; xdyzf sm;teD;azmif;
&pfokdY yGwfcHyHkazmfxm;NyD;rS ,if;tay:wGif tvGev f uf&majrmufaom
ausmufom;xD;awmfBuD; txG#w f ifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
*Eük#dwdkuftwGi;f wGif yviaf y:ü ausmufnKd qif;wkawmf
&dS&modkY qGr;f ? yef;? qDrD; ponfrsm; uyfvSLMuonf/ bk&m;qif;wkawmf
pHyg,f&m yvit f ay:ESihf teD;uyfae&mrsm;wGirf l qGrf;awmf? yef;awmf
wifxm;onfh vu©Pm vHk;0r&dS/ zkeftvdr;f vdr;f wifaeonfukdom
awGU&ygonf/ odkYaomf uRefrwdkYtzGJU zl;ajrmf&mae&mESifh yviaf wmfMum;
uGyv f yfwpfck&Sdav&m? ,if;uGufvyfay:wGiu f m; yef;? za,mif;wdkif?
qDrD;rsm; tpDt&Dwifxm;onfukd bmrSe;f rod awGUjrif&onf/ xdkt&mudk
oD[&wempmay
bmrSe;f odatmif vrf;jyvkyo f lu ajymjyaomtcgwGifum; uRefrwdkY

trsdK;orD;wpfpkrSm tHhMojcif;BuD;pGmjzifh &ifzad erdawmhonf/ t0if0u
bk&m;y&0kPftwGi;f wGif ausmufeufapwDi,fuav;rsm; NcH&HvQuf
wnfxm;onfukd jrifcJh&onf/ ,if;apwDi,fwpfqlukd EIwf,lNyD; [dE´L
wdkYudk;uG,f&m oQd0vdift*Fgtjzpf jyKjyifxkvkyí f þuGuv f yfwGif
wifxm;cJhonf/ [dE´LwdkY vma&mufylaZmfMuonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHonf 1948ck? vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;aomtcgrS ,if;
oQD0vdit f *FgBuD;tm; bk&m;a&SUrS z,f&Sm;vdkufjcif; jzpfonfqdk\/
Ak'¨bk&m;&SifyGihfawmfrl&ma'orS txG#t f jrwfqHk; r[maAm"d
ausmufapwDBuD;udk MunfnKd o'´gtm;BuD;pGmjzifh zl;ajrmf&jcif;twGuf
ESpof ufyw D &d Sv
d yS g\/ odYak omf rzG,&f maom jrifuGi;f udk jrif&aomtcgrl
um;.... pOf;pm;omMunfhMuygawmh/
q&mawmfausmif;odkY jyefa&mufMuNyD;aomf uRefronf rzG,rf &m
awGUcJh&aom jrifuGi;f udk ,Ofaus;aom toHk;tEIef;pum;vHk;wdkYjzifh
wefqmqifNyD; ar;jref;avQmufMum;ygonf/
q&mawmftrdefY&dSonfum;-
]][kwfw,f? 'umrBuD;tckavQmufwJh rMum;0Hhremom ypön;f
BuD; bk&m;a&SUawmfrSm&dSaewm ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmMumvSNyDwJh? bke;f BuD;wdkYAk'¨
bmom0ifawG rjrifcsiw f hJ tJ'gBuD;z,f&Sm;zdkY oD[kdVo
f m;"r®ygvqdkolu
r[efYudk tawmfwdkufcJhwm? 'gayrJh olrysHvGecf ifawmh ratmifcJhzl;?
t*Fvdyt f pdk;&vnf;jzpfaewmudk;? aemufbk&m;omoem 2500jynfhESpf
0efBuD;csKyf ae½l;vufxufusrS &Sif;ypfvkduw f m/ 'gawmif uaeYtxd
tikwfae&mrSm [dE´LawGu yef;wifwkef;? jrifcJhw,fr[kwfvm;/ tck
tvG,w f ulzl;cGifh&wmvnf; oD[dkVfom; "r®ygvuyJ wdkufay;cJhwm?
rlvu bk&m;zl;csi&f if r[efYxHrSm ylaZmfouúmay;NyD; avQmufvTmwif&
ao;w,f/ tJ'DoD[dkVb f ke;f BuD;u trsm;BuD;vkyaf y;oGm;wm/ 'umrBuD;
wdkY Am&mPoD rd*'g0kef c&D;qufMutke;f rSmr[kwv f m;/ tJ'DrSm "r®ygv
oD[&wempmay
60 Ak'o
wnfxm;cJhwJh rlv*Eük#d bk&m;ausmif;udk zl;Mu&tHk;rSmyg/}} q&mawmf

trde&Yf Sad om pum;rsm;Mum;&NyD;umrS? "r®ygv udk,af wmftaMumif; pdwf
0ifpm;pGm em;vnfoabmayguf&onf/ aemufwpfaeYwGif r[maAm"d
toif;wnf&Sd&m ausmif;odkY oGm;a&muf avhvmMu&tcgwGifvnf;?
"r®ygv½kyfwkudk cefYcefYnm;nm; jrifcJh&ao;onf/
xdkrSpí "r®ygv\ omoemjyKaqmif&Gucsufrsm;udk odonf
xuf ydkod&avatmif &SmazGpl;prf;OD;rnf[lí tBuHaygufcJhygonf/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
r[maAm"d*sme,f
"r®ygvESihf bdu©LtzGJUonf rd*'g0kefawmESihf r[maAm"d apwD
BuD;? aAm"danmifyifwdkYudk bk&m;zl;vSnhfvnfMuNyD; Zlvkdifvukeaf vmif
wGif oD[dkVfodkY jyefvmMuavonf/
"r®ygvonf omoemjyKvkyfief;udk wGifus,fjyefYESHUatmif
vkyaf qmif&ef *sme,fwpfapmif xkwfa0vdkonf/ þtBuHrSm ume,fvf
atmvfaumhu ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYqdkvQif aiGaMu;jynfhpHkatmif vky&f
ayrnf/ "r®ygvESifh ume,fvw f dkYonf oD[kdVfwGifru tdE´, d EdkifiHrSmyg
c&D;vrf;oifh&m NrdKUrsm;? aus;vufa'orsm;yg c&D;xGuNf yD;? Ak'¨t,l0g'
taMumif;? omoemjyKvkyif ef;taMumif; w&m;a[majymMuonf/
c&D;oGm;&mwGif wpfcgwpf&H um;jzifh oGm;&onfvnf; &dSyg\/
trsm;tm;jzifh wGe;f *g;pf ac:aygif;rdk;wyf EGm;vSn;f jzifh oGm;&onfursm;
onf/ "r®ygv bdu©LtzdkYum; c&D;pOftrsdK;rsdK;ü aerGef;rwnfhrD
qGr;f bke;f ay;Edik &f efrmS rvG,v
f yS g/ odakY omf ZGBJ uD;pGm tyifyef;cHí oGm;onf
om/ tyifyef;cHoGm;vmjcif;\ &vm'frSm olYtzdkY tdE´d,&dS a'otcsdKUodkY
oD[&wempmay
62 Ak'o
a&mufNyD; jynfolqif;&Jom;rsm; b,fokYv d kyu

f kid Nf yD;? b,fokYd aexdkiMf ujcif;
udk rsujf rifudk,af wGU od&avonf/ ,if;wkYw d &m;a[mMum;&m a'orsm;
&dS a'ocHvlrsm;tzdkYrl? tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh jrwfAk'¨bk&m; yGihfawmfrlonfh
ae&mrSm rdrw d kYEd kid if H twGi;f rSmyif&Sad Mumif; pwifMum;od em;vnfMu&av
onf/ tdE´d,EdkifiHom;trsm;pkrSm xdkordkif;0if tcsufudk rodMuyg/
t&Si"f r®ygvonf oD[dkVfEkid if o H m;jzpfaomfjim; olYukd,Ef Iu d w
f iG f
a'opGJr&dS oD[kdVjf zpfap? tdE´d,jzpfap? b*Fvm;jzpfap vltm;vHk;udkyif
vQif bmoma&;,HkMunfrIt&mü rdred nf;wl a&G;cs,fwwfapvdkonf/
xdkYtjyif tdEd´,EdkifiH&Sd qif;&JrGJawvSpGmaom vlxk\ pm;0wfaea&;
twGuf tcuftcJaygif;pHkukd cg;pnf;cHaeMu&aom b0udkvnf; udk,cf si;f
pmemrdonf/ xdrk Qru qif;&Jjcif;rS vGwaf jrmuf&efvrf;udkvnf; ñTeMf um;
vdkao;onf/
(1891)ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwdkifaomtcg t&Sif"r®ygv
twGuf tcGifhaumif;wpf&yf ay:vmonf/ ola[majymonfudk em;
axmif&aom yk* ¾dKvftcsdKUu umvuwåm;NrdK U t,fvfbwfcef ;r
øßÔÞÛÎÌ÷ wGif a[majym&ef pDpOfay;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ t*Fvy db f mom
jzifh a[majym&rnfhyJjG zpfonf/ "r®ygvajymonfh taMumif;rSm ]][dEL´ ESihf
Ak'¨bmom qufEG,rf I}} jzpfygonf/ ola[majymonfh pum;rsm;wGif
atmufygtcsufrsm; yg&dSonf/
[dE´LbmomESihf Ak'¨bmomudk xGef;um&m tajccHa'oonf
tdE´, d Edkiif Hjzpfonf/ tdE, d´ Edkiif Honf us,f0ef;vSonf jynfoljynfom;
tm;vHk;udk 00vifvif auR;arG;Edkifaom o,HZmwayg<u,f0ygonf/
odkYaomf trsdK;av;yg;pojzifh Zmwfjrifh? Zmwfedrhf tqifhtwef; cGJjcm;rI
rd½dk;zvmtpGJtvrf;ESihf t,loD;rI ponfrsm;u tcuftcJaygif;pHkudk
jzpfaponf/ rqif;&JvQif qif;&Jatmif zef;wD;ay;aeonf/ 'ku©qif;
rsm; tawmroufEkdifatmif rsm;vSavNyD/ rodem;rvnfrIaMumifh 0efyd
aeMu&mrSm ½ke;f rxGufEkdifatmif jzpfaeMu&onf/
oD[&wempmay
udk;uG,f&myk*dK¾ vfrsm;onf apmifha&SmufrIudk ay;pGr;f Edkiv

f rd hrf nf
[lí pdwful;,OfraeMuygESihf rdwfaqGwkdY Edk;Mum;Muygavmh/
vloufwrf;qdkonfrSm wdkawmif;\/ tcrf;tem;awG bmawG
udkom aqmif&u G Nf y;D auseyfraeMuygESi/hf obm0,kw&åd aSd om t,ltqudk
pOf;pm;Muyg/ qifjcifMuyg/
rdrud kd,fukd ESdypf ufNyD;usifh&aom tusifhrsdK;? tpGJtvrf;rsKd ;?
t,loD;rIrsdK;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;Muyg/ rnfonfhyk*K¾d vfurQ csrf;omatmif
vkyrf ay;Edkif/ rdr\ d aumif;usdK;qdk;usdK;[lorQ rdru
d kd,fwdkifom jyKvkyf
zefwD;Edkifonf/
]][dEL´ ESihf Ak'b
¨ momwdo kY nf wpfajrwnf; wpfEikd if w
H nf; aexdkif
vmMuonfrSm? ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm &dSacsNyD/ acwfaygif;rsm;pGm jzwfoef;cJh
Muonf/ xdkYaMumihf tcsi;f csif;eD;pyfqufoG,faeaMumif; oabmayguf
Muyg}}
xdka[majymyGJwGif t&Sif"r®ygv\ wifhw,faomt*Fg½kyf? ½dk;om;aom

rsufESm pdwyf gvufygajyma[maom trlt&mwdkYu y&dowfukd auseyf
rI&aponf/ xdkYtjyif ol\ tmabmfpum;vHk;rsm;uvnf;? &Si;f &Si;f vif;
vif; xdrad omaMumifh [dE´Ly&dowftrsm;pku þoD[dkVfom; "r®ygv
bdu©Ltay:wGif ,HkMunfrI&SdvmMuavonf/
txl;ojzifh eD;urvfrlum*sDbmblqdkaom vluHkxHBuD;wpfOD;u
r[maAm"dtoif;&efyHkaiGtwGuf ½lyD;aiG &ufa&mpGmvSLvdkuo
f nf/ xdkrQ
ruao;? "r®ygvbdu©LtwGuf vdktyforQt00udk ay;vSL&ef 'g,dum
tjzpf wm0ef,lvkduyf gonf/ ol\ ,if;uwdpum;twdki;f xdkESprf SpNyD;
tESpf (20)wdkifatmif t&m&maxmufyHh ay;vSLoGm;avonf/
umvuwåm;wGif a[majymyGJatmifjrifNyD;aemuf olYtm; [dE´L
vluHkxHtodki;f t0dki;f u ,HkMunfvufcHvmonfudk awGU&aom "r®ygv
onf r[maAm"d*sme,fxkwfa0&ef ydkNyD; pdwftm;xufoefvmonf/
oD[&wempmay
64 Ak'o
arQmfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfjrif&NyD/ vlom;wpfa,mufvkyEf kditf m;xuf olY

qE´rsm;u ausmv f Geaf eouJhodkY &dSawmhonf/ ]]oGm;vnf; onfpw d f?
pm;vnf;onfpw d f}} csnf;0ifpm;aeonf/ xdkESpfykdif;u oludk,fwdkifa&;
aom ol\aeYpOfrSwfwrf;rsm;xJrS oufqdkif&mtcsufrsm;udk xkwfEIwf
azmfjyygrnf/
]]1891 ckESpf? Mo*kwv f twGi;f rSwwf rf;rS}}

tpfukd cgbDEiS ht
f wl AdóEdk;yg' øÊ·-¸²«°¿¼¿÷ bk&m;ausmif;odkY
oGm;Muonf/ zmvf*sL øÐ¸»´¹«÷ wGif a&csdK;Muonf/ bk&m;ausmif;rSm
aumif;rGeaf omfvnf; Adokumvuf&m nHhzsi;f onf/ Ak'*¨ g,mESihf r,SOEf kid /f
ajcawmf&mrSmvnf; wpfxGmESihf av;vufrrQom&dSonf/ tjrifrh mS oyf&yf
rIr&dS/ tdE´d,ae&mtESHUrS bk&m;zl;vmMuonfudkawGU&\/ 0efaqmifbke;f
BuD;rsm;rSm &&dSaomvmbfoyumrsm;jzifh tBuD;tus,f ,pfrl;Muonf/
olwkdYonf Ak'¨bk&m; EkpOfb0rS b0ajymif;vmolrsm;[k t,l&SdMu\/
udk,v f Hk;wnf; w&m;usihfaeolwpfOD;udk jrifcJh&\/ tpGe;f a&mufol[lí
pdwfysufryd gonf/
Mo*kwv f 19/ / raeYnu tdyf&wm roufrom&dSonf/ eHeuf (3)
em&D Edk;vm\/ tawG;tjrifrsm; ay:vmí arhroGm;atmif a&;rSwv f kduf
&onf/ ,dk;',m;bk&iftm; r[maAm"dtoif;em,utjzpf aqmif&Guf
zdkY yefMum;&ef rif;om;ar&Geu f tultnDay;rnf[k uwdjyKcJhonf/
aAm"dyif\ taemufzuf&Sd ajruGuf0,f&eftwGuf oD[dkVf
tpdk;&rSwpfqifh b*Fvm;tpdk;xHodkY avQmufxm;&ef/
vmrnfharG;aeYrS taumif;tqdk;udk zefwD;aprnfh b0tauGU
tcsdK;jzpfEkdifonf/ roefYpifaom tawG;rsm;udk owdjyKa&SmifMuOf&ef/
pdwt f xl;pifMu,f&ef owdjyK&rnf/ tm;oGecf eG pf kduf BudK;yrf;aqmif&u
G &f
rnf/
Mo*kwfv 20/ / tr&ol&d, (r[mem,u)ESifh tjcm;
oD[&wempmay
yk*¾dKvfrsm;xH pma&;onf/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHonf vmrnfh atmufwdkbm

(odkY) Edk0ifbmvrsm;twGi;f *,modkYvma&mufrnf jzpfonf/ xdktcg
r[maAm"dapwDudk r[efYwkdYvufwGif qufvufxm;rnf? rxm;rnfukd
qHk;jzwfvrd hrf nfjzpfaMumif; *dkyg;vfbmblxHrS Mum;od&onf/
Mo*kwfv 21/ / ume,fvaf tmfvaf umhxHokdYvnf;aumif;
owif;pmt,f'Dwm ÌòÞ ygembdkxHodkYvnf;aumif;? Edk&efj'mewfxHodkY
vnf;aumif; Ak'¨*,mapwDESifh ywfoufí bk&ifcH<ua&mufvmrnfh
taMumif;? pmrsm;a&;onf/
]]Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;vufokYd a&muf&Syd gapom;}} [dE´Lt,f'Dwm
9.0dZÆmqif*gxHokYd vnf;aumif;? armifbk;d rQix f HoYv
kd nf;aumif; acsmif'&D
xHov kYd nf;aumif;? rlum*sxD oH Yv
kd nf;aumif;? þudpu ö kd 0dki;f 0ef; ulnMD u
yg&efpma&;onf/ olwkYdtm; bk&ifcH yefMum;pmrsm;a&;om;Mu&ef EdI;aqmf
onf/
Mo*kwf 22/ / bD,moHawmfqifhowif;pmwGif uREfkyf\
]]Ak'¨bmomESihf tdE, d´ }}taMumif;aqmif;yg; ygvmonf/ øÖ¿²-¦÷ *seZf f
xHrSpm&onf/ ,if;pmESiht f wl ]]qmtuf'0if tm;Edk;xHrS 0gvd*groD&d
okr*FvxHokdY Ak'¨*,mwGif jyKvkyrf nfh tpDtpOf}}udk a&;om;xm;aom
pmrdwåLygvmonf/ tvGet f a&;BuD;onf/ 0gvd*groD&dr*FvrS pmwwf
yk*¾dKvfausmf em,uax&fjzpfNyD; olawmfpif [dum'la0 oD&d okr*Fv
em,uax&fESihf vkyaf zmfukdifbufjzpfonf/
Mo*kwf 23/ / *,mü oDtdkqdkzDtoif; tpnf;ta0;vkyf
onf/ þudprö sKd ;ü a&SUaeBuD;rsm; txl;pdwyf g0ifpm;Muonfukd 0rf;ajrmuf
rd\/ oD[kdVrf S a&SUaeri,fwpfOD;rSmum; þ bmoma&;udpörsdK; aqmif
&Gu&f efrSm odu©musonf[kyif xifayrnf/
Mo*kwf 24/ / tudkBuD;bDcgbmblrSm emrusef;jzpfNyD; rSed ;f ae
onf/ ol usef;rmap&ef &nf&G,fNyD; uREfkyf *gxmudk &Gwzf wf arwåm
ydo
kY nf/ olEk;d vmaomtcg uREfkypf w d af vh&aSd om pdwyf kw;D udk awmif;,l&ef
oD[&wempmay
66 Ak'o
qE´jzpfay:aMumif; ajymjyonf/
vmrdedy[me *sme,fwGifvnf; oHCm (4)yg;ESifh ywfoufNyD;
qefYusiaf qmif;yg;azmfjyjyefonf/ odkYjzpfonfrSm jzpf½k;d jzpfpOftwdkif;yif
[k ,lqonf/
oD[kdV&f Sv d lxkrSm nDñGwrf I&S&d ef vdktyfvS\/ tcsif;csif; remvdk
0efwdkrI &dSaeMuonf/ c&pf,mefwdkYu uREfkyfwdkY vlrsKd ;\ uHMur®mudk
xde;f csKyftkypf ;D &ef jyKrlaeMuonfuku d m; owdrjyK *½krxm;bJ tcsi;f csi;f
aowGi;f odkY wGef;ydkYa&;rSmomvQif tm;xkwv f suf &dSaeMuonf/
trdoD[dkVo f nf þodkYerd huf saom tajctaerS b,faomtcgrS
½kef;xEdkifygrnfenf;/
Mo*kwf 27/ / tdE´d,-oD[kdVf yl;wGJjyyGJBuD; bmhaMumifh
rpwifbJaeMuwmvJ? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gujf cif;onf ESpEf kdifiH\ tusdK;
pD;yGm;wdk;ayvdrhrf nf/ tdE, ´d rS rif;pdk;taygif;udk yg0if&ef zdwMf um;&rnf/
ta&;ygaom aumfrwDwpf&yf zGJUpnf;xm;tyfonf/
Mo*kwf 28/ / a&SUaexHokdY pmcsKyfukd ay;ydkYvdkufonf/ olonf
r[efUxH (7)Budryf if oGm;cJh&NyD/ c&D;tm;vHk;aygif;vQif (72)rdkifyif &dSay
rnf/ r[efYonf uREfkyftm; ESyd pf ufjcif;jzifh bmhaMumifh aysmaf rGUaeyg
oenf;/ aeYpOfaeYwkid ;f uREkyf rf mS a&SUaexH oGm;awGUNyD; rausreyf jyefvm
&onfcsnf;jzpf\/
Mo*kwf 29/ / r[efYonf Muifemjcif;BuD;pGmjzifh pmcsKyf
vufrSwaf &;xdk;ay;vdkuNf yDjzpfonf/
Mo*kwf 30/ / Mqmra'0HxH a&mufonf/ olu Ak'äMu;
qif;wkawmfwpfql udk;uG,zf Ykd ay;vdkuo f nf/ ,aeY *,mrS c&D;xGurf nf/
þa'oü aexdkifpOf pdwfykdif;qdkif&m tusdK;aus;Zl; jzpfxGef;onf/
Mo*kwf 31/ / umvuwåm;odkY reuftapmBuD;a&mufvm
onf/ arwåmxm;jcif; tusdK;um;rsm;vS\/ vrf;ray:odkY a&mufa&muf
jcif; b*FgvDvlBuD;vlaumif;wpfOD;u olYtrd fodkY ac:aqmifoGm;onf/
oD[&wempmay
azmfa&G{nfh0wfausvS\/
Ak'¨*,m aqmif;yg;udk Zlvkid v f (18)&ufaeYxkwf aMu;rHkowif;
pmwGif zwf&onf/ Mo*kwv f xkwf oDtdkqkdzD pmtkyrf Smvnf; Ak'¨*,m\
r[maAm"dtoif;taMumif; aqmif;yg;&Snyf gvm\/
23&ufxkwf ]]t*Fvyd v f lrsdK;}} owif;pmwGiv f nf; qmcsm;vfpf
tD;vD;a&mh øÍ·® Ý¸¿®´»- Û´´·±¬÷ a&; ae&mawmfodkY oGm;rnfhtaMumif;
azmfjyxm;onf/
(þrSww f rf;udk 1944ck? Mo*kwfvxkwf r[maAm"dr*¾Zif;rSul;,l)
olYpmudk Munfh½Hkjzifh olYtxmudk odavmufyg\/ olYvkyif ef;wGif
b,favmuftm½Hkpl;pdkuaf Mumif; txl;ajym&efrvdkyg/ "r®ygv bdu©L\
OD;wnf;csufrSm wpfcsdefxufwpfcsdef ydkrdkus,fjyefY euf½dIif;vmaMumif;
,lq&ygonf/
tpyxrurl Ak'ömoem urÇmtESHYjyefYyGm;a&;ESifh r[maAm"d
apwDBuD;udk bmomjcm;r[efYwkdY tkyfpD;rIrS Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYvufodkY
ul;ajymif;a&muf&dSapa&;udkom OD;wnfcJhaomfvnf; jynfoltaygif;
qif;&JwGi;f eufveG ;f vSjcif;udk rsuf0g;xifxif jrif&jyefaomtcg ,if;wdkY
tm; qif;&JwGi;f rS u,fwifxkwf,l&efta&;udkyg xyfqifhBuH&G,fvm
onf[k xifryd gonf/
olwnfaqmufcsifaom vkyif ef;BuD;rsm;twGuf toif;ydkif *sm
e,fwpfapmif trSev f kt
d yfonf/ r[maAm"dtoif; cdkicf efrY t
I wGuf *sme,f
wpfapmif\ tiftm;onf trsm;BuD; tusdK;aqmifEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
ume,fvt f m; wdkifyifaomtcg *sme,fxkwf&ef axmufcHonfomru
jrefjrefxkwfEkdifav aumif;avjzpfaMumif; tm;ay;onf/ "r®ygvESihf
ume,fvw f dkYonf oD[kdVfESihf tdEd´,rS &&dSaom tvSLaiG rlv&dSNyD;aom
toif;&HyHkaiGrsm;jzifh rwnfí (1891)ckESpf? arvwGif *sme,fwpfapmif
pwifxkwfa0Edkifonf/
taemufEkdifiHrsm;ta&muf jzefYcsdefay;a0Edkifap&ef t*Fvdyb f m
oD[&wempmay
68 Ak'o
omjzifh a&;om;xkwfa0onf/ "r®ygvESihf ume,fvw f dkYu OD;aqmifNyD;

tjcm; yk*¾Kd vfrsm;uvnf; pdwf0ifwpm; tm;ay;a&;om;Muonf/
*sme,f\ t&G,rf Sm 9.5vuf_7vufr &dSNyD; aqmif;yg; (12)
yk'cf efyY g0if\/ oufqkdi&f m "gwfyHktcsdKUvnf; xnfhxm;onf/ pmrsuEf Sm
50 0ef;usif&So d nf/ r[maAm"dtoif;0if acwfynmwwfrsm; yg0ifa&;
MuaomaMumifh tqifhtwef; redrhfyg/
xl;jcm;aom tcsufwpf&yfrSm *sme,f\ yxrqHk;rsufESmwGif
"r®ygvt&Sif tNrJwap a[majymavh&So d nfh omoemjyefYymG ;a&; EdI;aqmf
csuf bk&m;a'oemudk tpOftpdkuf ½dkuEf ySd af zmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf/ ,if;
pum;&yfrSm-
þÙ± §»ô Ñ Þ¸·µµ«-ôþ tpcsDaom t*Fvdyb f momjzifh ½dkufESdyf
xm;jcif;udk bmomjyefqdkaomf-
]]tdk-bdu©L&[ef;wdkY? vltrsm;aumif;usdK;tvdkYiSm urÇmavmu
wpfckvHk;udk *½kPmxm;í c&D;oGm;vSnhv f nfMuNyD;vQif trsm;aumif;&ef
tusdK;aus;Zl;cHpm;&ef vlewfjA[®mwdkY csrf;om&&ef vkyaf qmifMu&ef
avmh}}/
þpmydk'fukd (1981)ckESp?f r[maAm"d*sme,f xkwfa0csderf Spí
,aeYtxd pmapmifwdkif;wGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm ESpf (110)jynfhavNyD/
uRefronf ,if;*sme,frsm;tm; pmtkyt f a[mif;qdkifrsm;wGif &SmazGí
&EdkiforQ 0,f,lpkaqmif;xm;&dSygonf/
a&SUzHk;twGi;f bufü ]]r[maAm"d*sme,fukd 1981 ckESprf S pí
tem*g&du "r®ygvolawmfpifu pwifwnfaxmifonf}} [laom
urÁn;f pmwrf;rSm yg&dSNrJyifjzpfavonf/ pwifwnfaxmifol\ *kPf
aus;Zl;udk aemufqufvufxkwfa0olrsm;u azmfusL;qJyifjzpfonf/
,ck rsuaf rSmufacwf 2002 ckESpf jzpfav&um; ESpaf ygif;
(101) ESpf &dSavNyD omoemjyK *sme,ftjzpf þí þrQ wnfwHhcdkiNf rJ
onfrSm wpfenf; *kP, f lbG,f jzpfygonf/
oD[&wempmay
1971 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvxkwf *sme,fwGif olYEdkifiHtvdkuf owf

rSwaf om *sme,fwpfapmif wefbkd;rSm-
tdE´d,ESif oD[kdVfEkdifiHwGif 8 ½lyD;
bm;rm; (,aeYjrefrm) 10 usyf
ËòÍòß 3 a':vm
Oa&my 15 oQDvif
tjcm;ta&SUwkid ;f Edkiif Hrsm; 3 a':vm
*sme,fudk tdE´d,EdkifiH umvuwåm;NrdKUrS xkwaf 0jzefYcsdygonf/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
70 Ak'o
tar&duefEkdifiH bmomaygif;pHk nDvmcHodkY

wufa&mufjcif;
r[maAm"d*sme,fudk atmifjrifpGm xkwfa0NyD;aemuf xdkESpf

atmufwkb d mvwGif "r®ygvESihf ume,fvw f okYd nf jrefrmEdkiif o
H Ykd vma&muf
Mujyefonf/ xdktcgwGif o&P*Hkok;H yg;ESihw f uG Ak'b ¨ mom0iftjzpfwnf
NyD;jzpfaom ume,fvo f nf jrwfAk'¨tqHk;trw&m;awmfrsm;taMumif;udk
aumif;pGm oabmaygufem;vnfNyD; jzpfaomaMumifh rnfonfh vlrsdK;pkukd
jzpfap pum;ajymqdk&mü ajyjypfacsmarmpGm qufqHEdkifonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif &efukefNrdKU? armfvNrdKifNrdKU? rEÅav;NrdKU? jrif;rlNrdKU
ponfrsm;ü 0ifa&mufMuNyD; toif;taMumif; &Si;f vif;a[majymMuonf/
&efyHkaiGaumufcHonf/ r[maAm"dtoif; xlaxmifMu&ef aqmfMoonf/
r[maAm"d*sme,f rSm,lzwfMu&ef wdkufwGef;onf/
þtacguf jrefrmjynfokYd vma&mufaom c&D;rSm tweftoifh
atmifjrifrI&avonf/ ta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpfonfh r[maAm"dtoif;rsm;
wnfaxmifay;Edkijf cif;jzpfonf/ xdakY emuf wpfqufwnf;yif &cdkijf ynfe,f
oD[&wempmay
ppfawGNrdKUodkY 0ifa&mufMujyefonf/ a&S;twDawuyif Ak'¨bmomudk

ouf0ifuk;d uG,cf haJ vaom Ak'b ¨ mom &cdkirf sm;u olwkYt d zGUJ ukd azmfa&GpmG
BudKqdkMuonf/
ppfawGNrdKUwGif r[maAm"dtoif;udk wnfaxmifEkdio f nf/ r[m
aAm"d*sme,fudkvnf; vlBuD;vlaumif; tawmfrsm;rsm;u ydkYay;&ef rSm,l
Muygonf/ xdkrQru t&Sif"r®ygvwdkYESifhtwl oDwif;oHk;azmftjzpf
&Sio f mraPESpyf g;yg twlxnfhay;vdkufMuonf/ &Sio f mraPrsm;vdkuf
ygvmonfhteuf wpfyg;rSm "r®ygvESit f wl pGJpGJNrJNrJ oDwif;oHk;ae&if;
aemiftcg ukoed m½Hkausmif;xdkif q&mawmf OD;pE´rPd [lí wpfoufyef
vHk; omoemjyKawmfrlonf/
jrefrmjynf &cdkiAf k'b ¨ mom0ifrsm;um; pdw"f gwfwufwuf<u<u
&dSvSonf/ "r®ygvwdkY tdE´d,odkY jyefa&mufMuaomtcg &&dScJhaom tvSL
aiGrsm;jzifh xdkEpS t
f wGi;f rSmyif umvuwåm;wGif tdrcf ef;iSm;NyD; toif;wdkuf
zGiho
f nf/ ,if;wGif toif;vkyif ef;rsm; wGiu f s,fpGm vkyaf qmifEkid o f nf/
(1904) ckESpfrSmrS ,if;tdrfcef;udk jyeftyfvkdufonf/
"r®ygvbdu©LESihf tzGJUonf umvuwåm;&dStoif;wGiv f nf;
aumif; &Hzef&Hcg Ak'¨*,m&dS oDaygrif;\ wdkufZ&yfwGifvnf;aumif;
taMumif;tm;avsmpf Gm oDwif;oHk;aexdkifMuonf/ xdkYtjyif udkvefbkdNrdKU
&dS rdbrsm;xHokdYvnf; tm;vyfonfhtcg oGm;ygonf/ udkvefbkd oDtdk
qdkzDtoif;twGuv f nf; oifhovdk vkyu f kdifay;&ao;onf/
þuJhodkY "r®ygvbdu©LESihf tzGJUwdkYu tm;BudK;rmefwuf aqmif
&GuMf uoavmuf r[maAm"dtoif;onf wpfvxufwpfv ydkrkd xif&mS ;
vlord sm;vmonf/ NrdKUBuD;tcsdKUwGif toif;cGJrsm; wdk;csJUzGifhEdkifcJhonf/
r[maAm"dtoif; yGm;rsm;vmovdk r[maAm"d*sme,fonfvnf; apmif
a& wdk;wufjzefYcsd&onf/
odkY wdk;wufrIrsm;onf r[efUwdkYtkyfpktm; pdwftaESmuft,Suf
jzpfaponf/ onftoif; onfhxufonf BuD;yGm;vmvQif r[maAm"dap
oD[&wempmay
72 Ak'o
wDBuD;onf rdrw d kYd tkycf sKyfraI tmufrS vufvw G o f Gm;avrvm; aMumifhMu

vmavonf/ r[efYwkdYtkypf konf aMumifhMupdwrf sm;vmavav "r®ygv
wdkYtzGJUtay:wGif raxrJhjrif jyKvkyrf Irsm;vm avavjzpfonf/
pifppf a&S;txufausmfuyif þa'oudk pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,cf Gihf&cJh
avaom r[efUwdt kY kypf kEiS hf EdIi;f pmvQif "r®ygvwdkY bdu©Lrsm;onf wpf&m
ESifh wpfa,mufqdkavmufatmif tiftm;enf;yg;vSonf/ tiftm;
enf;yg;apumrl trSew f &m;bufrS &yfwnfvQuf&Sad om "r®ygv wdkYum;
BuHBuHckdifckdif tdaÈ´rysuf aeNrJyif/
"r®ygvESifh ume,fvw f dkYESpfOD;onf wpfae&modkY c&D;xGufpOf
oDaygrif;wdkufZ&yfwGif oDwif;oHk;aexdkiNf yD; apwD,*FP 0wfjyKaqmif
aeMuaom oD[kdVf&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf &cdkio f mraPrsm;tm; &efrlvmMu
onf/ (1893) azazmf0g&Dv (4)&ufaeUwGiu f m; r[efY\ wynfhrsm;u
vltkyjf zifh 0if½dkufMuav\/ t½dkufcH&aom omraPrsm;teuf oD[dkVf
om; OD;okr*Fvbdu©Ludk,af wmfrSm 'Pf&mjyif;ojzifh twGif;vlemtjzpf
aq;½HkodkY ydkYvkduf&av\/ usefoHCmrsm;rSmvnf; tjyifvlemtaejzifh
aq;ukMu&onf/ wpfzufoyf½kduyf JjG zpfNyD; csujf cif;vdkyif *,myvdyrf sm;
a&mufvmaomaMumifh toufab;rS vGwu f if;Mujcif;jzpfonf/
c&D;xGu&f mrS jyefa&mufvmMuaom "r®ygvESihf ume,fvw f dkY
onf aq;½HkokdY wef;oGm;Muavaomf 'Pf&mjyif;aMumif; awGU&ojzifh
trIzGihfta&;,l&ef pdkif;jyif;onf/ odkYjzpfapumrl um,uH&Sijf zpfaom
t&Sio f kr*Fvbdu©Lu onf;cHMuyg[kajymí trIrvky&f ef azsmif;jzonf/
trIvyk v f Qivf nf; w&m;awmfESirhf nDí ½Hk;odv kY kud yf goufaocH&ef rjzpfEkid f
[k ,wdjywfajymavonf/ ume,fvo f nf onftwdkif; iHkYcH&efroifh
[k qHk;jzwfonf/ xdkYaemuf ume,fvo f nf *,mta&;ydkif 'D-a*s-
rufzmqifxHodkY vdyrf lí ]]ume,fv.f tdyf(cs).tuf(pf).atmfvaf umh
'g½dkuw f mESihf tBuHay;t&m&dS r[maAm"dtoif;}}[lí vufrSwfxkd;NyD;
wdkiMf um;pmydkYvkduo f nf/ ,if;wdkipf mudk *,mta&;ydkiu f ta&;w,lr&dS
oD[&wempmay
vSyg/ olYpmwGif ]]þjzpf&yftwGuf 0rf;enf;ygaMumif;? 'Pf&m&ol

um,uH&Sifu wpfpHkwpf&m wdkifMum;jcif; rjyKaomaMumifh rnfodkYrQ
rulnDEkdifaMumif;}} rQomjzpfonf/
xdkjzpf&yftm;Mum;od&aom rsufESmjzL&mZ0wf0efBuD;url
]]igu ukvm;bkef;BuD;awG[m bmoma&;bef;jyNyD; nmpm;ae
Muolcsnf;yJvkYrd Swaf ewm? tck oD[dkVb f kef;BuD;awGuawmh w&m;twdki;f
t[kwfvkyaf eMuom;yJ[m}} [kajymNyD; &,farmonfqdk\/
þta&;tcif;Mum;odMu&aom olrsm;uvnf; r[efUwv kYd ky&f yf
tm; ½Iycf sMuonf/ r[efYwkUd ESihf bmomwlrsm;uyifvQif tjypfwifMuav
onf/
'Pf&mrsm; oufomí aq;½HkrS qif;vmaom t&Sifokr*Fv
bdu©Ltm; ume,fvu f txl;*½kpkduí f vdktyfaom tm[m&rsm; quf
uyfonf/ wdkuZf &yfausmif;wGif yHkrSet f wdki;f oDwif;oHk;aeMuavonf/
xdkYaemuf rsm;rMumrD tar&duefEkdifiH csDum*dkNrdKUü usif;yrnf
jzpfaom urÇmhbmoma&;aygif;pHk nDvmcHokYd r[maAm"dtoif;rS wpfOD;
wufa&muf&ef zdwMf um;pm&&dSonf/ xdkYaMumifh "r®ygvESihf ume,fvfwkYd
oD[dkVf&Sd q&mawmfBuD;rsm;xH tpD&ifcH&ef oGm;Muonf/ oD[dkVfq&m
awmfrsm;taejzifh a0;a0;vHvHc&D;<uvdkjcif; r&dSMuyg/ "r®ygvudkom
oGm;&efwkduw f Gef;Muavonf/ (1893)ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif usif;y
rnfjzpfonfh ,if;bmomaygif;pkHnv D mcHBuD;um; Edkiif t
H oD;oD;rS xl;jcm;
xufjrufaom omoema&;yk*K¾d vfcsn;f ESifESif pka0;Muaom nDvmcHBuD;
jzpfygonf/
"r®ygvonf q&mawmfBuD;rsm;? vlBuD;rdbrsm;\ oabmwlnD
csuft& nDvmcHokdY wufa&muf&ef jzpfvmonf/ c&D;oGm;vm&ef? 0if
a&muf&ef NrdKUrsm;ESihf oabFmvrf;? rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udk avhvmpDpOfMu
&onf/ odkY vufawGUoGm;vm&rnfhtcg rvkyv f Qifrjzpfaom udpw ö pf&yf
ay:vmonf/ ,if;udpörSm-
oD[&wempmay
74 Ak'o
&yfa0;ajrjcm; wdkif;wpfyg;odkY oGm;&rnfh c&D;tqifhqifhwGif

rnfodkYaom yk*¾dKvftaejzifh oGm;&ygrnfenf;/ jrwfAk'¨jyXmef;xm;aom
0denf;odu©myk'rf sm;udk aumif;pGm vdkufemapmifhxed f;&aom &[ef;oHCm
b0jzifh ae&musygrnfavm/ tdE, d´ Edkiif w
H iG ;f oGm;vm&jcif;onfyifvQif
tcsderf D qGr;f uGr;f udpö jynfhpHkap&ef rvG,u f lacs/ c&D;&SnfoGm;vm&wdki;f
tcuftcJ&So d nfcsnf; ,ckomG ;&rnfhc&D;uvnf; a'ouGmvSr;f vSonf/
&ufuvnf; tawmfMumayvdrrhf nf/ þwGiu f me,fvaf tmfvaf umh tBuH
jyKonfhtwdki;f ouFe;f cRwNf yD; vl0wfEiS rhf S ae&musayvdrhrf nf/ xdkYaMumifh
&[ef;b0udk pGefYNyD; jA[®pm&D olawmfpiftjzpfokdY ul;ajymif;vkdu&f av
onf/
"r®ygvolawmfpifonf tar&duefnDvmcHokdY OD;wnfc&D;xGuf
cJhav&m (1893)? Mo*kwfvwGif t*FvefEkdifiH vef'efNrdKUodkYa&mufonf/
vef'efwGif owif;pm t,f'DwmBuD; qmtuf'0f iftm;Edk;ESifh awGUqHkcGihf
&onf/ oli,fpOfu Ak'ömoemjyKa&mifjcnfOD;udk pwifxGe;f ñSday;cJh
aom vrf;ñTeMf u,fozG,f yk*¾dKvfBuD;aywnf;/ "r®ygvonf q&mBuD;
qmtuf'0iftm;Edk;xHrS tqHk;tr Mo0g'pum;rsm; Mum;emcH,lNyD; c&D;
qufcJhonf/
nDvmcHusif;y&m tar&duef csDum*dkNrdKUodkY &uftenf;i,f
apmNyD;a&muf&Sdonf/ nDvmcHusi;f ya&;aumfrwDrS oufqdkif&m yk*¾Kd vf
rsm;onf vGecf Jhaom ESpEf Spcf efu Y umvuwåm;NrdKUwGif ]][dE´LESihf Ak'¨bm
om qufEG,frI}} w&m;a[majymcJhaom oD[dkVfom;[lí aumif;pGm
BudKqdkMuygonf/ tjcm;Edkiif HtoD;oD;rS wufa&muf&ef a&mufvmMuaom
bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;teuf touf (29)ESpt f &G,f "r®ygvrSm
ysdK&G,fvQuf&Sdonf/
"r®ygvonf ysdK&G,foljzpfapumrl pifjrifha[majymyGJrsm;ESifh
pdr;f olr[kw?f t*Fvyd pf um;jzihf tBudrBf udrf a[majymzl;aom tawGUtBuHK
&ifhusyNf yD;oljzpfonf/ bmoma&;? vlrIa&;wdkYwGif avhvmwwfuRrf;NyD;
oD[&wempmay
vQif xda&mufaom pum;vHk;rsm;udk oHk;í a[majymwwfol ynm&Sif

vnf;jzpfonf/
,aeYrS aemufjyefvSnhMf unfhrnfqkdvQif olonf tar&duefEkdiif H
odkY Ak'¨bmom omoemudk em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef a[majymaqmif
&GuEf kdifaom yxrqHk;yk*¾Kd vfjzpfonf[k xifryd gonf/
olYtaejzifh rnfonfhyk*¾dKvf? rnfolrqdk? olYtwGufBuD;onf?
ao;onfr&dS/ ausmif;om;? ynm&Si?f vlcsrf;om? vlqif;&J rcGJjcm;ay/
vlwkdi;f vlwkid ;f onf y&[dwtusdK;udk tenf;i,frQyifjzpfap aqmif&u G f
EdkifpGr;f &dSMuonfcsn;f [k vufcH,HkMunfonf/ tNrJwrf;&Tiv f ef;aom
usufoa&aqmifonfh trlt&mjzifh ajymaomol\ pum;vHk;rsm;um;
Mum;em&oltm;vHk;xHoYkd ½dk;om;jzLpifpmG a&muf&So d mG ;NrJyif/ vdrn
f mvSnhf
jzm;rIukd cg;onf;oljzpfí olYEIwrf Svnf; olYobm0twdki;f ½dk;om;aom
pum;rsm;om xGuv f monf/
(1893) ckESp?f pufwifbmv (18)&ufaeYwGif csDum*dkNrdKU? udkvH
Awfpcf ef;rü yxraeY a[majymyGJwGif olajymcJhaom pum;rsm;onf/
y&dowfBuD;tm; em;pGihNf idro f ufaponf/ olajymonfhacgif;pOfrSm ]]Ak'¨
odkY urÇmrSwifaeaom aus;Zl;}} øÌ¸» É±®´¼ Ü»¾¬ ¬± Þ«¼¼¸¿÷ jzpfonf/
Nidr;f csr;f &mudk jycJhaom bk&m;&Si\ f tqHk;trwdkYonf tm&S
wdkufwGif ysHUESHYcJhNyD/ tm&Sukd El;nHhord farGUaponf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifOD;a&
av;&mckEpS q f ,fih g;oef;\ qE´reG u f kd wkeYjf yefMu&ef arwåm&yfcyH gaMumif;
arwåmw&m;udk tm;vHk;tay:wGif tppftrSef xm;&dSMuyg/ tjypfrsm;
tukodkvrf sm;tm; t&dStwdki;f azmfxkwfyg/ ppfrSeaf omb0udk t&dS
twdki;f OD;aqmifyg/ a'opGJrxm;MuygESifh NidwG,rf Iuif;aom pdwfESvHk;
jzifh rdru d dk,fudkom rdrt d m;udk;&m[laom Ak'¨'óeudk avhvmMuyg/
em;udkpiG hNf yD; vlaygif; (141)oef;\ jrnfa<u;oHukd udk,cf si;f pmemMuyg/
tp&dSaom pum;rsm;jzifh tpcsDNyD;aemuf Ak'ä'oemawmfrS taxmuf
txm;tudk;tum;rsm;jzifh &Sif;vif;vG,u f lpGm wifjyoGm;avonf/ rdrd
oD[&wempmay
76 Ak'o
pdwfESvHk;wGif udef;0ufvQuf&Sdaom tppftrSef ,HkMunfcsufrsm;tm;

pdwfygvufyg azmfxkwfajyma[mvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ ol\ rdeYcf Gef;rSm
xda&mufrt I vGe&f SNd yD; tar&duefaygif;rsm;pGmrS wpfxkid wf nf;ESihf rGejf rwf
vSaom w&m;oabmudk vufcHMuavonf/
(vlaygif; (141) oef;rSm xdkpOfu tdE´d,\ vlOD;a& jzpfzG,f
&dSonf/)
[efaqmifrIuif;aom toGifoP²mef ajzmifhrSefaom pum;vHk;
rsm;onf y&dowfwdkY\ pdwfESvHk;wGif xdxcd kdufckduf&SdvS\/ "r®ygv
olawmfpOf\ w&m;NyD;qHk;í xdkifvku d faomtcg vHk;0OóHkNidro f ufaeNyD;
rS rqHk;Edkifaom MobmoHBuD;u wpfcJeuf vdkufvmawmhonf/ tar&d
uef owif;pmwpfapmifurl ]]csu D m*dkNrdKU vlxMk um;zl;orQwiG f trGejf rwf
qHk;aom w&m;oHjzpfonf/ b,folrS vdkufrrDEkdi}f } [k azmfjyavonf/
(1964 ck? Edk0ifbmvxkwf r[maAm"d*sme,frS 'Dyufulrmbm
½k, trf-at øÜ·°¿µ Õ«³¿® Þ¿®«¿ Óòß÷ \ ]]tem*g&du "r®ygv
taMumif; avhvmcsu}f } aqmif;yg;rS)
À À À
oD[&wempmay
aumif;usKd ;rsm;aom (1893) ckESpf

"r®ygvonf omoemawmftusdK;aqmif&Gucf JhorQ ESpfumv
tm;vHk;wGif (1893) ckESpfum; r[maAm"dtoif;twGuf tm;wufzG,f
jzpfaom aumif;usKd ;rsm;tm; azmfaqmifEkdiaf om ESpw f pfESp[f k qdkEdkifyg
onf/
,ckyifvQif Ak'¨bmomtaMumif; tar&duefvlxk vufcHrI
&&dSap&ef bmoma&;nDvmcHBuD;wGif a[majymjcif;jzifh txdkut f avQmuf
atmifjrifrI&cJhavNyD/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfOD;\ vlom;wdkYtay: xm;&dStyf
aom arwåmapwemudk urÇmu Mum;zl;oGm;avNyD/
csDum*dkNrdKUrS tdE´d,EdkifiHodkY tjyefc&D;onfvnf; r[maAm"d
toif;twGuf tiftm;jzpfapaom tcsufESp&f yf&SdcJhonf/ yxrtcsuf
rSm [dkEdkvlvlqdyfurf;ü oabFmqdkufuyf&yfem;pOf ar&Dazmfpwm
øÓ®-òÓ¿®§ Ú±-¬»®÷ qdkol olaX;rBuD;wpfOD;ESihf rdwjf zpf&if;ESD;cGihf &&dSjcif;
jzpfygonf/
ar&Dazmfpwmonf xdkESpyf kdi;f wGif touf (49)ESpt f &G,f jzpfí
oD[&wempmay
78 Ak'o
"r®ygvxuf tESpf (20)BuD;onf/ "r®ygv\rdcif rvdumESifh touf

rwdr;f r,dr;f jzpfavonf/ "r®ygvonf b,fta&;b,fupd öjzifh tar&d
um;rS jyefvmonfudk ar&Dazmfpwmodaomtcg Ak'¨bmomtaMumif;
ar;jref;onf/ Ak'ömoemawmf ay:xGef;onfh umvrSpNyD; Ak'¨tqkH;tr
usihfpOfqdkonfrSm b,fokdY? Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIrSm þodkY? þES,f? wpfpHkwpf
a,mufukdrQ tm;udk;rIrjyKtyf? rdru d kd,fuko
d m rdrt d m;xm;&m jzpfaMumif;
rsm;udk tus,fw0ifh &Sif;vif;ajymjyavonf/
rDvsHem ar&Dazmfpwmum; "etiftm; jynfhpHkaomfjim;? pdwf
at;csr;f rIr&dSbJ jzpfaeolwnf;/ olYtcuftcJrSm a'goBuD;vGef;aom
i,fusihu f dk razsmufEkdiaf omaMumifh ylavmifae&jcif;jzpfonf/ a'goudk
y,fazsmufEkdif&ef enf;vrf;&Smaeolvnf; jzpfonf/
"r®ygvajyma[morQ aumif;aumif;oabmaygufvmaomtcg
ar&Dazmfpwmu þusihfpOfukd pl;prf;Munfhygrnf[k *wday;avonf/
"r®ygvu enf;ay;vrf;ñTecf sut f wdki;f tcsed rf qdki;f bJ avhusiMhf unfah om
tcg ol\a'gopdwfudk ododomom xdef;odr;f EdkifvmaMumif; awGU&
onf/ xde;f Edkio f nfESihftrQ pdwaf t;csrf;ompGm aexdkifenf;udkyg awGU&dS
cHpm;rdvmawmhonf/ tusdK;&dSrSef;odvmavav ydkrkdpdwfxufoefpGm
avhusihaf vav BudK;pm;tm;xkwv f maomtcg rsm;pGm c&D;a&mufvmav
\/ rdr\ d i,fusifha'gorD;udk at;Nidr;f csrf;omatmif enf;ay;ñTeMf um;
aom w&m;&Sif olawmfpif "r®ygvtm; tEdIif;rod ausZl;wifvSonf/
aus;Zl;odwwfaom rDvsHemazmfpwmonf "r®ygv\ omoem
jyKvkyif ef;wGif oHk;pGJ&ef aiGtvHk;t&if;jzifh &ufa&mpGm xnfh0ifvSL'gef;
vdkufavonf/ þodkYvQif ar&Dazmfpwmonf Ak'¨bmomudk ouf0if
udk;uG,af om OyoumrBuD;jzpfvmav\/ r[maAm"dtoif;twGuf
vdktyfaomaiGaMu;? rnfírnfrQjzpfap olYtm;taMumif;Mum;ygu
vSL'gef;ygrnf[kvnf; *wdpum;ajymMum;vdkufao;onf/
oD[&wempmay
olY*wdtwdkif; toif;awmftusdK;jzpfaprnfh taMumif;&yfay:

vmwdki;f rsm;aomaiGyrmPudk tcgcgay;vSLonfrmS olwpfoufywfvHk;
yifjzpfonf/
tar&dum;rS tjyefwGif tusdK;rsm;apaom 'kw, d tcsufrSm
*syefEkdifiHodkY 0ifa&mufcJhjcif;ESihf ywfoufygonf/
*syefEkdiif H wdkusdKNrdKU&dS wifudkul*sD Ak'ömom0d[m&rS ]]cifBuD;
tufpt f qm[d}}ESifh awGUqHkcJh&onf/
*syefEkid if Hom;cifBuD;ESihf oD[kdVEf kdiif Hom; olawmfpif "r®ygvwdkY
ESpyf g;onf udk;uG,&f m bmomwljcif; jzpfaomaMumifh olawmfcsif;csif;
oDwif;avGUavGU aygif;zufawGjzpfMuav\/ omoemawmf jyefYyGm;a&;
aqG;aEG;Muonf/ *syefcifBuD;tufpftqm[du jrwfAk'ÿGifhawmfrl&m
r[maAm"dwefaqmif;awmfBuD;wGif wifvSLylaZmf&ef Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
wpfql ay;vSLvdkuo f nf/ xdkqif;wkawmfrmS vGecf haJ om ESpaf ygif; (700)
ausmfumvuyif pEúl;om;tESpu f kd vuf&majrmufpmG xkvkyyf al Zmfxm;
jcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmftjzpfrQru a&S;a[mif;*syeftEkynm
vuf&maumif;? Ak'¨0ifqdkif&m ypön;f jzpfaomaMumifh wefbdk;rjzwf
paumif;yg/ "r®ygvuvnf; r[maAm"d wefaqmif;awmfodkYta&muf
wifvSLay;&ef *wd0efcHpum; ajymcJhygonf/ odkYaomf þta&;rSm acsm
armygrnfavm[k aMumifhMurdonf/ r[efYwdkYESifh nDñGwaf tmif vkyf
aqmifEkdiyf grnfvm; vuf&Sdtajctaeudk rdrt d odqHk;yif/ r[efYwdkYonf
r[maAm"dwefaqmif;awmfBuD;ESihf ywfoufvQif &efvkdwwfvSonf/
pEúl;ESpf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf udef;0yfprÜg,f&m atmufcHrSm
Mumyef;yGifhcsyv f Tm txyfxyfjzifh xkvkyx f m;aom yvijf zpfonfhtjyif
aemufcH wHuJawmfrSmvnf; Mumzl;o@mefyifjzpfí tHhrcef;vuf&m
ajrmufvSonf/ qif;wkÓPfawmfrSm ESpfaycefY&Sdonf/
*syefcifBuD;vSLvdkuaf om qif;wkawmftm; &if0,fykdufum *½k
oD[&wempmay
80 Ak'o
wpdkufaqmifusOf;vmaom "r®ygvonf *,mNrdKU ausmif;0d[modkY acsm

armpGm jyefa&mufvmonf/
oDwif;oHk;azmfbu
d ©Lrsm; rdwfaqGrsm;uvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;
om om"kac:Muayonf/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
r[maAm"dwefaqmif;awmf trIBuD;
csDum*dkNrdKU nDvmcHBuD;rS jyefvmaom "r®ygv olawmfpifonf
(1894)ck ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif *,modkY jyefa&mufonf/
a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; yifhaqmifcJhaom *syefbk&m;udk r[m
aAm"dwefaqmif;awmfodkY wifvSL&ef ta&;rpdkufao;acs/ w½kwEf kdifiH
Ak'¨bmomtoif;rS zdwfMum;pma&mufESihfvsuf awGU&onf/ xdkYaMumifh
&ufykdi;f rQem;aeNyD; c&D;qufvufxu G f&onf/ w½kwEf kdiif H &Se[
f JNrdKUwGif
usif;yaom awGUqHkyGJwGiu f m; pum;jyefrSwpfqifhjzifh w&m;a[m&av
onf/ trsm;pku ESpfouftm;ay;Muyg\/
(1894) azazmf0g&DvxJwGif ,dk;',m;EdkifiH befaumufNrdKUodkY
a&mufonf/ Ak'¨bmomEdkiif Htcsif;csif; jzpfaomaMumifh toif;vkyif ef;
wdk;csJUEdki&f ef &nf&G,cf sujf zifh oGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ befaumufwGif rif;rsdK;
rif;EG,f rif;om;wpfyg;xHwGif wnf;cdkcGifh&onf/ rif;om;trnfrSm
øÎ×ÖÍÕ×÷ &yf*sfpuDjzpfonf/ tdrf&Sifrif;om;rS qufoG,a f y;í tjcm;
rif;om;tcsKd UESihyf g oduRrf;cGih&f onf/ ,if;wdkYtultnDjzifh befaumuf
oD[&wempmay
82 Ak'o
NrdKUwGif r[maAm"dtoif;cGJ xlaxmifEkdifonf/ xdkYtjyif tvSLaiGvnf;

tawmfrsm;rsm; xnfh0ifvku d Mf uonf/ tdref D;csif;? bmomwljcif;jzpfaom
aMumifh qufqH&mwGif vG,u f lonf/ oGm;&usdK;eyfaom c&D;yifwnf;/
tar&duef csDum*dkNrdKU nDvmcHBuD;rSpí [dkEkv d lvl? *syef? w½kwf
,dk;',m;rS jyefa&mufvmonfh tcsdeftxd vIy&f Sm;aqmif&GufcJhavorQ
taMumif;wdkYonf pdwfauseyfzG,f tm;wufzG,ftwd&Sday\/
þodkY 0rf;ajrmufz, G f tm;wufz, G f &uf? vrsm;onf worwf
wnf;ajzmifhajzmifhoGm;onf r[kwfacs/ taumif;ESihftqdk; 'GefwGJvsuf
vmwwfaom ed,mrtwdkif; qdk;usdK;BuHK&rnfh&ufonf rMumrwif 0if
a&mufvmavonf/ taMumif;um;-
*syefbk&m;qif;wkawmfukd r[maAm"dapwDBuD;odkY wifvSLrnfh
tpDtpOfrS pwifavonf/ (1894) ckESpf? arv (19)&ufum; r[m
ouú&mZf jrefrmjyu©'ed ft& uqkefvjynfh Ak'äeYjzpfonf/
,if; aeYx;l aeYjrwfwiG f *syefpEú;l qif;wkawmfukd r[maAm"dapwD
awmfodkY wifvSLylaZmf&ef tpDtpOfjyKvkyo f nf/ ,if;onfh&ufwGif bk&m;
wifvSLrnfhtaMumif; *,mNrdKU ta&;ydkifxH cGihfawmif;avonf/ *,m
ta&;ydkiu f r[efYukd ac:awGUar;jref;NyD;aemuf "r®ygvxH ]]aumif;NyD}}
[k cGifhjyKcsufay;onf/
ta&;ydkif\ cGifhjyKcsuf&NyD;aomf "r®ygvolawmfpifwdkYonf
vmrnfh arv (19)&ufaeYü bk&m;yifhaqmifyGJ vma&mufMuyg&ef *syef?
oD[dkVf paom EdkifiHrsm;rS rax&fBuD; 0gBuD; &[ef;rsm;ESihftwl vl0wf
aMumif bk&m;zl;tcsKd Uudk zdwfpmay;ydkYvkdufav\/
bk&m;yifhyGJ&uf eD;uyfvmaomtcg tEdkifEkdifiHrS Ak'¨bmom0if
&[ef;&Sifvl bk&m;zl;rsm; a&muf&SdvmMuavNyD/
"r®ygvESihf bk&m;zl;rsm;onf *syef½kyfyGm;awmf wifvSLylaZmfcGihf
&ayawmhrnf[lí pdwcf sxm;aomfjim; xifwdkif;rjzpfyg/ Ak'¨bmom0if
y&dowftpkta0;udkjrifaom r[efYu wm;jrpfuefYuGufav\/ r[efY
oD[&wempmay
onf rlvu ]]aumif;NyD?aumif;&JU}} [k *wday;NyD;pum;udk tvG,Ef Sihf

y,fzsufypfvkdufonf/
r[efYbufu pum;ysufaomtcg ta&;ydkifuvnf; ]]bk&m;
wifvSLí r[efw Y kdYESihf ½kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfvQif wm0efr,lEdki}f }[k pum;
jyifNyD; ajymjyefav\/
t*Fvyd t f pdk;&vufatmuf r[efw Y w kYd iG u
f s,af om þ a'oum;
Ak'¨bmom0if &[ef;tpkuav;onf tvGeo f nf;cHae&aom tjzpfrSm
ay:vGiv f Sygonf/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS trsm;tm;cJvmMuaom bk&m;yGJrSm
rusif;yEdkiaf wmhyg/
*syefqif;wkawmfudkum; "r®ygvwdkY wdkufZ&yfwGif vlOD;a&
0ifqHhoavmuf tcsdefcGJNyD; 0wfjyKylaZmfMuonf/ bk&m;yGJvm y&dowf
&[ef;&SifvlwkYdtm; r[maAm"dwefaqmif;awmfESifh aAm"dr@dKifanmifnKd
yifokdY oGm;a&mufz;l ajrmf&efukdum; ta&;ydkiu f ykvyd t
f apmifhta&Smufjzifh
pDpOfay;aomaMumifh ab;uif;? &efuif; ylaZmfjcif; jyKMu&yg\/ bk&m;zl;
rsm;twGuf uoduatmufjzpfMu&jcif;rSeyf g\/ odkYwap umvESihf
a'oudk qifjcif&monf/ r[efYwkdYum; bk&m;yGJukd zsufypf½HkrQjzifh
rwefao; aemufwpfqifh apmfum;rIrsdK; vkyfjyefonf/ wefaqmif;awmf
twGi;f rlvu&dSaeNyD;om; ausmufqif;wkawmf (7)qlukdyg wdww f qdwf
,loGm;Mujyefonf/
xdktcg "r®ygvwdkYu ta&;ydkio f kdY wdkifMum;&jyefonf/ þwGif
*,mta&;ydkifonf pHkprf;ppfaq;rIjyKNyD; trIrSeaf Mumif; od&avaomf
qif;wkawmfrsm;tm; rlvwnf&SdNrJae&modkY csufjcif;jyefykdY&ef trdefYudk
(1984)ck? arv (30)&uf aeYpGJjzifh r[efYxHydkYvkdufonf/
xdkYjyif Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; vSL'gef;xm;aom rnfonfh0w¬Kypönf;
wpfckudkrQ r[efYtaejzifh ,lcGifhr&dSaMumif; owday;pmudk 'kwd,trdefY
tjzpf (1894)ck? ZGefv (3)&uf? aeYpGJjzifh r[efYxHodkY ydkYvkdufonf/
aysmufoGm;aom qif;wkawmf (7)qlonf wefaqmif;awmftwGif;
oD[&wempmay
84 Ak'o
jyefa&mufvmygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpNyD; wefaqmif;awmftwGif;&dS ypön;f

wpfpHkwpf&mrS raysmufawmhacs/
&yfa0;&yfeD;rS bk&m;zl;vmolrsm;onf ykvdyt f apmifhygrS bk&m;
zl;cGihf&jcif;qdkaom tajctaeudk "r®ygvonf onftwdkif; Munfhrae
Edkifyg/ xdkESpf ZGevf (12)&uf? aeYpGJjzifh *,mta&;ydkifokdY avQmufvTm
wpfapmifwifoGif;vdkuo f nf/ qdkvk&d if;tcsuwf Gif r[maAm"dwefaqmif;
awmfBuD; Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;u vSLzG,0f w¬KwifvSLcGihfudk r[efY\ trdefY
rawmif;cHbJ wifvSLEdkifcGihftrdefY w&m;0ifxkwfjyefay;ygrnfhtaMumif;
yg&dSavonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifudk Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; 0wfjyKylaZmfcGihf&oifhonfh
taMumif;rSm ajymp&mrvdk uav;oli,frsm;yif odEkdifonf/ odkYwap
*,mta&;ydkiu f m; umvMumjrifhonfhwkid af tmif wpfpHkwpf&m jyefMum;
jcif;r&dSacs/
*syefqif;wkawmfwifvSL&ef ta&;udkum; "r®ygvonf rarh
yg/ oifhawmfatmifaqmif&GuEf kdifrnfh tcgtcGifhuko d m toifhapmifhvifh
aeonf/ odkYESihfyif &ufudkvpm;um ESpo f pful;oGm;avNyD/
(1895) ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dvwdkif a&mufavaomf "r®ygvESihf
oDwif;oHk;azmf &[ef;tcsdKUwdkYonf *syefqif;wkawmfudk r[maAm"dwef
aqmif;awmfodkY yifhaqmif&ef BudK;pm;Mujyefonf/ xdkaeYu xdkjzpf&yfukd
uRefrtaejzifh wpfqifhra&;awmhyg/ udk,fwdkifodjrifaom rd*'g0kef
q&mawmf OD;udwådrm\ a&;om;csufukd rl&if;twdkif; azmfjyygrnf/
(1894) ckESpt f wGif; pEúl;qif;wkawmfukd rwifvSLjzpfcJhay/
aemufwpfzef (1895)ck? azazmf0g&Dv (25)&ufaeY eHeuftcsdefwGif
"r®ygvonf xdkpEú;l qif;wkawmfukyd if udk,w f kid yf ifhaqmifvQuf oD[kVd f
om;&[ef;rsm;ESifhtwl wefaqmif;awmf 'kwd,txyfü wifvSL&efoGm;
Mu&m r[efY\ wynf&h aohrsm;ESihf r[ef\ Y vufoHk;a&SUae [lqefbufcw f D
tjyif aemufygvl (40)cefw Y kdYonf wefaqmif;awmftwGi;f odkY a&mufvm
oD[&wempmay
MuNyD;aemuf &aohawGu bk&m;udkqGJ,l? yoDa&SUaeu "r®ygvudk wGef;

xkwf ZufukdMudw?f aqmif,v l maom qGr;f awmf? yef;awmf? za,mif;wdkif
paom vSLbG,yf pön;f rsm;tm; vk,lBuJjzefYvTifhypfMuí taygif;tazmf
tultnDr&dS/ yuwdtm;enf;vSaom "r®ygvolawmfpifESiht f zGJUudk npf
npfywfywf txyfxyfqJqdkBudr;f armif; jyKMuavonf/ pEúl;bk&m;
udkvnf; r[efY\ yÍöy@Kac: ewfuGef;a&SUodkY ypfcsxm;Muavonf/
(OD;udwådrm\ a&;om;csurf l&if;twdkif; jzpfygonf/)
tqdkyg OD;udwådrm a&;om;csufjrifuGi;f onf ½kyfjrifoHMum;
Munfh&ouJhokdY o½kyfay:&Sif;vif;vS\/ xdkvl&rf;um;tkypf kwGif yg0if
aom a&SUaeqdkolrSm yoDvlrsdK;tpfpvmrf bmom0ifjzpfonf/ pifppf
[dE´LESihf Ak'b
¨ mom0ifw\ kYd ta&;wGif olyg0ifbG,rf &d/S odkYaomf þae&m
wGif olu r[efYbufom;vky&f aomf ydkNyD;ae&musvrd hrf nf[k aumufcsuf
qGJyHk&onf/
b,fokYdyifjzpfap b,fbmomw&m;\ tqHk;trwGirf S þvkyf
&yfonf axmufcHbG,rf &dSay/ odkY½kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfpOf ykvyd o f m;rsm;
a&mufvmMuNyD; "r®ygvwdkYtm; ausmif;Z&yfokdY vdkufykYdMuonf/ nae
(5)em&DtcsdefwGif ta&;ydkifvma&mufNyD; "r®ygvudk ab;uif;&modkY
apmifha&Smufac:,lomG ;av\/ aemufrysupf ;D ao;aom pEúl;bk&m;onf
"r®ygv vuf0,fokdY ta&;ydkiftrdefYjzifh ydkYay;vdkufonf/
"r®ygvolawmfpifonf þta&;udk av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;
onf/ rvkyt f jzpf trIpJqG k&d awmhrnf/ ,refEpS uf (1893) t&Sio f kr*Fv
bdu©L t½dkufcH&NyD; aq;½Hkay:&dSaeqJ ume,fvaf tmvfaumh wifxm;
aom wdkifpmonf wpfpHkwpf&m bmrQrod&ao;/ onfht&ifuvnf;
taMumif;trsdK;rsKd ;aMumifh oufqdki&f m ½Hk;toD;oD;odkY ay;ydkYcJhavaom
avQmufvmT ESihf wdkiMf um;pmapmifa& rsm;vSNyD/ bmwpfckrS wdk;wufrIr&dS/
xdkYtjyif r[efw Y dkY pdwfxm;rSm aysmhaysmif;jcif; tvQif;r&dS/ cufxef½kdi;f ys
jcif;udkom txift&Sm;awGU&onf/
oD[&wempmay
86 Ak'o
ta&;BuHKavNyD? wpfenf;wpfzHk tumtuG,f&,lawmhrnf/

odkYjzpfaomfjim; b,fenf;b,fyHkwkeYjf yef&rnfenf;/ rdrw d dkYrSm bk&m;om;
awmfrsm;jzpfí tMurf;zufonfhenf; roHk;Edkifacs/ xdkYaMumifh rdrw d dkYydkif
euf e,fy,fjzpfaom r[maAm"d*sme,frSm aqmif;yg;a&;om;jcif;jzifh
om wHkYjyefrnf/
yxrenf;tjzpf (1895) ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (28)&ufaeYwGif
*,mNrdKU 'dpBwdwfw&m;½Hk;ü trIzGifhpGJqdkvdkufonf/
'kw,d enf;tjzpf jynfwGi;f jynfy Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;ESihf pdwf0if
pm;olrsm; zwf½IMu&ef r[efYwdkY\ apmfum;½dkufESurf Iukd tjynfhtpHk
zGihf[a&;vdkufonf/ w&m;pGJqkdrIonfum; tcgwdkif;vkyef nf;twdkif;
w&m;olBuD;onf tcsdefqGJNyD; aESmifhaES;MuefYMumatmif vkyaf qmifae
avonf/ Oya'twdki;f trIpGJqkdaomfjim; ta&;,lraI ES;auG;onf/ ½Hk;ESihf
*wfESihf ywfoufvQif "r®ygv\ vkyaf qmifrIrsm;onf ]]avSmu f m;
avSm\ f / avSrajy;}} qdkonfhpum;uJhodkY t&mra&mufvSacs/
r[maAm"d*sme,fonf EdkifiHwGi;f omru jynfyEdkifiHtawmf
rsm;rsm;odkYwkid f; aygufajrmufjzefYcsEd kid Nf yD;jzpfonf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;&SnBf uD;
tm;zwf&aom Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;omru? tjcm; bmom0if vlxkuyg
tvGet f HhMojcif;ESiht
f wl r[efYwdkYvky&f yfudk ½Iwcf sMuavonf/ t&yf&yf
aejynfawmf Mum;vdkYravsmaf om trIygay/
,if;trIukd ]]r[maAm"dwefaqmif;awmftrIBuD;}} øÓ¿¸¿¾±¼¸·
Ì»³°´» Ý¿-»÷ [lí xif&mS ;vmum em;wpGihfpi G hjf zifh apmifhvifhzwf½IaeMu
avonf/ w&m;½Hk;wGif vkyx f Hk;vkyef nf;tqifhtwdkif; oGm;aeapumrl
MuefYMumvS\/ *,mw&m;½Hk;wGif (6)vausmf w&m;qdkifNyD; pD&ifcsuf
csrSwfonf/
r[efY\wynfh (3)a,muftm; (pifppfvl 40 cefY&dSonf)
bmoma&;tm;avsmpf Gm bk&m;ylaZmf&efvmaom olrsm;tm;? aESmifh,Suf
ydwyf ifrjI zifh axmif'PfwpfvESihf 'PfaiG ½ly;D (100)pD? toD;oD;uscaH p?
oD[&wempmay
'PfaiGraqmifEkdiv f Qif aemufxyfaxmif'Pf (15)&ufpDwk;d í uscHap/

pD&ifcsurf Sm pmrsuEf Sm (30)&dSí vdk&if;omazmfjyygonf/ r[efY
wdkYtkypf ku pD&ifcsurf Sm jyif;xefonf[k rauseyfaomaMumifh txuf½Hk;
ESpf½Hk;wkid fatmif t,lcH0ifMuavonf/ aemufqHk;wufaom umv
uwåm;[dkuu f kwf½Hk;BuD;u-
]]rlvu w&m;cHjzpfolwkdYrSm wpfpHkwpf&m tjypfuscHzl;olrsm;
r[kwfjcif;aMumifhwpfaMumif;? trIoGm; trIvm oufaorsm; xGufqdk
csuft&vnf;aumif;? w&m;cHrsm;rSm tjypfr&dSojzifh? vGwaf p}} [lí
pD&ifcsuf csrSwaf vonf/
trIrSm ½Hk;oHk;½Hk;wufNyD; rlvcsrSwaf omtrdefYudk tqifhqifh
avQmhcJhí wwd,ESihftNyD;owftrdefYjzpfonf/ udk,fxv d ufa&muf apmf
um;jcif;cH&aom "r®ygvwdkYbufrS ½I;H NyD/ r[efYwb kYd ufrS atmifycJG aH vNyD/
r[maAm"d*sme,f jyefYESHU&mEdkifiHrsm;&dS trItaMumif;udk apmifh
zwfvQuf&SMd uaom &[ef;&Sif vltaygif;wdkYtwGuf [dkuu f kww
f &m;½Hk;\
pD&ifcsurf Sm ]]tHhMoukefEkdifbG,}f }jzpfaeMuav\/ w&m;ojzifh csrSwf
pD&ifcsuf[kwfr[kwfrSm vlwkdif;odMuayrnf/
bmomrsdK;jcm; pmzwfy&dowfwdkYtzdkYrSmvnf; tdE´d,jynf&dS
r[maAm"dapwDBuD;taMumif;? [dE´L&aoh r[efYtaMumif;? "r®ygv
olawmfpiftaMumif; tp&dSaom taMumif;aMumif;wdkYum;? þodkY þES,f
jzpfonf[k aumif;aumif;em;vnfoabmaygufMuavonf/ aemuf
wpfqifhtaejzifh zwf½Iar;jref; qifjcifpl;prf;jcif; jyKvmMuukeo f nf/
odkYjzpfvmaomtajctaeonfyifvQif "r®ygvtvdk&dSaom
tcsufjzpfonf/ ½dkufrIpGJqkduwnf;u þtrIonfvnf; t&ifht&ifu
pGq
J kdchNJ yD; trIrsm;uJo h kdYyif t&mra&mufbjJ zpfEkid o
f nf[k awG;rdNyD;om;yif/
,ck r[efYEdkifí rdr½d IH;avNyD/
odkYaomf oufa&mufvmaomtusdK;rSm ajymif;jyefjzpfonf/
r[efYwdkYbufrS rw&m;rIonfAl;ay:ovdk ay:vmonfESihftrQ? ,if;wdkY
oD[&wempmay
88 Ak'o
odu©musaponf/ ,if;wdYo k u
d ©musovdk? rdrw d kYt
d bdkY *kPof ud ©mwufvm
aponf/
t½HI;xJrS tjrwfxGuv f myHkum; wefzkd;rjzwfEkdif/ urÇmha'o
toD;oD;rS r[maAm"d*sme,fukd vpOfykdYaqmifay;&ef trSmpmrsm; wzGJzGJ
a&mufvmacsonf/ oHk;ESpo f ufwrf;&dNS yDjzpfaom *sme,fonf odoo d mom
wGifus,fvmonf/
r[maAm"dwefaqmif;awmftrIBuD;wGif cRif;csufr&dS tEdki&f vdkuf
aom r[efYwdkYtkyfpkonf ydkrdkaxmifvTm;av\/
r[efYonf uBudK;wefqmqifxm;aom qifBuD;udkp;D um aemuf
vdkufaemufygrsm; NcH&vH suf r[maAm"d 0ef;usiw f pf0kdufwiG f tcrf;tem;
jzifh uefawmhcHvSnhfvnfav\/ wefaqmif;awmftrI jzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf?
r[maAm"d*sme,f\ tusKd ;jyKraI Mumifh taemufEikd if rH S wdki;f wyg;om;rsm;u
Ak'¨bmomtaMumif;udk ydkí odcsifpw d Ef kd;Mum;avapaom aumif;usdK;udk
"r®ygvonf ESpfaxmif;tm;&&dSvSonf/ xdkYaMumifh *sme,f tqifhjrifh
onfxufjrifhatmif BudK;pm;vkyaf qmifonf/
rdwfaumif;rsm;wdk;yGm;vmonf/ *sme,fwGif ynmwwfrsm;
yg0ifa&;om;rIrsm;vmonf/ [dE´Ltxufwef;vTmrS yk*¾Kd vftcsdKUuyif?
r[efYukd ½Iycf svmMuonf/ NrdKUe,faus;vuf&Sd? Ak'ömoedu taqmuf
tOD;rsm;onf ypfxm;cH&onfrS jyefvnfapmifha&SmufvmMuavonf/
vkyif ef;udpöt00onf wdk;wufBuD;yGm;vmonfESifhtrQ "r®ygvonf
xif&Sm;ausmMf um;vmonf/
olYtm;zdwaf c:aqG;aEG;ol? tBuHay;ulnDol rsm;vSonf/ tm;&dS
p&myifwnf;/ omoemawmf jyefyY Gm;a&;omru Edkiif Hom; qif;&JrGJawrI
oufomap&ef? ynmrsupf yd Gihv f ifhap&efvnf; wpfzufu vHk;yef;&ao;
onf/ vkyaf qmifb, G &f mrsm;tm; BudK;pm;&if; wpfEpS Nf yD;wpfEpS f c&D;xGuf
p&mrsm;vmonf/
(1902)ckESpf ESifh (1903) ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif tar&dum;odkY
oD[&wempmay
2-Budr?f *syefoYkd 1-Budro f mG ;oGm;onf/ oGm;avorQ Edkiif w H w

kYd iG f tdE,
d´ -
oD[kdVw f dkYESihf oifhavsmaf om ynm&yfrsdK;udk avhvmonf/ vlrIa&;tqif
ajyajyaexdkirf Ioufomap&ef pdkuyf sKd ;a&;enf;ynm? pufrt I wwfynmrsm;
zGHUNzdK;ap&ef enf;vrf;&Smvkyaf qmifonf/ NrdKUe,ftESHUwpf&mG 0ifwpf&mG xGuf
c&D;qufNyD;? pufryI nm&yftaMumif; em;,OfNyD; pdwyf gvmatmif EdI;aqmf
a[majymonf/ xdt kY jyif edruhf svaS om use;f rma&;apmifha&SmufrI twGuf
vnf; &Sif;vif;a[majym&ao;onf/
vdktyfaom aiGaMu;twGuv f nf; &Sm&ao;onf/ txl;tm;jzifh
[dkEkv d lvl&Sd 'g,umrBuD; ar&DazmfpwmxH tusdK;taMumif;jypma&;vQif
vnf;? &ufa&mpGmyif tultnDay;í vSLNrJvSLonfom/ ,if;wdkY\
apwemaMumifh vdktyfaomausmif;rsm;? aq;½Hkrsm;onf ESprf sm;pGmrMumrD
twGi;f zGihfvSpEf kdifvmonf/
(1904)ckESpfwGif? Am&mPoDNrdKU øÞ¿²¿®»-÷ ü pufrIynmoif
ausmif;rsm;zGihfvSpaf y;Edkifonf/ taemufwdkif;rS pufrIynmoifausmif;
rsm; zGUJ pnf;yHkpepftwdki;f eD;pyfEkid o f rQ eD;pyfatmif BudK;yrf;xlaxmifonf/
(1904)ckESpfwGif t*Fvef? a[mfvef? 'def;rdwf? tDwvDEkdifiHrsm;odkY vSnhf
vnfoGm;a&mufNyD; puf½Hkrsm;? pufrIynmoifausmif;rsm;wGif vufawGU
avhvmEdkifjcif;aMumifh vkyfief; taumiftxnfazmfaqmifEkdifjcif;jzpfyg
onf/ tdEd´,wGif ajymqdkMuonfh bmompum;rsm;vSjcif;uvnf;
tcuftcJwpfckjzpfonf/ þtcufukd ausmfvTm;Edki&f ef tar&duefvlrsdK;
øÓ®ò Ê»¹¹¿®-÷ tm; BuD;MuyfapNyD; trsm;oHk; bmompum;jyXmef;onfh
pufrItwwfoifausmif; wnfaxmifay;Edkifonf/ xdkYtjyif (1901)
ckESpfupNyD; rd*'g0kef øÍ¿®³¿¬¸÷ wGif bk&m;ausmif;wpfaqmif aqmuf
vkyEf kdif&ef 'kwd,bk&ifcHcsKyfxH awmif;cHxm;onfrSmvnf;? (1902)
ckEpS w f iG f ajruGu0f ,f,cl iG &hf ygonf/ tpdk;&ydik af jrjzpfaomaMumifh 0,f,El kid f
jcif;jzpfonf/ r[efUcs,v f S,fEkdiaf om e,fy,fr[kwaf omaMumifh vG,f
vG,u f lul 0,f,lEdkifcGihf &jcif;jzpfygonf/
oD[&wempmay
90 Ak'o
r[efYvufu ajruGufomjzpfygu b,fvkdyif aiGyHkay;ay;

a&mif;cszkdY pOf;pm;rnfr[kwfacs/ ,refESprf sm;u r[maAm"dapwDESifh
rvSr;f rurf;&dS ajruGuw f pfuu G tf m; a&mif;yg&efESihf vdkoavmuf aps;ay;
NyD;0,fygrnf[í l ? ume,fvaf tmvfaumhtaejzifh urf;vSr;f cJhao;onf/
r[efYum; ta&;rvkyfacs/
"r®ygvESihrf [efw Y kdYonf tBudraf ygif;rsm;pGm tjyeftvSew f &m;
qdkifvsuo f m&dSaeonf/ todkif;t0dkif;? vltiftm;pojzifh EdIi;f pmvQif
wpf&mESihw f pfa,muf qdkoavmufumG jcm;onf/ r[efY\ wynfhrsm;onf
ntcsed fwGif cJjzifhaygufjcif;? qJqkjd cif;pojzifh tpOf&efvkdvQuf&Sdonf/
bdu©L&[ef;rsm;u onf;cHMuonfrSeyf g\/ odkYaomf tvGet f usL; jzpf
vmaomtcgwGiu f m; *wfokdYrwdkib f J rjzpfawmhacs/ xdktcg½Hk;ESih*f wfEiS hf
jywfvSonfr&dSawmhay/
]]vlUavmuwGif touf (100)rae&aomfvnf; trI (100)
awGU&wwfonf}}[lí qdk½kd;pum;wpf&yf&Sdonf/ qdkvdk&if;rSm ½Hk;jyif
uEém;a&muf&aom trIrsKd ;qdkonfr[kw/f ]]udprö sm;ajrmif-vlwkYad bmif}}
wGif? jyKbG,u f pd örsm;vSjcif;udkom xif[yfaom pum;jzpfygonf/
odkUaomf "r®ygvtbdrkY u l m; xdkpum;yHkESihef ;D pyfvo S nf/ t"dygÜ ,f
tajzmifhom,lvQifvnf; jzpfEkdiaf umif;onf/ "r®ygvbufuEdkifaom
trI[líum; r&dSoavmuf&Sm;vS\/ r[efYESifh pyfqdkiforQ tEdkif&jcif;
&Sm;vSaom rESpNf rdKUbG,t f aMumif;rsm;udk csev f SyfNyD; uRefrwifjya&;om;
rIukd cyfoGuo f GufwufokwfESiyf g&ap/
omoemawmfjyefyY mG ;a&;ESihf wGzJ ufvkyaf qmifaeaom vlrzI v l kaH &;
vkyif ef;rsm; tawmfatmifjrifrI&aomaMumifh tm;wuf0rf;ajrmufzG,f
jzpfyg\/ odkYaomf pdwfrcsrf;ajrhbG,jf zpf&yftcsdKUvnf; þESpyf kdif;rsm;
wGif BuHK&avonf/
(1904)ck? atmufwdkbmvwGif tuf',mNrdKU&SDume,fvfxH
oGm;&m ume,fvaf tmvfaumhu Ak'p¨ , G af wmfymG ;wpfqu l kd rav;rpm;xm;
oD[&wempmay
onf[lí pdwftcefYroifhjzpf&onf/ þudpöukd taMumif;jyKíyif ESpf

aygif; (20)cefY vufwGJcJhMuaom rdwfaqG&if;jcmESpOf D;wdkYonf tquf
toG,f wefYoGm;Muavonf/
xdkESpf rwfvtwGi;f uvnf; tm&S\ tvif;a&mif uAsm&SnBf uD;
jzifh omoema&;pdwf"mwfEkd;Mum;vmatmif rsufpzd Gihfay;cJhol t*Fvef
EdkifiHom; qmtuf'Git f m;Edk; uG,fvGecf Jhojzifh wpftm;,kwcf Jh&onf/
qmtuf'Git f m;Edk;rSm o&P*HkoHk;yg;ESifhwuG? Ak'¨bmom0iftjzpf wnf
aqmufxm;oljzpfayonf/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
92 Ak'o
oDaygrif;a&SUarSmufokdY "r®ygv0ifa&mufjcif;
(1907)ck? arvwGi?f r[efYu? "r®ygvwdkYaexdkiaf om Z&yfrSm?
olwkYd tbdk;tazwdakY qmufvkyjf cif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh "r®ygvwdkY bdu©L
rsm;? wdkuZf &yfrS xGuo f Gm;&ef trIwpfckpGJqdkjyefonf/ ,if;trIrSm &Snf
MumvSonf/ wpfywfNyD; aemufwpfywf½Hk;csdefwufae&onf/
"r®ygvonf? þZ&yfrSm jrefrmbk&ifoDaygrif;\ ukokdvfawmf
tppftrSejf zpfaMumif;? odxm;onfhtwGu?f rsm;pGmwkev f Iyjf cif;r&dSvSyg/
odkYaomf r[efYwdkY pdk;rdk;wGifus,f&ma'oESihf umvjzpfonfudkvnf;?
xnfhpOf;pm;OD;rSjzpfayrnf/ ]]q,fa&;wpfa&;-udk;a&;wpf&m}} qdkovdk?
cRw, f iG ;f cJah omf? rdrw
d kYd bduL© rsm;wGirf u? *syefpEú;l bk&m;yg? prÜ,pf &m?
ae&mawmfaysmufvrd hfrnf/ [lí aMumifMupdwf0ifvmonf/ ta&;qdk
vQif ajy;p&m&dSO;D rS jzpfrnf/ xdYak Mumifhyif? tcuftcJ BuHKwdki;f ? tultnD
awmif;&aom ar&DazmfpwmxH taMumif;Mum;&jyefonf/
rsm;rMumrD ar&DazmfpwmxHr?S ½lyaD iG (60000) (ajcmufaomif;)
vSL'gef;ay;ydv kY ku
d o
f nf/ xdkaiGonf xdkacwfu renf;vSyg? umvuwåm;
oD[&wempmay
NrdKUwGif tdrwf pfvHk;0,favmufonf/ umvuwåm;NrdKU bifeD,ylcgvrf;

wGif tdr0f ,fNyD; øÞ»²·¿°«µ«®÷ ,cifu iSm;xm;aom wdkucf ef;rS tdro f pf
odkY? toif;wdkufajymif;a&TUzGihfxm;vdkuo f nf/
(tjcm; pmtkyw f pftkyw f Gifrl? umvuwåm;NrdKU&dS r[maAm"d
toif;wdkufrSm? eHygwf (2)*&dcf Î±© [lívnf; awGU&ygonf/ tao
tcsmrqdkEdkiyf g/ / pma&;ol) wdkufZ&yfrSxGufoGm;&ef? r[efYupGJxm;
aomtrIrSm MumvS\/ r[efYbufrSwifjyaom oufaorsm;u r[efY
ydkifqdkifxkdufaom wdkufjzpfaMumif;? tcdkiftrmxGuq f dkNyD;MuavNyD/ "r®
ygv\bufr?S þta&;udk rdrb d ufrS axmufcx H Guq f kday;rnfh oufao
r&dS/ vdrv f nfoufaoudk aiGay;í iSm;aomfjzpfEkdifyg\/ odkYaomf þodkY
rvkycf sif/
rdr\ d vufpGJ0wfvHkawmf& eEúDESifh aqG;aEG;onf/ 0wfvHku
vnf;? wdkufZ&yfudk rdrw d dkY Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; oufqdkifaMumif;rSef\/
odkYaomf w&m;½Hk;wGif oufao&dSOD;rSjzpfrnf/ oufaoxGurf nfholrSm
vnf;? tnw&ESihrf jzpfEkid ?f ,HkMunfxku d faom yk*Kd¾ vfjzpf&rnf[k tBuH
ay;onf/
xdkdokYdaom oufaoudk? b,f0,fb,fqDrSm b,fyk*dK¾ vfrsdK;udk
&Sm&rnfrmS vrf;rjrifyg? wdkuZf &yfaqmufvkyx f m;onfrmS vnf;? MumvS
avNyD/ tzefzeftxyfxyf tBuHxkwNf yD;aomf? cJ,Of;aomfvnf; BudK;pm;
vQif? &Edkifrnfhyk*¾Kd vftm; pOf;pm;rdav\/ xdkyk*¾dKvfum;? Z&yf'g,um
oDaygrif; jzpfownf;/
vdkvQifBuHq enf;vrf;&onfom/ onfyk*¾dKvfxufckdifvHkaom?
wefbkd;&dSaom oufao&dSEkdifygrnfvm;/
"r®ygv\ rqkwrf epf oufao&Smcef;udk uRefrtaejzifh txl;
ra&;awmhyg/ "r®ygvESiw hf uG twloGm;a&mufMuaom rax&fBuD;rsm;\?
&wem*D&o d mG ; rSwwf rf;udkom? rl&if;twdki;f owfykrH jyifbJ azmfjyygrnf/
oD[&wempmay
94 Ak'o
ukodem½Hkq&mawmfOD;pE´rPd\ &wem*D&doGm;rSwfwrf;
c&pfESpf (1908)ckESpf {NyDv (16)&uf? Mumoyaw;aeYwGif?
"r®ygvu yifhzw d &f ef apvTwv f ku
d af om okr*Fvac: oD[kVd u f k&d ifBuD;ESihf
wuG aemufyg OD;paE´mbmo ausmif;om;armifbkd;&ifwkdYyg ukodem½HkrS
nae-7em&DxGuf ukvm;tky&f xm;udkp;D í xGucf mG vmcJhMu&m n-1csuf
wD;csdefwGif wufqD a'tdk&, d m blwm øÌ±¸-·´ Ü»±®·¿ Í¬¿¬·±²÷ odkY qdkuf
a&mufMuonf/
xdkrwS zef nem&Djyef 2-csuf xGuaf om&xm;ESihf vlwudk,v f Qif
2d-2J EIef;jzifh *,mNrdKUodkY qufvmMuonf/ eHeuf 9-em&DwGif qGef;yl
blwmodkY a&mufí ¤if;rS 11-em&D &xm;jzifh xGufvmMu&m 12-em&D
tcsdef befuDylodkY qdkufa&mufMuonf/ ¤if;rS nae 7-em&D &xm;udk
pD;ívmMu*m n 10-em&Dtcsdef *,mNrdKUodkY csrf;ompGm qdkufa&mufMu
onf/
*,mNrdKU&Sd a&SUaetdrfwGif "r®ygvESihaf wGUí oDaygrif; pHaeawmf
rl&m &wem*D&dNrdKUodkU oGm;vm&ef udpöwdkYudk aqG;aEG;pDpOfMuNyD;aemuf
r[maAm"dodkY zl;arQmf&ef oGm;Muonf/ xdkYaemuf {NyDv 21-&uf eHeuf
6-em&D &xm;ESihf bHkbkdit f xd vlwpfudk,fvQif wwd,wef; 14d-2JuspD
ay;um bHkbkdifNrdKUodkY xGucf GmoGm;Muonf/
xdkpOftcgu vrf;pyfMum; rdk*vfq&m&m,f øÓ±¹¿´-¿®¿÷ rSm
wpfcg? aq0uD blwmrSm wcg? ajymif;NyD;rS bHkbkdifodkY {NyDv 22-&uf
aeY em&Djyef 2-csuf tcsed w f iG f usr;f rmcsr;f ompGm qdkuaf &mufMuavonf/
¤if;NrdKU&dS AmvpEác: q&m0efBuD;tdrfü wnf;cdkaeMuí {NyDv 23-
&ufaeY 11-8em&DtcsdefwGif oabFmpD;oGm;Mu&m n-em&Djyef 3-csufw;D
tcsdefwGif &wem*D&dNrdKU qdyu f rf;odkYqdkuaf &mufMuav\/ oDaygrif;\
aus;uRef-'&0rfukvm;wdkY BudKqdkvmaom EGm;vSn;f udk pD;vsuf tpdk;&
Adkvwf o J kdYoGm;a&mufwnf;cdkaexdkiMf u&onf/ &wem*D&Nd rdKUrS vluHkxHrsm;
onf vSyaom EGm;vSn;f udkom pD;Muonf/ eHeuf rdk;vif;aomtcg
oD[&wempmay
*syefrS pEúl; qif;wkawmf
oD[&wempmay
oD[&wempmay
oD[&wempmay
rif;\ eef;awmfrS ay;ydkYvSL'gef;vdkufaom rkHY-yJ vufzufrsm;a&mufvm

ojzifh pm;aomufMuNyD;aemuf eHeuf 8-em&Dtcsed f oDaygrif;BuD;\twGi;f
0efwpfO;D jzpfaom 0efaxmufrif;u "r®ygvudk ¤if;\ aetdro f Yakd c:vsuf
oDaygrif;ESihf awGUqkH&ef udpöt00wdkYudk aqG;aEG;wdkiyf if pDpOfMu&onf/
cHbG,af bmZOfwdkYudkvnf; rif;\ pHtrd fawmfrSyif pDrH ykdYay;vdkufonf/
pHtrd fawmfodkY 0ifa&mufMujcif;

xdkYaemuf {NyDv 25-&ufaeY nae 6-em&DtcsdefwGif 0efaxmuf
rif;u avQmufxm;onfhtwdkif; pHtrd fawmfodkY <uoGm;Muav&m eDjref;
aom t0wfukd0wfqifvsuf vufwzufwpfcsufwGif wHcGefwdkifrsm;udk
udkifpGJMuukefaom a'gif;wHqyd cf yfEdSyx f m;aom OD;xkyrf sm;udk aqmif;
xm;onfh oDaygrif;\ toHk;awmfcHrsm;onf vrf;wpfbufwpfcsufü
ppfwyfuJhodkYpDwef;um c&D;OD;BudKqdkaeMuonf/ þodkY ESpaf ygif; tawmf
MumavNyD;umrS jrefrmrif;wdkY\ taqmifa,mif a'gif;wHqyd pf onfwkYu d kd
½kwwf &uf awGUjrifMu&aom uREfkyw f rkYd mS aysm&f iT 0f rf;ajrmufjcif; rjzpfEkid f
bJ vdIuv f IdufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif; jzpfNyD;vQif rnfolrQpum;
rajymEdkiaf wmhbJ wdwq f dwpf Gm tdrfawmf0ef;twGif;odkY 0ifoGm;Muav&m
¤if; BudKqdkaeMuaom wyfom;wdkY teufrS vlBuD;wpfa,mufonf
a&SUodkYwdk;vmNyD; tpyxr ukodem½Hkq&mawmfbk&m;udk ]]<uawmfrlyg
bk&m;}}[k qdkvsuf ½dkaopGm yifhaqmifoGm;í tdrfawmf wHcg;0udk
a&mufaomtcg vuftkycf sDvsuf toifhapmifhqdki;f BudKqdkaeawmfrlaom
igwdkYbk&if oDaygt&Sirf if;jrwfudk pdwfrcsrf;omaom trlt&m n§dK;i,f
aomrsuEf SmESihf yufyif;ygawGU&aom xdktcgürl ,lusHK;r& rsuf&nf
rsm;yif usrMd uawmhaMumif;/
rif;w&m;BuD;rSm 0rf;enf;aMuuGJpGmyif ]]tdrfawmfwGi;f odkY <u
awmfrlMuygbk&m;}}[k yifhavQmufonfhtwdkif; aumif;rGepf Gm cif;usif;
oD[&wempmay
102 Ak'o
xm;tyfaomae&modkY <uoGm;xdkifaeMu&onf/ xdkYaemuf 0efaxmuf

rif;u <ua&mufvmaom yk*K¾d vfwdkY\ trnf? ae&yfwdkYukd bk&ifrif;jrwf
tm; avQmufxm;NyD;onfhaemuf-
(oDaygrif;) þ"r®ygvqdkaom yk*Kd¾ vfonf &[ef;avm omraPavm
bdk;olawmfav ([lí ukoed m½Hkq&mawmftm; ar;avQmuf
awmfrlonf)
(q&mawmf) &[efvnf;r[kw?f omraPvnf;r[kw?f bk;d olawmf
vnf; r[kwfyg 'umawmf/
(oDaygrif;) xdkodkYr[kwfygu 'umawmf rnfokdY rSw&f yghrvJ/
(q&mawmf) 8-yg;? 10-yg;paom oDvwdu kY kd raqmufwnfbJ 'kp½du k f
'k&mZD0wdkYukd a&SmifMunfNyD;vQif Ak'¨w&m;awmfudk jyefyY Gm;
atmif tm;xkwfaeaom jA[®pm&Dolawmfpifwpfyg; jzpf
w,f 'umawmf/
(oDaygrif;) oifhavsmfygonf/
("r®ygv) uREkyf w
f v
kYd ma&muf&jcif; tusKd ;taMumif;udk þ ukoed m½Hk
q&mawmfu rdefYMum;vdkygonf/
(twGi;f 0ef) rdefYMum;awmfrlygbk&m;/
xdkodkYtcGifhay;aomtcg q&mawmfu r[maAm"dtoif;udk

"r®ygvupí wnfaxmifjcif;ESihf toif;\&nf&G,fcsurf sm;udk tusOf;
tm;jzifh &Si;f vif;ajymjyNyD;aemuf ,cktcg r[maAm"dapwDawmfteD;
aqmufvkyx f m;aom tk|Zf &yfwpfaqmifukd taMumif;jyKí r[maAm"d
toif;ESihf r[maAm"dyifteD;tem;&dS r[EÅuaD Zmf*sDwkYo
d nf tBuD;tus,f
w&m;wabmifjzpfyGm;jiif;cHkvsuf &dSaeMuonf/ r[maAm"dtoif;u
¤if;Z&yfudk jrefrmbk&ifrif;jrwfwdkY aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;xm;cJhonf
jzpfaomaMumifh Ak'¨bmomtrsdK;om;wdkYom ydkiq
f dkifxkduof nf/ r[EÅuD
uvnf; ¤if;Z&yfukd jrefrmrif;wdkY aqmufvkyx f m;onfr[kwf/ uREfkyf
oD[&wempmay
wdkYuom aqmufvkyfxm;ojzifh Ak'¨bmomrsm;tm; ray;tyfEdkif?

aexdkifcGihfrjyKEdkif[lí tcsif;csif; 0d0g'yGm;jzpfaeMuonf/
xdkYaMumifh ,ckq&mawmfwdkY <uvm&jcif;rSm wjcm;r[kwf ¤if;
Z&yfukd rnfolu aqmufvkyx f m;cJhonfukd &Si;f vif;pGm odvkad omaMumifh
vmMu&jcif;jzpfonf/
xdktcg oDaygbk&ifu
(1240) jynfhESpf crnf;awmfbk&m; ewfjynfpHNyD;aemuf wum
awmfrif;tjzpfokdY a&mufonf/ crnf;awmfbk&m;\ trdefYawmfpmwef;
wGif a&S;tqufausmu f mv oD&"d r®maomurif;BuD;onf udk;wdkif;udk;
XmeodkY toD;oD;&[ef;awmfrsm;udk apvTwí f omoemjyKaponfh twGuf
aMumifh ,ck wdkif igwdkYjrefrmjynfwGif omoemawmftpOftquf
wnfwefYvsuf&Sdaeonf/ odkYaomf omoemawmf a&S;OD;tp ay:ayguf
xGef;um;&mjzpfaom rZÑdra'oürlum; omoemawmf vHk;0uG,af ysmuf
vsuf&Sad eonf[k Mum;odawmfrl&onf/
odkYjzpfí rZÑdra'oudk igwdkYu aus;Zl;wHkYjyefaom taejzifh
a&S;OD;tp rZÑdra'o&dS jy|mef;aom Ak'¨*,m r[maAm"dapwDteD;tyg;
ü ausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;udk aqmufvkyí f igwdkYjrefrmjynfu &[ef;awmf
rsm;tm; oDwif;oHk;aexdkifapNyD;vQif Ak'ömoemudk wpfaeYwpfjcm; jyefY
yGm;pnfyifvmatmif tm;xkwaf p&rnf/
[k awGU&dSonfhtwdki;f trwfrsm;ESihf wdkiyf ifESD;aESmMu&m ,ckrZÑdra'o
rSm omoemawmf vHk;0uG,af ysmufí rdpäm'd|v d lrsdK;wdkYom vTrf;rdk;vsuf
&dSMuonf/ þuJhodkYaom tcdkut f wefüY ausmif;BuD;? uefBuD;? wdkufwm
BuD;rsm;udk aqmufvkyí f &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; apvTwyf gaomfvnf;
oyÜg,jzpfrSjzpfrnf/ tu,fí oyÜg,rjzpfrlí aexdkifrnfh yk*dK¾ vfrsm;
r&dScJhygvQif aiGukefvlyrf;í tcsnf;ESD;jzpfp&m&dSonf/ þodkYaom
taMumif;rsm;udk axmufí crnf;awmfbk&m; BuH&G,af wmfrlcsuf tm;
avsmfpGm tpyxr wdkufZ&yfwpfaqmifom aqmufvkyf prf;oyfMunfh
oD[&wempmay
104 Ak'o
awmfrloifhonf[k qHk;jzwfMuonfhtwdkif;
(1) anmif0ef;pma&;BuD; r[mrif;vSocF,m/
(2) pma&;awmf - r[mrif;vSausmfxif pnfol/
(3) pum;jyef - aersdK;pnfol&mZm/
(4) pma&;awmf - ukdoed f;/
wdkYtm; apvTwv f su?f aumZmouú&mZf 1241-ckESpfwGif aqmufvkyf
apaom wdkufZ&yfjzpfygonf/ ¤if;wdkY r[maAm"dodkYoGm;a&mufMupOf
txufr[efYBuD;ESifh wdkifyifNyD;vQif ig;axmif (5000d)usyfwef Z&yf
aqmufvky&f eftwGuf 0w¬KaiG 5000d (ig;axmifusyf)tjyif r[efYBuD;
tm; uGrf;bdk;oufouf tydkaiG -1000d(wpfaxmifusyf) ay;tyfvsuf
tk|fjrpfcsNyD;aemuf jyefvmcJhMuonf/ þtaMumif;t&mudk ,cktopf
jzpfaom r[EÅuD rodaomaMumifhom 0d0g'jzpf&onf/
þrQomruao; jrefrmouú&mZf 1236-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;
v twGi;f ü-
(1) 0efaxmifrif;BuD; - oD&rd [maZ,sol/
(2) pma&;BuD; - aersdK; rif;xifpnfol/
(3) trSma&; - aersdK; rif;xifausmfacgif/
wdkYukd apvTwí f crnf;awmfrif;bk&m;u r[maAm"d apwDokYd tvSLawmf
ypön;f rsm;udk ydkYapawmfrlzl;onf/ tvSLawmfwdkYrSm-
pdevf Hk;a& 511/
jrvHk;a& 311/
ywåjrm;vHk;a& 3966/
ykvJvHk;a& 623/
¤if;tjyif txl;xl;aom a&Tyef;uHk;? aiGyef;uHk;? yef;cdkifponfwdkYvnf;
yg0ifao;aMumif;/ ¤if;0w¬KwdkYukd-
jrefrm,mOfrGefoabFmESihf wifaqmifí apvTwaf wmfrlygonf/
bk&m; [lí rdefYqdkawmfrlNyD;onfESihf wpfNydKifeuf om;awmfNrdKU0efu
oD[&wempmay
]]tcsed af wmfygNyDbk&m;}} [k avQmufxm;avonf/ xdktcg oDaygrif;u-

þt&yfü aexdkif&aom 'umawmfrSm oHCmawmfwdkYudk zl;arQmf
&jcif;iSm? tvGecf J,Of;vSygonf/ ,ck q&mawmfwkdYESifh awGUqHkzl;arQmf&
onfhtwGufaMumifh txl;0rf;ajrmufygaMumif; avQmufxm;onf/ xdkY
aemufq&mawmfuvnf;-
]]Ak'o
¨ moemawmfa&;twGuf þ&wem*D&Nd rdKUoYkd <ua&mufvsuf
'umawmfEiS hf awGUqkEH ;DS aESma&ojzifh rsm;pGm 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om&dyS gaMumif;}}
ajymqdkvsux f uG v
f mMu&m rif;jrwfuk, d wf kid f vuftkycf su
D m prk'f wHcg;0
wdkifatmif vdkufykdYawmfrlvkdufaMumif;/
oDaygrif;\ aAm"dyiftm;? tqHk;pGefjzpfaomtvSL

xdkYaemuf {NyD 26-&ufaeYwGif txl;xl;aom cJbG,af bmZOf
wdkYudk auR;arG;NyD;aemuf-
]]r[maAm"dyifrif;tm; ylaZmf&ef eHHYomqDwpfykvif;}}
oHCmawmfrsm;twGuf tyfcsnfvHk;wdkYESifhwuG ouFef;vsm
ydww f pftkyf c&D;vrf;pmtvdkYiSm opfoD;? rkeyYf J ponfwkdYtjyif c&D;p&dwf
twGuf 0w¬KaiG 65d-(ajcmufq,fhig;usy)f wdu kY kyd g vSL'gef;vdkuaf vonf/
xdkaeY 11-em&Dtcsed w f if aumif;pGm qif,ifxm;aom EGm;vSn;f ,mOfEpS pf D;
ESihf oabFmqdyo f kdYvmMuNyD;aemuf em&DcGJavmuftMumwGif oabFm0if
vmí toHk;awmfcH 'v0efukvm;wdkYonf uREfkyw f kYt
d m; toD;oD; ukvm;
xdkifjzifhxrf;vsuf oabFmay:odkY ta&mufykdYaqmifvkdufMuavonf/
odkYESihf tpOftwdki;f oabFmxGucf Jhí bHkbdkiq f yd u f rf;odkY a&mufaomtcg
vdIif;avrl;arhaecdkuf tvpfokwfoGm;Muaom tvSLawmfvufrSwf
o&ufoD;vHk;a& 30 ausmEf Sihf rkefYaowåmwdkYudk &SmrawGUawmhay/
¤if;v 27-&ufaeY eHeuf 8-em&DtcsdefwGif q&m0efBuD;
]]bmvpE´}} tdro f kYd aumif;rGepf mG qdkuaf &mufwnf;cdkMuNyD;aemuf NrdKUwiG ;f
&dS *kaeqG&emxaps; &meDAm* O,smOf? jywku d pf onfwdkYudk vSnhfvnf
oD[&wempmay
106 Ak'o
Munfh½IMuNyD;vQif ¤if;n 9-em&D pmydkY&xm;ESifh xGufvmcJhMu&m {NyDv

29-&ufaeY eHeuf 6-em&DcGJtcsdefwGif *,mNrdKUodkY aumif;pGm qdkufa&muf
Muavonf/
¤if;NrdKU&dS "r®ygv\ 0wfvHkawmf& rif;eEúDtm; oDaygrif;\
rdefYcGef; o0PfvTmpum;wdkYudk [dE´Lbmomjzifh jyefqdkay;tyfcJhNyD;vQif
&[ef;awmfOD;paE´mbmo uyÜ, d ausmif;om; armifbkd;&ifwdkYESifhtwl
Am&mPoD rd*'g0kefrS vSnhfvnfbk&m;zl;&if; rdrad e&m ukodem½HkodkY
jyef<uvmcJhonf/
(ukoed m½Hk q&mawmfO;D pE´rPd\ &wem*D&o
d mG ;rSwfwrf;NyD;\/)
q&mawmfb&k m;\ rSww f rf;udk zwf&onfrmS "r®ygvolawmfpif

\ jrefrmwdkufZ&yf raysmufqHk;a&;twGuf BudK;yrf;csufukd od&onfrQ
ruyg/
,cktcsdefwGif oDaygrif;pHaeawmfrl&m &wem*D&d rSwfwrf;
rSwf&mzwfp&m &Sm;yg;vSNyD jzpfaomaMumifh &mZ0ifwefbkd;tm;jzifh BuD;
rm;vSyg\/ xdkYtjyif-
tcsKd Uaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;taejzifh-
]]&wem*D&w d Gif t&SiEf Spyf g;wdkY tusOf;om;yrmpHae&&Smonf}}
[laom tawG;txifrSm;,Gi;f aMumif;udkvnf; txift&Sm;odomEdkifap
onfh taxmuftxm;jzpfacsonf/
(1908)ckESpf ZGev f twGi;f ü "r®ygv\ 0wfvHkawmf& eEúD
onf w&m;½Hk;wGif &wem*D&pd H oDaygrif;\ cdkiv f Hkaom oufaocHxu G f
qdkcsuu f kd taMumif;aumif;tjzpfpu JG kid Nf yD; avQmufvcJ suaf y;onf/ xdkaeYu
w&m;½Hk;wGif vma&mufem;axmifol y&dowfrsm;onf/
w&m;olBuD;u trdefYcsrSwfrnfh &ufcsdef;aeYpGJay;onf/ xdk&uf
csde;f aeYwdkiaf omtcg trderfY csao;yg/ aemufwpfywfa&TUonf/ xdkYaemuf
wpfywfNyD;vQifwpfywf a&TUvsufaeaomaMumifh &ufukdvpm;NyD; tcsdef
oD[&wempmay
MumvSavNyD (1907)ckESpfu pwifcJhaom ,if;trIrSm (1909) ckESpf

a&mufonftxd rNyD;jywfao;/
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;uvnf; xdktrI\ tajctaeudk r[maAm"d
*sme,fwGif tpOfrjywf apmifhzwfaeNrJyif/ (1910)ckESpf a&mufcgrS
w&m;½Hk;\ pD&ifcsufxGufvmonf/
r[efw
Y kYd ydkiq
f kid x
f u
kd af Mumif;rSeo
f nf? "r®ygvwdkY a&TUajymif;ay;ap
"r®ygvESihaf &SUae eEúDwkdYtm;xm;aom oDaygrif;\ oufao
cHcsufrSm a&pkefarsmavNyD/
r[efYwkdYtkypf kum; raumif;jyK&mwGif uHaumif;Muygonf/
"r®ygvESihf bdu©Lrsm;onf *syefqif;wkawmfukd &ifcGiyf kdufum
xGufcGmMu&av\/ wdkuZf &yfyg tyfvku d f&avNyD/ *syefqif;wkawmfudk
rsm;rMumrDu 0,f,x l m;aom umvuwåm;NrdKU&Sd r[maAm"dtoif;wdkuf
odkY yifhaqmifxm;&awmhonf/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
108 Ak'o
"r®ygvudk axmufcHol [dE´LvlBuD;rsm;

"r®ygvwdkY bdu©LtzGJU wdkuZf &yfrS z,f&Sm;ay;ap[laom w&m;
½Hk;pD&ifcsufukd Ak'¨bmom0if vlxkomru [dE´LvlrsdK;tcsdKUuyif b0if
rusMuyg/ wefaqmif;awmfwGif; ½dkufrIBuD;rSpí jzpfyGm;cJhorQaom trI
tcif;wdw kY iG f r[efb
Y ufu tEdki&f onfcsn;f jzpfonf/ r[efYwu kYd tmPm
ydkiftzGJUtpnf;0if yk*¾dKvftcsdKUudk enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh csnf;uyf tcGihfta&;
&,laejcif;rsm;udkvnf; [dE´LvlBuD;rsm; odMuygonf/
pifppf b,ftrIrqdk "r®ygvbufu taMumif;&if;cH rSeaf pumrl
t&dSet f 0genf;aom? onf;cHjcif;w&m; vufukdix f m;avh&Sdaom tkypf k
uav;jzpfí t½I;H bufucsn;f aeMu&jcif;rSm rsujf rifyifjzpfonf/ xdt k cg
tm;enf;oltm; udk,fcsi;f pmemwwfaom [dE´LvlBuD;tcsdKU\ obmxm;
tjrifonf "r®ygvwdkYbufodkY ,dr;f vmonf/
xdkYaMumifh "r®ygvwGif [dE´LrdwfaqGwynfhrsm; wjznf;jznf;
aygvmonf/ wpfESpx f ufwpfESpf enf;&mrS rsm;rsm;vmovdk i,f&mrS
BuD;BuD;vmonf/ [dEL´ vlrsKd ;rsm;taejzifh &efndK;odkwwfolrsm;tm; raus
oD[&wempmay
eyfMuonfESiht f rQ onf;cHavh&o Sd rl sm;tay:odkY arwåmxm;vmMuavonf/

aemufjyefvSnfhMunfhaomtcgwGifvnf; umvuwåm;NrdKU?
t,fvb f wfcef;rwGif "r®ygvajymcJhaom apwempum;vHk;wdkYonf em;
axmifcJh&ol owif;pmzwf&olrsm;rSwqifh a'ocH [dE´Ltm;vHk; rarhMu
ao; trSw&f aeqJjzpfonf/
oD[kdVfaom? tdE´d,aom? b*Fvm;aom? rcGJjcm;bJ twlwlyif
oabmxm;vsuf ynma&;rStp aexdkifrIb0tqifhjr§ihfwifay;csifaom
"r®ygvqdkoludk ,if;wdkYuvnf; oD[kdVo f m;yJ[k cGJjcm;rjrifMuawmhay/
apwemrSeo f ludk ae&mrSeaf y;vdkMuonfom/
aAm"danmifyifESifh wefaqmif;awmfBuD;tm; Ak'¨bmombke;f BuD;
rsm; apmifha&Smufxed f;odr;f oifhaMumif; [dE´Lynmwwftodkif;t0dkif;rS
odem;vnfol &dSweforQ&dSonf/ þAk'ömoedu taqmuftOD;rsm;tm;
r[efYutydkipf ;D NyD; pD;yGm;&Smaejcif;vky&f yf rrSeu f efaMumif;udkvnf; odNyD;
om;yif/ xdkYjyif r[efYwo kYd nf apwDawmfBuD;taMumif;jyKNyD; ypön;f b@m
tajrmuftrsm; wdk;wufBuD;yGm;aejcif;udkvnf; tm;vHk;odMuygonf/
tjcm;tcsufwpf&yfvnf; &dSao;onf/ r[efYtaejzifh tmPm
ydkitf zGJUrsm;tay:wGif usdK;EGHoavmuf [dE´Ltcsi;f csif;ay:wGif armufrm
axmifvTm;aeonfukd rauseyfMuyg/
t*Fvdyt f pdk;&tBuD;tuJykdif;rS yk*¾dKvfrsm;urlum; a&S;a[mif;
*E¦0ifpmayrsm;udk avhvmjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? qmtuf'0iftm;Edk;
paom olwkdY\ xkwaf zmfa&;om;rIrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? apwDawmf
BuD;\ a&S;twDawrS rlvESihf Zpfjrpftm; em;vnfMuonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif
yGihaf wmfrl&m a'ojzpfaomaMumifh tmaomurif;BuD;u þapwDBuD;udk
wnfxm;cJhonfrSm ESpaf ygif; (2000)ausmfcJhavNyD/ xdkYaMumifh Ak'¨bm
om0if &[ef;rsm;om apmifha&Smufxed f;odrf;xdkufaMumif; oHo,r&dSyg/
xdkYjyif csifhcsdefp&mtaMumif; tcsdKU&dSao;onf/
Ak'ömoem þa'owGif r*dkbk&ifrsm; tkyfpkd;csdefrSpí uG,yf
oD[&wempmay
110 Ak'o
oGm;onfhaemuf vGefcJhaom ESpaf ygif; (500)cefYrSpNyD; [dE´L&aohwkdYu

þapwDteD;wGif ausmufcsNy;D teD;uyfaexdkiv f mMujcif;udkvnf; odonf/
odkYjzpfvQif ordkif;aMumif;t& Ak'äpwDawmfBuD;udk Ak'¨bmom
0ifrsm;uom ydkiq f dkix
f kdufonf[k tcGiht
f a&;ay;vdkufvQif ta&SUwdki;f &dS
Ak'¨bmom0ifEkdifiHrsm;rS bk&m;zl;vmolrsm; 0ifvmrpJ woJoJjzpfvm
ayawmhrnf/ xdkuJhodkY vlrsKd ;pHk tdE´d,odkY 0ifxGufoGm;vmMurnfukd
t*Fvdyt f pdk;&u rvdkvm;acs/
tmPmyg0g txdkut f avsmuf&So
d l w&m;olBuD;? ykvyd f polrsm;
um; wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYtaejzifh tvkyfvky&f mwGif yg;eyfpGm
csOf;uyfwwfaom r[efYwdkYbufodkYom tcGifhta&;ay;vdkonf/
wpfoD;wpfjcm;w&m;ESihf aeavh&Sad om oD[kVd o f m; bke;f BuD;rsm;
uvnf; ,if;wdkYxH 0ifxu G í
f rcsOf;uyfMuyg/ twdkcsKyfqdk&aomf ,if;
wdkYESifh cifrif&if;ESD;aom r[efYwdkYbufom;omvQif vkycf sifMuonf/
"r®ygvwdkY bdu©Ltpkudkum; olwdkYrrkef;Muyg/
xdktaMumif;rsm;aMumifh wpfzufESihfwpfzuf tvGet f uRH rjzpf
yGm;atmifum; xde;f odrf;ay;Muonf/ qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; ti,fwef;
tmPmydkirf sm;u r[efYbufokYd yif;yHk&aomfvnf; txufyikd ;f tBuD;tuJ
rsm;url "r®ygvwdkYtay: oufn§myHk&Sdonf[k xifryd gonf/
wdkufZ&yfykdifqdkifaMumif; tjiif;yGm;aeqJ ESpyf kdif;avmufwGif
ol\zcifBuD; oD[kdVfü uG,fvGeo f nf/ zcifBuD;xm;&pfaom ol\a0pk
tarGypön;f tcsKd Utm; xkcGJNyD; ,if;aiGukd rd*'g0keaf wmwGif bk&m;ausmif;
wnfaqmuf&mü rwnfaiGtjzpf toHk;jyK&ef qHk;jzwfvku d fonf/ xdkYjyif
zcifozG,f OD;aqmifvrf;jycJhayaom ume,fvo f nfvnf; (1907)ckEpS ?f
azazmf0g&Dv (1)&ufaeYwGif tuf',mNrdKUü uG,fvGeo f nf/ ume,fvf
uG,v f Gecf sdefwGif olYtouf 55-ESpo f m&dSao;onf/ psmyeudpöudk Ak'¨
bmom0ifwdkY xHk;pHtwdkif; aqmif&Gufay;Mu&onfqdk\/ Ak'ömoemh
oD[&wempmay
tvHawmfukd wDxGifyHkpHxkwaf y;ol\ aemufqHk;c&D;yif/

oD[kdVf&Sd toif;0if qif[mvdpf vlBuD;rsm;uvnf; toif;
twGuf vkyEf kid o f rQ vkyaf y;aeMuygonf/ udkvefbkdNrdKUwGif r[maAm"&
yHkESdyw
f dkuf zGihfvSpEf kdifonf/
tdE,
d´ rS "r®ygvESihf cifrif&if;ESD;ol [dEL´ vlBuD;rsm;u "r®ygv\
vkyif ef;tcsdKUwGif wwfEkdifovdk tultnDay;Muygnf/
b*Fvm;e,f&dS ynmwwfvli,ftcsdKUuvnf; r[maAm"d
*sme,fukd ESpfoufonf/ oD[dkVfom; "r®ygvtm; rqefYusifMuay/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
112 Ak'o
rlv*Eük#0d [
d m&
r[maAm"d*sme,fonf atmifjrifvSonf/ jynfwGi;f ? jynfy
Edkiif Hrsm;uyg 0,f,lavhvmMuaomaMumifh yHkESdyw f ku d fcJGrsm;yif xlaxmif
&onf/ *sme,f wGiu f s,Bf uD;yGm;vmonfESiht f rQ "r®ygv\ vkyif ef;pOf
rsm;udkvnf; axmufcHtm;ay;vmMuonf/
"r®ygvudk rdrwd dkYEkdifiHodkYvma&muf a[majymyg&ef? "r®rw d af qG
rsm;u zdwMf um;rI ydkrsm;vmonf/ &yfa0;ajrjcm; tEdkiEf kid if o H kY?d c&D;xGurf I
rsm;rSm tqufjywfvSonfyif r&dSvSyg/ (1911)ckESpEf Sihf (1912)ckESpf
twGi;f wGirf l? oD[dkVfü tvkyv f kycf sdef tawmfrsm;rsm;ay;&ao;onf/
vkyaf zmfukdibf uf toif;0ifrsm;udkvnf; Edkiif t H csKd U&Sd r[maAm"d toif;cGJ
rsm;ESihf ajyjypfnDnmpGm qufqHwnfaqmifEkdiMf u&ef rdrt d awGUtBuHKrsm;
ajymjyjcif;jzifh enf;aumif;vrf;aumif; jyay;&ao;onf/ xdkYaMumifh
oD[dkVf udkvefbkdNrdKU&dS toif;onf vkyif ef;vky[ f ef yHkpHusNyD; tawmf
wdk;wufvmav\/
(1913)ckESpw
f Gif [dkEkv d lvlESihf *syefodkY c&D;xGuo f nf/ ar&Dazmf
oD[&wempmay
pwmu tcrJh aq;½HkzGihfvSpEf kdif&ef aiGrsm;vSL'gef;vdkufonf/ (1914)

ckEpS w
f iG f ,if;tvSLaiGrmS a':vm 50000jzpfonf/ xdkaiGukd Am&mPDoD
NrdKU tifyD;&D;,vfbPfwdkufodkY tyfESHxm;vdkufonf/ *syefrS jyefa&muf
vmNyD;rS oufqkdi&f m tpdk;&wdkY\ cGihjf yKcsu&f ,lNyD; oD[kVd Ef Sihf tdEd´,Edkiif H
rsm;wGif azmfpwmpmoifausmif;rsm;? azmfpwm aq;½Hkrsm; zGihv f pS af y;onf/
odkYvQif c&D;xGufjcif;rsm;oavmuf toif;cGJrsm;onf t&yf&yf
wGif xlaxmifEkid o f nf/ omoemjyefYymG ;rIomru vlraI &;aqmif&u G fcsuf
rsm;wGiv f nf; pufrItwwfoifausmif;? tcrJhaq;½Hkponfrsm;yg wnf
aqmufay;Edkifonf/
toif;wnfaxmifp yxrajcvSr;f tjzpf rd*'g0keaf wmwGif rdrw d kYd
bdu©ig;yg; 0gqdkvjynfhaeU ncsrf;tcsed u f "r®pBuFmokwaf wmf&GwfqdkNyD;
jrwfAk'¨tm; ylaZmfcJhMuonf/ xdkpOfuwnf;uyif þrd*'g0kefawmwGif
bk&m;ausmif;awmfBuD;wpfaqmif wnfaqmuf&ef odEé|d mef csrSwcf Jhonf/
,cktcg zcifBuD;\ tarGtESpOf pömudk rwnfNyD; tjcm;tvSLaiGrsm;jzifh
jznfhpGuv f kdufaom rl&if;&nf&G,fcsuf jzpfajrmufatmif jrifEkdifavNyD/
"r®ygvonf a&SUvkyaf qmif&rnfh vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf tuGuf
cspDpOfvsuaf eonf/ (1915) ckESpw f Gif Am&mPoDc½dkif rd*'g0kefawmü
us,f0ef;aom ajrwpfuGu0f ,fcGihf&&ef oufqdkif&modkY avQmufvTmwif
onf/ odkYaomf yxrtqifh½Hk;wGif taMumif;rxl;yg/ xdk½Hk;xuf ydkrdkNyD;
vkyyf kdifcGihf&Sdaom ½Hk;odkY aemufwpfzef avQmufvTmwif&jyefonf/
wpfEpS ef D;yg;Mumaomtcg ajruGu0f ,f,lciG htf rdeYf &&dSavonf/
trdefYusNyD;onfhwdkifatmif csufjcif;r0,f&ao;/ vdktyfaom ajruGuf
yrmPrsm;vGe;f onf[lí tcsdeMf uefYMumaESmifhaES;aeonf/
"r®ygvwdkYtzGJUuvnf; jrwfAk'ükd,fawmfwdkif w&m;OD;a[m
Mum;&m ae&mawmf\ txdr;f trSwt f jzpf aqmufvkurf nfh ausmif;awmf
udk cefnY m;us,0f ef;&ef qE´&SMd uonf/ bk&m;ausmif;awmfEiS hw f uG vdktyf
oD[&wempmay
114 Ak'o
aom tNcHt&H taqmuftOD;rsm;yg wnfaqmufEkdi&f ef ajruGuu f s,f

us,f&Edkif&ef BudK;pm;Muonf/
txyfxyfnEd§ Iid ;f MuNyD;aomf oifhavsmaf om yrmPtus,t f 0ef;
&dS ajruGuw f pfuGuf0,f,lEkdiMf uonf/ pwifavQmufxm;onfrS (3)ESpf
MumaomtcgrS tNyD;0,f,l pmcsKyfcsKyfEkdifawmhonf/
Am&mPoDc½dkirf S tmPmydkirf sm;onf *,mNrdKUrS tmPmydkifrsm;
xuf ydkrdkvdkuaf vsmrI&Sdayonf/ þe,fy,fum; r[efY\ wm;qD;rIESihf
vGwu f if;&mjzpfonf/
ajruGu0f ,fNyD;aomf ausmif;awmfwnfaqmuf&ef ta&;rSmvnf;
ao;i,fonfr[kwf wifhw,fcefYnm;aom yHkpHa&;qGJ&rnf/ ta0;rS
yifjrifaom xkxnfyrmP&dS&rnf/ tm;vHk; tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;
Mu&ayrnf/
odkYvQif bk&m;ausmif;twGuf pdkif;jyif;aeMupOf umvuwåm;
NrdKUwGif bdu©Lrsm; oDwif;oHk;aexdkif&ef taqmuftOD;wpfck vdkvmjyef
onf/ xdkYaMumifh "r®ygvonf oifhavsmfaom &yfuGufwGif "r®&mZdu0d
[m& øÜ¸¿®³¿®¿¶·µ¿÷ ausmif;wpfaqmifaqmufvkyNf yD; bdu©Lrsm;tm;
ausmif;wifonf/
rd*'g0kefrSmwnfaqmufrnfh bk&m;ausmif;twGuf ukeu f srnfh
aiGaMu;rSm aumif;pGm vHkavmufao;onf r[kwf/ zcifBuD;\ tarG
ypön;f Opömudk rwnfNyD;vQif ar&Dazmfpwm\ vSL'gef;aiG ½lyDwpfoed f;
ig;aomif;udkyg jznfhí xnfh&onf/ vdktyfaomaiG jynfhpHkavNyD/
þta&;wGiu f m;? t*Fvyd t f pdk;&wdkYu tm;ay;ulnDMuyg\/
b*Fvm;bk&ifcu H bk&m;ausmif;wGif ylaZmfxm;&ef "gwfawmfMuKyfwpfql
udk yifhaqmifay;ygrnf[k uwday;ajymMum;onf/
rdk;pJaeaom wefaqmifrkef;vtcg (1922)ck? Edk0ifbmvwGif
ausmif;awmf pwifaqmufvkyf&ef aeY&uf owfrSwx f m;onf/ "r®ygv
u taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif BudKwif pDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif; owfrSwf
oD[&wempmay
aom&uf eHeufykid ;f ü tdE´, d bk&ifcHcsKyf qm[mukwb f wåvmonf rd*'g

0keaf 'oodv kY ma&mufNyD; ausmif;awmf&mudk ausmuftkwjf rpfcsay;ygonf/
yxrtqifh ausmuftkwfjrpfcsjcif;um; *kPo f a&&dSpGm atmifjrifav
NyD/
þowif;udkMum;od&aom jynfolrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? *sm
e,fwGif zwf½I&aom jynfyAk'¨bmomrsm;ESihfwuG bmomuGJrsm;onf
vnf;aumif; pdwf0ifwpm; em;pGihfzwf½IaeMuavonf/ ausmif;awmf
cdkifcefUap&ef axmifhpGef;uJhokdUaom ae&mrsm;wGif ausmufom;tkwfukd
toHk;jyKxm;onf/
(1922)ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif aqmufvky&f ef ausmuftkwfjrpf
csxm;cJhaomfvnf; aeY&ufrjywf qufvufwnfaqmifEkdijf cif; r&dSao;
acs/ þta&;um; aiGaMu;rStp tm;vHk;pdwfcsEdkifavmufayNyD/ aemuf
wpfaMumif;rSm "r®ygvwGif roGm;vQifrjzpfaom oGm;vmvkyaf qmifp&m
udpöawGu tjynfh&Sdaeonf/ xdkYaMumifh vdktyforQ ypön;f rsm;0,f,l
odkavSmifxm;jcif;rSty udk,w f kid Bf uD;Muyfvkyaf qmif&ef rvG,yf g/ rnfol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufukdrQ ausmif;aqmufvky&f ef wm0efray;vdkacs/
xdkumvtwGi;f vef'efrS Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;\ zdwfMum;csuf
t&? vef'efodkYoGm;&onf/ Ak'¨bmom\ tajccHtcsufrsm;udk oabm
aygufMuap&ef tBudrrf sm;pGm ajyma[m&onf/ vef'ef&Sd rdwaf qG&if;rsm;
u tBuHay;onfhtwkdi;f vef'efü omoemjyKpcef;zGifh&ef pDpOf&onf/
oifhawmfaomt&yfwGif tdrw f pfaqmif0,f,lNyD; rdwfaqGrsm;
tultnDjzifh ausmif;0d[mtjzpf zefwD;jyKjyif&ao;onf/ bke;f BuD;
ausmif;tjzpf pDrHNyD;aomf xdkausmif;ü oDwif;oHk;aexdkif&efoD[dkVfodkY
tjrefjyefvmNyD; oHCmoHk;yg; yifhaqmif&ao;onf/ vef'efodkYvdkufyg&ef
oabmwlatmif ajzmifhzsodrf;oGi;f yifhac:&onf/ NyD;pD;aomf vef'efwGif
Ak'¨bmomausmif;ESihf oHCmESihf tajccsrdavNyD/ qdkcJhonfhtwkid ;f tvsif
qHk; vdktyfonfukd tvsiNf yD;pD;atmif rem;raevkyaf qmif&if; pm;csdef
oD[&wempmay
116 Ak'o
tdyfcsdefukd *½krxm;acs/ xdkwGif "r®ygvolawmfpifwGif tpmtdrfa&m*g

0ifa&mufvmonf/ vef'ef&Sd q&m0efaumif; aq;aumif;rsm;jzifh rSD0J
uko&ygonf/ odkYaomf oufom½HkrQom t&Si;f raysmufuif;yg/ wpfcg
wpf&HwGif tdyf&mrS rxEdkiaf cs/ aeYnOfhr[l tyifyef;cH vkyaf qmifcJhorQ
'Pfyo d nf[kyif xifryd g\/ aq;½HkwiG f &ufenf;enf;wufí uko&ao;
onf/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
bk&m;ausmif;awmf zGifhvSpyf GJNyD;

"r®ygvonf aq;½HkwGif &uftenf;i,fwufa&muf uko&NyD;?
tawmftwefrQ oufomvmonfwiG f aq;½Hkrq S if;vmcJhonf/ Am&mPoD
£odyxe (qmewfof) rd*'g0kefwGif ausmif;awmfBuD;aqmufvky&f efrSm
yEéufom csxm;&ao;onf/ w&dSew f nf;raqmuf&ao; [laom cHpm;
csufuvnf; aeYnrjywf aZmuyfaeonf/
OD;okr*Fvbdu©Lpaom oHCmrsm;uvnf; þae&mrsdK;rSm yg0if
vkyaf qmfEkid Mf uonf r[kwaf cs/ bufpkHtm;udk;cJh&aom ume,fvaf tmvf
aumhukd owd&NyD; aMuuGrJ ad o;onf/ vlb Y 0onf wdkawmif;vSygwum;/
vef'efrS Am&mPoDokdY awmufavQmufjyefvmcJhonf/ bk&m;
ausmif;awmfudk udk,w f dkif aiGukdiv
f suf BuD;Muyfaqmufvkyfonf/ vuf
atmufi,fom;ESihf tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; ukokdv&f Edkifonfhvkyif ef;jzpf
aMumif; em;0ifatmif ajzmif;zsa[majym&ao;onf/ vkyif ef;wdk;wuf
&mwGirf l aES;auG;onf/ rdk;wGi;f a&mufaomf em;xm;&jyefonf/
þtawmtwGi;f wGif tar&duefEkdifiH? e,l;a,mufNrdKUrS zdwf
oD[&wempmay
118 Ak'o
Mum;í wwd,tacguf oGm;vdkuf&ygao;onf/ qdkcJhovdk rem;rae

tvkyv f kyjf cif;? ZGJBuD;jcif;? pdwfa&mudk,fyg tm;xkw&f jcif;wdkYaMumifh
&Hzef&Hcg &ifbwfxJrS atmifhvmwwfonf/ vufpGJq&m0efESihf prf;oyf
Munfah omtcg aoG;wdk;ESihf ESvHk;a&m*gyg 0ifa&mufpu GJ yfaMumif; od&av
\/ tpmtdraf &m*guvnf; raysmufao;acs/
touft&G,fuvnf; (60)ausmfNyD;? (70)twGi;f a&mufvm
acsNyD/ odakY omf "r®ygvonf rqkwrf epfaom ZGv J kHYvjzifh vkyaf qmifb, G f
c&D;udk qufvufcsDwufqJyif ukefusp&maiGaMu;udk enf;onfjzpfap?
rsm;onfjzpfap? oluom ay;acsoHk;pGJonf/ bPfokYt d yfESHaiGpm&if;onf
vnf; olYemrnfESihfomxm;onf/
"r®ygvonf wpfoufwmwpfavQmuf olvSr;f cJhaom c&D;udk
jyefMunfo h nf/ xdktcg ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;uyif t"dXmefjyKNyD; csrw S f
cJhonf/ wnfaqmuf&ef ajrae&m? aiGa&;aMu;a&;rSpNyD; ESp&f Snv f rsm;
tm;xkwcf Jh&onf/ ausmif;awmfBuD;NyD;pD;atmifjrif&efrSm rnfol wpfOD;
wpfa,mufwiG rf S wm0efr&dS/ aiGaMu;ypön;f rsm; rrSm;,Gi;f ap&ef rdru d kd,f
wdkiof m wm0ef,loifhonf[í l pGJpJNG rJNrJ cH,lxm;onf/ ,ckNyD;pD; atmif
jrifawmhrnf/
(1931)ckESpf? rwfv(3)&ufwGifa&;aom "r®ygv\ aeYpOf
rSwfwrf;udk azmfjyyg&ap/
n (10)em&Dtcsed f rD;tm;vHk;udk ydw&f rnf/ uREkyf w f kYo
d nf r[m
aAm"dtoif;\aiGukd tusdK;rJhjzKef;wD;ypf&efr[kwf/ t&mtm;vHk;wdkUudk
oef&Y Si;f oyf&yfpGm xm;xm;&rnf/ r[maAm"d toif;ydkiaf iGrsm;tm; tzGJU
tpnf;\ tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf wpfpHkwpf&mrS vkyaf qmifjcif; r&dSolrsm;
twGuf toHk;jyK&ef tcGifhta&;r&dSyg/
txufyg rSww f rf;onf rwfvwGiaf &;onf/ ol\ aphpyf
aocsmrIESifh apwemudk azmfjyouJhokdYyif ausmif;awmfBuD;NyD;awmhrnf/
ausmif;awmfzGihyf GJtwGuf BudKwifpDpOfp&mu rsm;vSygbd/
oD[&wempmay
oD[&wempmay
oD[Vkd ?f wdbuf? *syef? ,dk;',m;paomEkid if rH sm;rS ax&fBuD;0gBuD;?

oHCmBuD;rsm;ESihw f uG zdwMf um;oifholrsm;xHokdY MudKwiftaMumif;Mum;&
rnf/ zGihf&ufowfrSwfEkdifaomtcgrS zdwfpmydkYrnf/
tdE,´d tpdk;&XmerS tBuD;tuJrsm;xHoYv dk nf; ydkYoifhou l kd zdwpf m
ydkY&ygrnf/ wdkif;wpfyg;rS vma&mufMurnfh yk*¾Kd vftoD;oD;wdkYtwGuf
wnf;cdk&efESihf {nfhcHauR;arG;&efrsm; ,ckuyif pDpOfvsmxm;&awmhrnf/
xdkodkY udpörsm;twGuf tvky½f Iyv f Sonf rSeyf g\/ odkYaomf pdwfcsrf;om
ygonf/
"r®ygvolawmfpifESihf tzGJU0ifrsm;onf aeYnOfhr[l twlwuG
aqmif&GufMu&NyD;aomf BudK;pm;vkyaf qmifMu&onfESiht f rQ? BudK;pm;Mu&
usdK;eyfygonf/ ausmif;awmfBuD;zGihv f Spyf GJBuD;rSm NcdrhfNcdrhfoJoJ wpfcJeuf
pnfum;vSonf/ þzGifhyGJtaMumif;udk uRefrtaejzifh txl;ra&;awmh
yg/ a&S;acwfu xkwaf 0aom (1932)ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv ol&d,
r*¾Zif;wGiyf g&dSaom rlv*Eük#zd GihfyGJaqmif;yg;udk owfyHkrl&if;twdkif;
ul;,lí atmufwGif tjynfhtpHk azmfjyygrnf/
ausmif;zGihfyGJowif;rQomru vGecf Jhaom (81)ESpu f EdkifiHjcm;
omoemta&; vlraI &;okwrsm;yg yGm;Edkiyf gonf/ rZÑdra'o Am&mPoD
NrdKU? pm&Pac: rd*'g0keaf wmü rlv*Eük#ad usmif;BuD;zGihyf JG "gwfyHkowif;/
Am&PoDNrdKU? pm&Pac: rd*'g0kefawmü jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif
opömav;yg;w&m;ESihfwuG aAm"dyifESifh a&Tyviu f dk atmifjrifawmfrlNyD;
onfrSaemuf a&S;OD;pGm yÍö0*¾Dig;OD;udk w&m;OD;a[maom ae&mXmeBuD;ü
r[maAm"dtoif;BuD;\ Ouú|vlBuD; "r®ygvBuD;rSL;tkycf sKyfvkyu f kdiaf om
rlv*Eük#ad usmif;wdkuBf uD; aqmufvky&f m ,cktcg tNyD;wdkifa&muf
ojzifh (1931)ckESp?f Edk0ifbmv 11-&ufaeY? nae 3-csufw;D tcsdefwGif
ausmif;awmfBu;D udk tvGef BuD;us,cf rf;em;pGm zGiv hf pS af v&m xdkyaJG wmfwiG f
£NE´, d tpdk;&ausmufpmbuf t&m&dSBuD;u pm&PjrLp,mefjywdkufrS
jrwfpmG bk&m; od&D&"gwfawmfrsm;udk a&TMuKwfjzifhxnfhí tyfESi;f vSL'gef;
oD[&wempmay
122 Ak'o
vdkufaMumif;/
xdk"gwfawmfMuKwfudk ½dkaoaumif;rGepf GmvufcHNyD; tvGev f Sy
wifhw,fpmG wefqmwdkYjzifh qif,ifxm;aom qifBuD;ay:odkY yifhaqmif,l
wifí vSnhv f m&mwgif 'g&f*sDvifrS rpöem av'ifvm; BuD;rSL;í vmMu
aom ¤if;wdkY\ BuD;us,fcrf;em;aom wl&, d mtwD;trIwfwdkYjzihf odkuf
NrdKufpGm vdkuyf gMuaMumif;/
¤if;wdkY\aemufrS oD[dkVf? jrefrm? ppfwaumif;? w½kwf? *syef
tp&daS om Ak'b ¨ mom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;ESi?hf oD[kVd Of youm-Oyodum
taygif;wdkYyg vdkuyf gMuonfhtjyif? Am&mPoDNrdKUESihw f uG te,fe,frS
vma&mufMuaom vlBuD;vlaumif; y&dowfaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYESihf jynfhñSyf
pnfum;vsu?f rlv*Eük#w d ku
d Bf uD;odkY (3)Budrw
f kid wf kid f vSnyfh wfNyD;onfh
aemuf jrefrmjynfrS <ua&mufawmfrv l maom t*¾r[my@dw ig;xyfBuD;
q&mawmfOD;Zvdw? oD[dkVfuRef;q&mawmf? ppfwaumif;bkef;awmfBuD;?
w½kwb f ke;f awmfBuD;/ ¤if; q&mawmfig;yg;wdkY udk,w f kid f rlv*Eük#w d kud f
wHcg;BuD;udk zGifhvSpNf yD; "gwfawmfa&TMuKwfukd yifhaqmifí ausmif;BuD;
twGi;f odkY aqmif,loGm; MuygaMumif;/
ausmif;awmfBuD;udk BuD;rSL;tkycf sKyfwnfaqmufol r[maAm"d
toif;BuD;\ Ouú| "r®ygvESihf tzGJU0ifrsm;uvnf; Ak'ömoemhtvH
awmfrsm;udk udkifaqmifMuvsuf aemufrSvkdufygMuygaMumif;/ xdk"gwf
awmf vSnhv f nfyGJNyD;onfhaemuf nae 4em&DtcsdefwGif rlv *Eük#w d kud f
BuD;a&SUü Edkiif HtoD;oD;rS vma&mufMuukefaom Ak'¨bmom0iftaygif;
wdkYESihw
f uG tdE´d,wdki;f &if;om;? xdkrSwyg; t*Fvyd t f &m&dStaygif;rsm;pGm
wdkYyg vma&mufMuaom y&dowfaygif; 4000 (av;axmifausmfcefY)
&dSygaMumif;/
xdkausmif;wdkuBf uD;a&SUwGif &Gufxnfr@yf½HkBuD;twGif;wGif
toif;tpnf;ta0;yusi;f y&mü Ak'¨bmom0ifqdkif&m toD;oD;wdkYonf
Mobmpmrsm;udk zwfqdkNyD; q&mawmfBuD;rsm; y&dww f &m;awmf&w G bf ufí
oD[&wempmay
ausmif;zGihfyGJtpDtpOfukd zGihfvSpfygaMumif;? jrefrmjynfrS <ua&mufawmf

rlvmaom ig;xyfBuD;q&mawmf t*¾r[my@dw OD;Z#dv t&Siu f dk,f
awmfjrwfukd,fwdkif jrefrmbmomjzifh-
,ckaqmufvkyx f m;aom rlv*Eük#w d kud Bf uD;ESihf rd*'g0keaf wm
wdkY\ tx¬Kywåu d dk vk&if;pm;jzifh a[majymNyD; jrefrmjynfrS bk&m;zl;vm
a&mufaom ½Hk;vdkuf tifpydwfawmfBuD; OD;bu t*Fvyd b f momjzifh
jyefvnfa[majymygonf/
xdkYaemuf txl;0rf;omp&mtaMumif;wpfckrSmum; xdky&dowf
rsm;\ tv,fü raMumufr&GUH &J&ifph mG jrefrmtrsKd ;orD; oDv&Sif rar"g0Du
[dE´Lbmomjzifh qdki&f mw&m;pum;rsm;udk a[majymjy&m y&dwfowf
taygif;wdkYonf txl;tHhMovsuf MobmvufckyfoHwkdYjzifh qlnHoGm;yg
aMumif;/ xdkoDv&Sif rar"g0D a[majymaompum;rsm;udk atmufyg
twdkif; jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xnfhoGi;f vdkufygaMumif;-
toa&&dSMuukefaom ylaZmfxkdufaom obmywdBuD;ESihfwuG
xdkYjyif tpnf;ta0;vma&mufMuukeaf om uRefr\ cspfjcif;arwåm
a&SUoGm;&dSMuukeaf om olawmfaumif;taygif;wdkY uRefronf &Siw f dkY\
a&SUarSmufodkY vma&mufíajymqdk&jcif;rSm &Siw f dkY\ oem;jcif;*½kPmjzifh
tcGihfay;jcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ ajymqdkEdkiaf om tcGifhtcsdeftcgudk
&ygonf/ vma&mufMuukeaf om y&dowftaygif;wdkY &Siw f kYx
d HrS ½dkaopGm
awmif;yefygonf/ uRerf ajymqdkaom pum;wdYük trSm;t,Gi;f rpifMu,f
jcif; ygcJhygu ¤if;trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;í w&m;oabm ouf
oufukdom pdwfrSpí em,lMuygukef/
uRefronf vufrGefrqG a&S;OD;pGm 3-yk'af om *gxmudk &Gwfqdk
jycJhygNyD/
]]Ak a '¨ gavmau orky Üa Eém }}tpcsDa om xdk* gxmrsm;\
t"dyÜg,faomfum; oHo&mavmuBuD;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifjzpfxGe;f
ay:aygufvmjcif;onf tvHk;pHkaom owå0ga0ae,swdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm;
oD[&wempmay
124 Ak'o
tvdkYiSmomvQif ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfygonf/

t"dyÜg,faomfum; jrefrmrsm;tzdkYvnf;r[kwf oD[kdVftwGuf
vnf;r[kwf? xdkrSwpfyg; w½kwf? *syef? wdbufwif? aeygvD? b*FgvD?
[dE´L? rlpvref tp&dSaom vltrsKd ;rsdK; &dSMuonfwdkYwGif vlwpfrsdK;
vlwpfOD;twGufudk &nfrSe;f í jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif yGihx f Ge;f ay:aygufvm
jcif;r[kwfyg/
tm;vHk;pHk o0dnmPujzpfMuukefaom owå0gtaygif;\
tusKd ;pD;yGm;tm; &nfrSe;f NyD; yGihx
f Ge;f awmfrlvmjcif; jzpfygonf/ xdktwl
xdk jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif\ w&m;awmfESihf oHCmawmfjrwfrsm;rSmvnf;
oHo&mavmuBuD;rSm tMuifa&GUrQavmuf o0dnmPujzpfMuukefaom
owå0grsm;&dMS uuke\ f / xdrk Qavmufukeaf om owå0gtaygif;wdu kY kd ypöKyÜef
oHo&mESpfjzm tusKd ;pD;yGm;tvdkYiSmomvQif jzpfxGe;f ay:aygufvmjcif;
jzpfygonf/ xdkrw S pfyg; qdkvk&d if;yum;rSm? uRerf wd\ kY jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif
onf opöm 4yg; w&m;ESihw f uG? aAm"dyifESihf a&Tyviu f kd atmifjrifawmf
rlí bk&m;jzpfNyD;onfrS tvHk;pHkaom ae&mwdkY\ vufOD;pGmqm&Pac:
£odyxe rd*'g0keaf wmodkY <uvmawmfrNl yD; yÍö0*¾Dig;OD;udk w&m;OD;a[m
aomae&mjzpfygonf/
xdktaMumif;udk Ak'¨bmom0iftaygif;wdkYonf tukefodMuyg
aMumif; uRefronf tem*g&du "r®ygv xdkrSwpfyg; o&Da'0rdMw "r®
ygvudk rsm;pGmyif aus;Zl;wifvSygonf/ taMumif;&if;aomfum;
"r®ygvonf rdr\ d toufpnf;pdrOf pömjzifh w&m;bufü ouf0if,kMH unf
jrifhjrwfaom pdwx f m;í ,cktrnftm;jzifh qm&Pac:ygonf/ jrwfpmG
bk&m;&Siv f ufxufawmfu £odyxe rd*'g0kefac:aom þae&mü
edAÁmefukd tm½HkjyKí w&m;tvkyüf ,HkMunfpGm BuD;us,faom þbk&m;
ausmif;BuD;wpfaqmifukd aqmufvkyv f SL'gef;ygonf/ &SifwkYvd JbJ tMuif
írQavmuf o'¨gtm;tpGr;f jyKEdkiMf uygu xdrk Qavmuf o'¨gykAÁ*Fr a&SUoGm;
NyD; taxmuftyHh tultnDay;Muyg/
oD[&wempmay
oHo&mavmuBuD;rSm trsdK;rsdK;aom t,l0g'udk &dSMuygonf/

xdktvHk;pHkaomt,l0g'rsm;rSm w&m;oabmtm;jzifh wyg;wnf;omvQif
jzpfMuygonf/ vdk&if;w&m;ppfw&m;rSeu f dk &SmazGNyD;MunfhMurnfqdkygu
'gepaom yg&rDq,fyg;ESihw f uG tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkYxuf edAmÁ efw&m;
BuD;omvQif tqHk;pGe{f jrcsrf;omaom w&m;BuD;jzpfayonf/ tMuifí
rQavmufaom &[ef;&Siv f mtaygif;wdkYonf rZÑdrac: [dE´Lpwefü
jrwfpmG bk&m; w&m;tm;avQmfpmG omoemudpu ö kd aqmif&u G v
f kyu
f kid af eMu
ygonf/
xdv k kyu
f kid af eMuaom vltaygif;wdo kY nf Edkiif jH cm;om;rsm; jzpfMu
ygonf/ tu,fíom [dE´Lpwefom;jzpfMuukefaom tcsdKUtcsdKU olaX;
ol<u,fwYo kd nf omoemudpt ö wGufukd axmufyHhulnDMuNyD; jyKvkycf JhMu
ygvQif EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; q,fESpv f kyrf nfhtwGufudk uRefrwdkY wdkif;&if;
om;rsm;u wpfESpw f nf;ESihyf if NyD;ajrmufatmif jyKvkyEf kdiMf uygvdrhrf nf/
uRefrvnf;yJ omoemudpöjyKvky&f ef tvdiYk mS vmcJjh cif;jzpfygonf/ odakY omf
vnf; tpptm;tifr&dS wpfO;d wnf;b,fuJhodkY wwfEkdirf SmvJ/ tu,fí
om Edkiif H&if;om;yJjzpfjzpf? Edkiif Hjcm;om;yJjzpfjzpf? aygif;oif; qufqHNyD;
enf;rsm;rqdk &SifwdkYxHrS uRefr taxmuftyHhtultnD&&dSygu uRefr\
tm;tifonf tMuifrQavmuf&SdygvQif xdkrQavmufom omoemudpö
aqmif&Guf&ef toifh&Syd gonf/
þrQavmufajymqdkjcif;jzifh uRefr\ pum;rsm; oifhawmf
avmufygNyD/ xdkrSwyg; tqHk;pum;ajymcJhygrnf/ oHo&mavmuBuD;rSm
jrwfpGmbk&m;yGihfxGef;vmjcif;um; csrf;omBuD;jcif;wpfyg;jzpfygonf/
Oyrmaomfum; Ak'¨bk&m;yJjzpfjzpf *sdKif;bk&m;yJjzpfjzpf? [dE´LyJjzpfjzpf
rlpvrefyJjzpfjzpf tqHk;trawmh tMuifrQavmuf touf&Sad om owå0g
rsm;&dSMuukef\/ xdkrQavmuf owå0grsm;onf wpfyg;wnf;aom
ocif\ om;rsm;omvQif jzpfMuay\/ xdkokdYjzpfaomaMumifh tvHk;pHkaom
vltaygif;wdkYonf pdwfoabmwlrQEdkijf cif;onf csrf;omBuD;wpfyg; jzpf
oD[&wempmay
126 Ak'o
ygonf/
avmuBuD;ü rSeu f efjrifhjrwfaom aygif;oif;qufqHjcif;xuf
ydkrdkBuD;aom tm;tifonf b,ft&mESifhrS rwlaom tBuD;qHk;aom
tm;tifjzpfygonf/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;xHrS w&m;"r®em,l&jcif;rSmvnf;
jrwf a omcsrf ;omjzpf y gonf / omoemawmf t a&;ü toif ;tzGJ U
qdkqdkuf,wD trsdK;rsKd ;&dSMuygonf/ tm;vHk;nDnGwpf Gm waygif;wpnf;
wnf;vkyfudkiEf kdiMf uygu qxufwHydk; atmifjrifEkdifMuvdrhfrnf/ uRefr
tqHk;pGepf um;ajymygrnf/ oHCmawmft&Sifjrwfrsm; oD&ad '0rdMw"r®
ygvESihf y&dowftm;vHk;udk,fpw d fNrJMuygap/
ol&, d r*¾Zif;yg rlv*Eük#ad usmif;awmfzGifhyGJ aqmif;yg;rSm
,if;aeYu yGJawmfjrifuGi;f tm; rsufapha&SUarSmufozG,f jrifa,mifrad p
onf/ pnfum;odkuNf rdKufvaS om awGUBuHK&cJaom bk&m;yGJawmfaywnf;/
jrefrmEdkifiHrS q&mawmfBuD;rsm; <ua&mufzGihfvSpfay;awmfrlMu
yHkrSmvnf; qGwfysHUbG,&f SdvSyg\/ jrefrmoDv&Siq f &mav; raA'g0D\
pum;xJrS- ]]oD&ad '0rdMw "r®ygv}}[k oHk;EIe;f ac:ajymonfukdvnf;
wpfrsdK;rSwo f m;&ygao;onf/ t"dyÜg,fzGihfqkd&aomf ]]ewfa'0wmwdkY
arwåmxm;aom toa&&Sif "r®ygv}} [lí jzpfwef&monf/
oD[dkVf? wdbuf? w½kwfbke;f awmfBuD;rsm; <ua&mufylaZmfMu
jcif;rSmvnf; tm;&p&mjrifuGi;f ayyif/ Ak'ömoemhtvHawmf wvlvl
ysHUvGifhaeayvdrhfrnf/ Ak'ömoemawmf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm ,if;a'owGif
arS;rSed af e&&mrS ,cktcgwGif omoemawmfonf odum© BuD;pGmjzifh jyefvnf
&Siof efvmacsNyD/
uRefronf r*¾Zif;a[mif;rS ausmif;awmfzGihfyGJusif;yyHk zwfNyD;
aomtcg wpfckckvkad eovdk cHpm;rdyg\/ tzefzef pOf;pm;Munfah omtcg
rS tcrf;tem;tpDtpOfü rdecYf Ge;f ajymolrsm;xJwGif "r®ygvryg0ifjcif;udk
qifjcifrdjcif;jzpfygonf/ olonf ausmif;awmfBuD; wnfaqmuf&m
um,uH&Sif tptqHk;atmifjrifatmif aqmifcJhjim; xifay:jcif;udk
oD[&wempmay
tvdkr&dSjzpfaomaMumifh ae&mr,ljcif; jzpfayrnf[k ,lqygonf/

,if;rlv*E¨muk#ad usmif;BuD;odkY bk&m;zl;vma&mufcahJ om &efukef
NrdKUI o&ufawmausmif;wdkuf q&mawmf OD;ol&, d u-
]]ausmufapwDBuD;? ausmufxD;vGiv f Gif rlv*E¨ qefvSjyKjyif?
w&m;pufBuD; vSn;f enf;yHkoGif vusFmywf zl;vwfBudrBf udryf if}} [lí
uAsmoHaygufzGJUNyD; ylaZmfavonf/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
128 Ak'o
]]oD&ad '0rdMw "r®ygvESihf &aohBuD; OD;cEÅD}}

bk&m;ausmif;awmfzGifhyGJBuD; atmifjrifpGmNyD;pD;aomf "r®ygv
olawmfpifonf tvGepf w d fcsrf;omoGm;onf/ r[maAm"dapwDBuD; Ak'¨
bmom0ifwdkYvufodkY xdef;odr;f cGihf&&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmyif r[efYwdkYESifh
&ifqkdiw
f dkucf ku
d fcJh&aomfjim; atmifjrifrIr&cJhacs/ þtcsuBf uD; ratmif
jrifapumrl Ak'ömoemjyKvkyif ef;um; rsm;pGm tusdK;aus;Zl;&dSaponf/
þta&;tcif;twGuf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm EdkifiHaygif;pHkokdY c&D;oGm;cJhonf/
odkYtwGuf rdrpd Hkrufvkdvm;vSaom &[ef;b0wGif ESpftenf;i,frQom
oDwif;oHk;cJhNyD;aemuf ouFef;cRwfvJum olawmfpifb0odkY ajymif;cJh&
onf/
,ck þausmif;awmfBuD; aqmufvky&f ef&v Sd maomtcg zcifBuD;
csefxm;&pfaom ypön;f b@mrsm;tm; rwnfNyD; [dkEdkvlvlrS 'g,dumr
BuD; azmfpwmrS aiGaMu;tajrmuftrsm; xnfh0ifvSL'gef;cJhonf/ xdkodkY
ta&;BuD;onfhtcgwdkif; "r®ygvonf rdcifozG,f apmifha&SmifhcJhaom
ar&Dazmfpwmtm; tulawmif;cJhonfcsnf;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh r[maAm
oD[&wempmay
"d*sme,fwGif aqmif;yg;a&;olrsm;u rdcifazmfpwm øÚ±-¬»® Ð¿®»²¬÷ [lí

vnf;aumif;? acwfopf0domcg øÓ±¼»®² Ê·-¿µ¸¿÷ [lívnf;aumif;
trTe;f wifoHk;EIe;f cJhMuygonf/ r[maAm"dtoif;awmftwGuf rnfol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ oluJhokYd vSL'gef;Edkijf cif;r&dScJhacs/ rdcifazmfpwmum;
ausmif;awmfziG hyf JBG uD;udkum; rrDvku d &f yg/ ar&Dtvpöbufazmfpwmonf
(1930)ck? 'DZifbmv (19)&uf? aomMumaeUwGif [dkEdkvlvluRef;wGif
uG,v f Gecf haJ vNyD/ ("r®ygv\ arG;rdcif rvu d muG,v f Geo f nfhEpS u f kd &SmazG
ygaomfvnf; rawGUao;ojzifh razmfjyvdkuEf kdiyf g/ / pma&;ol) ,refESpf
u azmfpwmrdcif rusef;rmaMumif;Mum;od&aomfvnf; oGm;a&mufNyD;
rMunfhEkdifcJhyg/ ausmif;BuD;aqmufvkyjf cif;uvnf; NyD;vkNyD;csdefjzpfae
aomaMumifh aeYnr[ltvky½f IyfvS\/ ulnD½kdi;f yif;oltcsdKU&Syd if&Sjd im; aiG
a&;aMu;a&;rSpNyD; tvHk;pHk vTJtyfxm;cJh&efrSm rjzpfEkdifacs/
½dk;om;pifMu,frIt&mwGif rdru d kd,fukdom wm0ef,lEdkifonf/
þtcsuw f iG f "r®ygvolawmfpifEiS hf uRerf wdkY jrefrmEdkiif H rEÅav;
awmifrS &aohBuD; OD;cEÅDESihf wlvSaMumif; owd&rdygonf/ ,if;wdkY
olawmfpif ESpfyg;vHk;wGif wlnDaom tawG;tjrifpw d fqE´rsm; touf
t&G,f omoemjyKrIvkyif ef;wGif wpfoufwmvHk; ESpjf r§Kyfvkyaf qmifoGm;
yHkrsm;rSm tawmfukd wlnDygonf/ ,SOfjyyg&ap/
"r®ygvonf (1864) ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;onf/
OD;cEÅDonf (1867) ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;onf/
xdkYaMumifh oufawmfcsif; 3-ESpfrQom uGmygonf/
"r®ygvonf bdu©L&[ef;b0wGif 5-ESpaf eNyD; jA[®pm&D olawmf
pifb0odkY ul;ajymif;cJhygonf/ OD;cEÅo D nf &[ef;b0 (12)0g&&dSNyD;aemuf
&aoholawmfpifb0odkY ul;ajymif;cJhygonf/ olawmfpifb0odkY ul;ajymif;
cJhMujcif;rSmvnf; &nf&G,fcsufjcif; wpfoabmwnf;yif jzpfMuonf/
wif;Muyfaom &[ef;odu©myk'frsm;udk rusdK;raygufatmif apmifhxed ;f &m
wGif raqmifEkdirf nfukd rvdkvm;Muyg/ pdwfa&mudk,fyg omoemtusKd ;
oD[&wempmay
130 Ak'o
aqmif&mü aiGaMu;&dSygrS tvkyjf zpfygrnf/ odkY aiGukdiaf e&aomf oefU&Si;f

pifMu,frnfr[kwf? xdkYtjyif c&D;&Sno f Gm;&onfhtcgwGifvnf; tcsdefrD
qGr;f udpNö yD;pD;Edki&f efuvnf; tcuftcJwpfrsKd ;yif/ ,if;tcsurf sm;aMumifh
ESpyf g;pvHk;yif &[ef;b0xuf ydkrkd vGwv f yfaom &aoholawmfpiftjzpf
jzifh wif;wdrv f suf oDwif;oHk;aeMujcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;wdkYESpyf g;rSm
bGm;jrif&mZmwdEdkifiHcsif;vnf;rwl? vlrsdK;csif;vnf; rwlMuaomfjim;
,HkMunfukd;uG,f&m Ak'ömoemawmfü ouf0ifylaZmfyHkrSm rjcm;em;Mu
ygay/ omoemawmftm; aumif;usKd ;aqmif&mwGif rnfumrwårQr[kwf
Muyg/ wpfoufwmywfvHk;tprS tqHk; ysHvGeaf wmfrlcsdet f xd aqmif&Guf
oGm;ygonf/ tvGeBf uD;rm;us,f0ef;aom yrmPtm;jzifh olYenf;ESihfol
omoemawmfukd tvkyt f auR;jyKawmfrlonfcsnf;yif/
"r®ygvolawmfpifonf tajctaet& taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
toif;tzGJUaxmifjcif; omoemjyK pmapmifxkwfa0jcif;? EdkifiHwumodkY
c&D;vSnhfa[majymjcif;? r[maAm"dapwDBuD;udk Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYvufokYd
apmifha&SmufciG &hf atmif vkyaf qmifBudK;pm;cJhjcif;? jrwfb&k m; w&m;OD;a[m
&m rd*'g0keaf wmü rlv*Eük#d ausmif;awmfBuD; wnfaqmufjcif;rsm;tm;
raersm;tm;xkwfaqmif&Gucf Jhonf/
&aoholawmfpif OD;cEÅDukd,af wmfBuD;onf jrefrmEdkiif H wpfew H pf
vsm;&dS NrdKUBuD;aygif; (20)avmufü cdkicf efYaom omoedu taqmuftOD;
rsm; wnfaqmufjcif; &aohBuD;\ txl;jcm;qHk; ukokv d jf yKcsurf mS yd#uwf
oHk;yHkygVdawmfrsm;udk pusiaf usmufjym;ay:wGif xGi;f xkNyD; oxHkNrdKU a&Tpm&H
bk&m;wHwkdi;f twGi;f rSm ausmufcsyf (745) csyfudkvnf;aumif;? rEÅav;
NrdKU rEÅav;awmifajc pE´rkeb d k&m; y&0kPftwGi;f rSmvnf; t|uxmESifh
#Dumrsm; xGif;xkxm;aom ausmufpmcsyfayguf; (1774) wdkifudk
vnf;aumif;? pdkux f yl al Zmfxm;ygonf/ ESpaf ygif;Mum&Snf wnfapEdkiaf om
bk&m;EIwu f rÜwfawmf ausmufpmwdkifrsm;yifwnf;/
"r®ygvolawmfpifonf trsm;vSL'gef;aom aiGaMu;rsm;udk
oD[&wempmay
rnfolwpfOD;udkrQ rudkifapbJ olukd,fwdkif pm&if;udkif aomhukdiftjzpf

xde;f odr;f ouJhokYd &aohBuD;OD;cEÅoD nfvnf; tvSLcH0ifaiGrsm;udk udk,af wmf
BuD;wpfO;D wnf;om odr;f qnf;udkiw f G,Nf yD; pDrcH efYcJaG yonf/ aiGEiS hf pyfí
rnfolYukrd Q today;jcif;r&daS y [lí vlxak ':trma&; ]]rEÅav;awmif}}
pmtkyrf Sm awGU&ygonf/
,if;olawmfpifBuD;ESpyf g;pvHk;wGif trsm;wumxnfh0ifvSL'gef;
Muaom aiGaMu; te*~twdkif;twmyrmPESihf jzpfxGE;f ay:aygufvm
aom ausmif;? uef? wefaqmif;paom omoedu taqmuftOD;wdkYrSm
nDrQpGm xdkux f u
kd w
f efwef&Sad ypG/ xdkuJhokdY awmfwnfhajzmifhrSejf cif;aMumifh
vnf; aiGaMu;odrf;qnf;udkifwG,fjcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;í wpfpGef;wpfprQ
a0zefjcif;rcHMu&acs/
"r®ygv olawmfpifEiS hf &aohBuD;olawmfpif OD;cEÅw D kYo
d nf rdrw d kYd
ydkiq
f kid af om tcsdeEf Sifh b0tm; aumif;&mjyKvsuf aumif;rIwGif toHk;cs
oGm;yHkrSm Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkY twk,lp&m erlemjy yk*¾dKvfrsm;yifwnf;/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
132 Ak'o
]]"r®ygvolawmfpif\ ae0ifcsdef}}
t&SifoD&ad '0rdMw"r®ygvonf ausmif;zGihfyGJtcrf;tem;NyD;pD;
vQifyif twdkif;rod pdwfcsr;f omoGm;onf/ yifrausmif;awmfBuD;wGif
"r®pMumw&m;a[mawmfrl[ef qif;wkawmfBuD;udk MunfnKd zG,f ude;f 0yf
pyÜg,fxm;&dSavonf/ t&Hausmif;i,frsm;wGifvnf; wdk;yGm;vmaom
omraP OD;yÍÆi;f rsm;jzifh jynfhpHkpnfum;vmonf/
"r®ygvonf &mbifj'mewfofw*dk;tm; tvGeMf unfnKd oljzpf
onf/ q&mBuD; w*dk;wnfaxmifxm;aom uE´DNrdKU&dS &Siw f dedauwef
ausmif;awmfodkY omraPq,fyg;ydkYtyf ynmoif,l&ef pDpOfay;onf/
þ rd*'g0kefa'o þausmif;awmfteD;wGiv f nf; tjynfjynf
qdki&f m Ak'b ¨ mom pmoifausmif;wnfaxmif&efta&;udkvnf; qufvuf
pdki;f jyif;&onf/ r[maAm"d*sme,ftwGuv f nf; tqufrjywfaqmif;yg;
rsm; a&;om;ay;ydkYNrJyifjzpfonf/
odkYvQif omoemawmfjyefYymG ;rIrsm; aqmif&u
G &f mü pdwqf E´jyif;jy
oavmuf udk,fcE¨mu rvdkufEkdifawmhacs/ toufuvnf; (70)wGi;f
oD[&wempmay
odkY csO;f cJhavNyD/ rlvu&dSESihfNyD; tpmtdraf &m*ga[mif;uvnf; &Si;f &Si;f

raysmufyg/ aemufwkd;vmaom ESvHk;tm;enf;onfh a&m*gudkyg cHpm;&if;
tvky&f SdorQ vkyNf rJvkyo f nf/ vufpGJq&m0ef rpöwm eef'D wdkufauR;
aom aumif;Edk;&m&m aq;rsm; rSD0Jyg\/ oufomvSonfr&dSacs/
wpfaeYaomtcg 0g;ausmif;uav;wGif tdypf yfaepOf rdk;&Gmvm
onf/ trdk;rvHkNcHKaomaMumifh rdk;a&wpfpufpuf ,dkaejcif;tm; rodvku d f
acs/ eHeufvif;aom atmufykdif; xHkusOfNyD; ajcraxmufEkdifawmhyg/
avjzwfjcif;yifjzpfonf/
xdkYaemuf ausmif;awmfy*0kPftwGif; oGm;vmvIy&f Sm;&ef bD;
ukvm;xdkiu f kd oHk;&awmhonf/ t&SifoHk;aom bD;ukvm;xdkifrSm ,aeY
jrifaeusyHkrsdK;r[kwf/ oGm;vm&mwGif auGUEdkif&ef a&SUuvufudkiEf Sifh bD;
ti,fpm;uav; tydkygao;onf/
xdkonfhaemuf rlvyxruyif qE´jyif;jycJhavaom &[ef;b0
udk cH,lvkdufonf/ odkYjzpfí eHeufpmqGrf;wpfeyfudkom bke;f ay;&onf/
,if;wpfeyfwnf;aom qGr;f udkyif roHk;aqmifEkdifyg/ tpmtdrfa&m*g
aMumif; aysmah ysmif;aom Edx kY rif;? ,m*k? qefjyKwfponfwEkYd iS yhf if tm[m&
jznfh&awmhonf/
"r®ygvt&Sif oDwif;oHk;aom wJausmif;uav;rSm us,u f s,f
0ef;0ef;r&dSyg/ pma&;pmyGJpaom r&dSrjzpf vdktyforQom xm;&dSygonf/
rdrt d wGuf Am,D&udpö enf;Edkio f avmuf enf;atmif NcHKUxm;ygonf/
cef;BuD;em;BuD; y&dabm*rsm;udkvnf; tvdkr&dSacs/
&yfa0;wdki;f jcm;rS a&mufvmaom tm*EÅK{nfhonfrsm;udk w&m;
pum;tweftoifhrQom ajyma[monf/ ,if;wdkY,lvmaom tvSLypön;f
rsm; rsm;jym;vSaomfvnf; udk,fwdkifoHk;aqmifjcif; r&dSwwfyg/ vdktyf
aom omraP? OD;yÍÆif;rsm;udkom pGefYavh&Sdonf/ aeYcif;tm;vyfcsdef
ESihf nOfhykid ;f wGiu f m; tcsed t f enf;i,froS m used ;f pufNyD; bm0em? orx?
0dyóempaom &[ef;tvkyfrsm;jzifhom yGm;rsm;í wpfyg;wnf;aeavh
oD[&wempmay
134 Ak'o
&dSonf/
þodkY udk,cf E¨mudk tem;ay;NyD; w&m;ESiho f m arGUavsmaf eav&m
wjznf;jznf; tom;ta& avsmhyg;vmí tpm;vnf; enf;vmonf/
(1933) ckESpf? {NyDv yxrywfwGirf l &ifatmifhonfh a0'emqdk;
vmNyD; tzsm;uvnf; 0ifvmonf/ omref tm*EÅKtzsm;rsdK;r[kwf/
tEÅ&m,fjzpfapEdkifaom tzsm;rsdK;rSe;f odaom q&m0efeEúDonf oifh
awmfaom aq;rsm;ay;í ukoygonf/ oufomjcif;r&dSyg/ eEúD
vnf; wpfaq;raumif; wpfaq;ajymif;í y#dZ0D aq;rsm; wdkuaf uR;onf
taMumif; rxl;yg/
xdktcg t&Si\ f nDt&if;jzpfaom t*Fvefrq S &m0efukd oHBudK;½dkuf
ydkYouJhodkY oD[dkVfrS wlawmfarmif &m*sa[0Adwae øÎ¿¶¿ Ø»©¿ª·¬¿®²»÷
xHokYvd nf; taMumif;Mum;onf/ nDESihw f larmifwkYv
d nf; a&mufvmMuyg
onf/ t&Sifrusef;rmjcif;udk Mum;odMuaom rdwfaqG&if;rsm;uvnf;
aq;0g;uko&ef? ½lyD;aiGrsm; ay;ydkYulnDMuao;onf/ ol\ usef;rma&;
twGuf ay;vSLMuaom aiGrsm;jzpfaMumif; odygvsuf vufoifhrcHacs/
]]þaiGyrmPonf rsm;vS\/ Ak'ömoemawmftwGuf vdktyf
aom tvkyrf sm;twGujf zpfygap}} [kom trdeY&f dSavonf/
pifppf olcHpm;&csuu f kd odae[ef&Sdonf/ onfawmifrS ausmf
Edkifawmhrnfr[kwfaMumif; qifjcifrad yrnf/ nDawmfarmifESihf q&m0ef
tzGJUurl vufravsmhMuao;/ tm[m&rjywfatmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
oGi;f ay;aeMuonf/ þodkYjyKMujcif;rSm t&Si\ f qEúkd qefYusifNyD; uko
aejcif;jzpfonf/
"r®ygvt&Sifonf pum;ajymEdkifao;onf/ tm;enf;vSNyDjzpf
apum BudK;pm;í ajymonf/
]]a'gufwmeef'D? tif*su&f Si;f awGaMumifh yifyef;vSygNyD/ Mum&Snf
a0'emcHpm;&jcif;tm; onf;rcHvkdyg? oGm;yg&apwmh}}
]]csujf cif;b0ajymif;ygap? jyefvnfarG;zGm;ygap? ESpqf ,fhig;Budrf
oD[&wempmay
oD[&wempmay
ajrmufjyefvnf &Sio f efapum jrwfAk'\ ¨ w&m;"r®xeG ;f um;jcif;udk aumif;

pGm aqmif&GufEkdifygapom;}}
t&Sio f D&aD '0 arwåm"r®ygvudk,af wmf\ tqHk;pGeaf om pum;pk
jzpfyg\/
(1933)ckESpf? {NyDv (29)&uf? eHeuf (3)em&DtcsdefwGif ysHvGef
awmfrlavonf/ oufawmf (69)ESpf t&G,fwGif jzpfavonf/ (1882)
ckESprf SpNyD;? (1933)ESpt f xd ESpaf ygif; (51)ESpw f kdifwdkif rdom;pkukd pGeífY
b0wpfavQmufvHk; omoemawmfta&; vkyaf qmifcJhayaom omoemh
ol&Jaumif;wpfyg;um; cE¨mcsKyfNidr;f b0Zmwfodrf;avNyD/
pdwfqE´jyif;jycsi;f ? vkHUv0d&, d &dSjcif;wdkYudk udkifpGJvsuf ]]ZGJoef
vQif-uHajrmufonf}} [laom ajymprSwpf um;tm; oufaojyKcJhaom
yk*¾dKvf[k qdkyg&ap/ jrwfAk'ömoemudk urÇmcsOf;atmifaqmifEkdifol[k
qdk&aom xdkpum;rvGeyf g/ wdkawmif;aom vlYoufwrf;? rwnfNrJaom
cE¨mudk,frS t"GefY&SnfwnfNrJaprnfh vuf&mudk csefxm;&pfaom Ak'¨bm
ome,fy,fwGif xm0pOfowd&aexdkufaom yk*¾Kd vfyifwnf;/
À À À
oD[&wempmay
138 Ak'o
"r®ygvax&ft&Sifudk *kPjf yKMujcif;

uRerf wdkY vlom;rsm;ü jzpfavhjzpfx&dSaom tjyKtrlwpf&yf&S\ d /
yk*K¾d vfwpfa,muf&S\ d / yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfOD;wpfa,mufonf vlom;wdakY umif;usKd ;
jzpfapaom tvkyu f dk vkyaf qmifonf/ odkYvkyaf qmifjcif;udkvnf; tod
trSwjf yKMuyg\/ odYw k ap xdyk k*K¾d vf uG,vf eG Nf yDqkv
d Qirf l olYqkid &f m ywf0ef;
usifavmurS aomif;aomif;zszs trSww f & *kPjf yKMuavawmhonf/
þpum;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh jzpfwwfaomobm0udk qdkygonf/ rif;pdk;
&mZmrsm;ESihfum; roufqdkifyg/ cRif;csuf[lonf &dSpNrJyif/
t&Si"f r®ygvolawmfpiftzdkYum; þodkYr[kwf? ol\vkyfief;&yf
rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; toufxif&Sm;&dSpOfumvuvnf; emrnfowif;arT;
onfEiS ht f rQ txdu k t f avsmuf *kPjf yKcs;D usL;jcif;cH&oljzpf\/ b0ewfxH
ysHvGeaf wmfrlNyD;aemufwGifrlum; txl;qdkbG,&f mr&dSNyD/
omoemawmfjyefYyGm;a&;twGuf t&Sif"r®ygvoGm;vmvIy&f Sm;
cJhavaom a'ot&yf&yf&Sd jynfolrsm;uaomfvnf;aumif;? oufqkdi&f m
tBuD;tuJrsm;taejzifhvnf;aumif; txl;wvnf enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh *kPjf yK
oD[&wempmay
Muavonf/ ysHvGefawmfrlumvu tEdkifEdkifiH&dS Ak'¨bmomtodkif;

t0ef;rsm;taejzifh NcdrhfNcdrhfoJoJ wpfcJeuf ylaZmfqkawmif;yGJrsm; tBuD;
tus,fusi;f ycJhMuonf/ þum; vwfwavm *kPjf yKMujcif;jzpfonf/
ysHvGeNf yD;aemuf umv&SnMf umvmaomtcg t"Ge&Yf Sn&f Snf wnfwHhcdkirf m
ap&ef ausmufom;ay:ü xGi;f xkxm;aom urÁn;f ausmufpmwdkifrsm;?
yHkwlaMu;½kyfwk udk,w f pfykdif;yHk? rwf&yfyHk trsdK;rsdK;udk a'otESHY pdkux
f l
xm;&dSjcif;rsm; vkyaf qmifMuonf/
pma&;ol uRerf udk,w f kid f rd*'g0kef orifaygonfh awm&*Hk&Sd rlv
*Eük#ad usmif;awmf\ nmbufab;em;wGif "r®ygvtxdr;f trSwf jywdkuf
odkYvnf; MunfhcJhMu&ao;onf/ jyxm;aom ypön;f rsm;rSm "r®ygv\
rdbESpyf g;"gwfykrH sm;? t&Sijf rwf t&G,o f kH;yg;rS yHkrsm;rSpí oufvwfykid ;f
t&G,fu toHk;jyKcJhaom pma&;puúLuwf? rSwfwrf;pmtkyf? azmifwdef
ponfrsm; BuD;&ifhouf&G,fwGif oHk;cJhaom oydwf? pdwfykwD;? vufukdif
wkw?f bD;wyfukvm;xdik f ponfrsm;tjyif used ;f puf&m ukwif 2vHk;vnf;
yg&dSygonf/ opfom;ukwifEiS hf BudK;ukwifjzpfygonf/ ,if;ukwifrsm;rSm
bmrQtxl;wvnf jyKvkyx f m;jcif;r&dSacs/ omreft&yfom;oHk;ypön;f rsdK;
omjzpfygonf/
arG;&mZmwd oD[kVd f udkvefbkNd rdKUwGiv f nf; tvm;wl jywdkufwpf
ck&dSao;onfqdkyg\/ udkvefbkdum; arG;&ma'ojzpfaomaMumifh trSwf
w& taqmuftOD;rsm;udkvnf; wnfaqmufxm;onfrSmae&mtawmf
rsm;rsm;wGif &dSonf[l\/
udkvefbkdNrdKU? NrdKUawmfcef;rBuD;ESihf rsufESmcsif;qdkif 0d[m&r[m
a'0Dyef;NcHwGuf pdkux f lxm;aom "r®ygvyHkwlaMu;½kyBf uD;rSm rwf&yfyHkpH
jzpfí xD;xD;rm;rm;cefYnm;vSygonf/
øÊ»²æ ß²¿¹¿®·µ¿ Ü¸¿³¿°¿´¿ô Þ®±²¦» Í¬¿¬«» ·² Ê·¸¿®¿ Ó¿¸¿ Ü»ª·
Ð¿®µô ´±´±¾±ô Í·¬¸±«¬¬»¼ ¿¹¿·²-¬ ¬¸» Ì±©² Ø¿´´ò÷
udkvefbkd&Sd "r®ygvtxdr;f trSwf taqmuftOD;rsm;wGif arG;zGm;
oD[&wempmay
140 Ak'o
&maetdraf e&mwGiv f nf; trSww f & wdkufwpfck&Sad o;onf/ xdktaqmuf

tODudk pwifaqmufvkypf Of oD[dkVEf kdifiH\ 0efBuD;csKyf bef'&mem,au
øÓ®ò ÍòÉòÎòÜò Þ¿²¼¿®²¿·µ»÷ udk,w f kid f ausmufjrpfcsay;ygonf/ xdktcrf;
tem;wGif 0efBuD;csKyfu rdeYcf eG ;f pum;ajymMum;&mü ]]urÇmBuD;odkY oD[kVd f
rSay;wJh aus;Zl;vufaqmifawG&S&d mrSm oD&ad '0arwåm "r®ygvudk,af wmf
onf a&SUwef;rS yg0ifygonf}} [lí *kPfjyKajymMum;oGm;avonf/
xdkYjyif "r®ygvtxdr;f trSwfaeY[lívnf; aeYwpfaeY owfrSwf
um wpfESpv f Qif wpfaeY usif;yMuygao;onf/
azmfjy&ef wpf&yf usef&Sdao;onfrSm? "r®ygvt&Sif emrusef;
jzpfaepOf ol\nDESihfwlrsm;? rdwfaqG&if;rsm;u aq;uko&ef ulnDMu
aom ½ly;D aiGtawmfrsm;rsm; &&dSvmonfukd ]]toif;twGuo f m oHk;pGJMu
yg? olYtwGufrvdktyfawmhyg}} [k trdefY&dSaMumif; a&SUwpfae&mwGif
azmfjycJhygonf/
"r®ygvt&Sif ysHveG af wmfrNl yD;aemuf ,if;aiGrsm;jzifh *,mNrdKUwiG f
"r®omvm waqmifukdvnf;aumif;? umvuwåm;NrdKUwGif "r®&mZdu
0d[m& ausmif;awmfukd vnf;aumif;? umvuwåm;NrdKUwGiyf if r[maAm"d
pmMunfw h ku
d Bf uD;udkvnf;aumif; aumif;pGm aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;xm;Muav
onf/
toif;tBuD;tuJrsm;u "r®ygvt&Si\ f qEúkd jynfh0atmif
jznfhqnf;ay;Mujcif; jzpfygonf/
qdkcJhonfhtwdki;f tpdk;&tBuD;tuJrsm;rS pí jynfolwpf&yfvkH;
u *kPfjyKMujcif;tm; azmfjyNyD;aemuf ed*Hk;pum;taejzifh t&Sijf rwf\
rNyD;jywfcJhavaom vkyv f ufpvkyif ef;rsm;\ tajctaeudk azmfjyygOD;
rnf/
"r®ygvt&Sifb0jzifh&if;NyD; omoema&;aqmif&GufcJh&mwGif
tjyif;jyqHk;qE´ tcsuBf uD;av;&yf&So d nfukd awGU&ygonf/ ,if;tcsuf
rsm;rSm rd*'g0keaf 'o? Ak'¨jrwfpGm w&m;OD;a[m&mt&yfwGif xdkufxkduf
oD[&wempmay
oD[&wempmay
wefwef bk&m;ausmif;awmfBuD;udk Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwdkYu apmifh

a&SmufcGihf&atmif vkyaf qmifay;vdkjcif;/
NAdwdoQwdkY tkyfpkd;rIatmufwGif atmufusaemufus&dSvSaom
oD[kVd Ef iS hf tdE,
d´ jynfolvx l tk m; qif;&Jjcif;taygif;rS vGwaf jrmufatmif
aqmif&Gufay;vdkjcif;/
Ak'ömoemawmfukd taemufOa&mywpfcGiw f dkifatmif ayguf
ajrmufxGef;vif;ap&ef vkyaf qmifay;vdkjcif;rsm; jzpfyg\/ ,if; y"ge
tcsufrsm;teuf b,fESpcf sufatmifjrifygoenf;/ qef;ppfMunfhaomf-
rd*'g0kefa'oü rlv*Eük#ad usmif;awmf wnfaqmufvkdonfh
qE´rSmum; aumif;pGmatmifjrifrI&avNyD/
oD[dkVfESihf tdE´,
d &dS jynfolrsm;tzdkY ynma&;? vlrIa&;rsm;wGif
okw? rkwESifhwuG tjrifus,fap&ef pdkufysdK;a&;ausmif;rsm;? pufrI
twwfoifausmif;rsm;? tcrJhaq;½Hkrsm;udk a'otcsdKUwGif zGihv f Spaf y;Edkif
ygonf/ wpfEkdifiHvHk;twGuf rvHkavmufao;bl;qdkonfhwdkif txdkuf
tavQmuftm;jzifh tusdK;jzpfxGe;f apygonf/
taemufOa&myodkY omoemjyefYyGm;apvdkjcif; qE´rSmvnf;
tweftoifhatmifjrifygonf/ Ak'¨bmomqdkonfrSm b,fvkdbmomrsdK;
jzpfaMumif; urÇmhEkdifiHtoD;oD;odkY vSnhfvnfa[majym&mwGif "r®ygv
onf a&S;OD;tusqHk; yk*¾Kd vfjzpfonf[k ,lq&ygonf/
r[maAm"dapwDawmfBuD; r[efYwkYv d uf&Sd tkypf ;D xm;jcif;rS vGwf
ajrmufapvdkaom qE´rSmum; rjynfhcJh&acs/ odkYwap Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;
þa'owGif epfemae&jcif;udkum; tESHUtjym; odMu&avatmif r[m
aAm"d*sme,ftm;jzifh a&;om;azmfaqmifEkdifygonf/ (1891)ckESpfrSpNyD;
(1910)ckESpt f xd ESpaf ygif; (20)enf;yg; r[efYwkY\ d Budr;f armif;½dkuEf Suf
jcif;rsm;tm; atmifhtnf;onf;cHNyD; twdkuftcHjyKum aqmif&Guyf gaomf
jim; ,if;qE´wpf&yfrSm atmifjrifrI&roGm;acs/ a&SUydkif;wpfae&mwGif
qdkcJhNyD;aom NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdkY\ ulnDaxmufyHhrI r&jcif;rSmvnf;
oD[&wempmay
144 Ak'o
taMumif;&if;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ þwGif rd*'g0kefq&mawmf OD;udwådrm\

trdefYwpf&yfukd azmfjyygrnf/
]]NAdwdoQtpkd;&\ oHo,wpfrsdK;&dSonf/ ,if;wdkYxifjrifyHkrSm
Ak'¨bmom0ifvlrsKd ;wdkYonf wpfwkdi;f wpfjynfwnf;üom &dSonfr[kwf/
at&Sm;wdkufESihfwuG Oa&mywdkuf&Sd tcsdKUaomjynfe,fwdkYüvnf; tESHY
&dSao;onf/ xdkodkYe,fus,af om bmomBuD;jzpfaomaMumifh r[maAm"d
Xmeonf Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYvufxJodkY vHk;0a&mufoGm;rnfqdku vltrsdK;
rsdK;wdkYonf NAdwo
d Q-tdE,d´ Edkiif wH Gi;f odkY bmoma&;udk brf;jyvsuf t0if
txGurf sm;jym;vG,u f lvmNyD; aemiftem*wfumvü EdkifiHa&; ½Iyaf xG;
vmp&mtaMumif; edrw d u f kd jrifaomaMumifh r[maAm"dbk&m;BuD;udk Ak'¨
bmomrsm;vufodkY a&mufatmif tpdk;&u rBudK;pm;yg/
txufyg OD;udwård mq&mawmf\ t,ltqrSm rsm;pGmjzpfEkdif
acs&ySd gonf/ "r®ygvt&Sif ysv H eG af wmfrNl yD;aemuf ol wDxiG af vQmufvrS ;f
cJhaom vrf;ay:wGif jrefrmEdkifiHuvnf; wwftm;orQ qufvufBudK;
pm;cJMh uyg\/ (1935) ckEpS w f iG f 0wfvkaH wmf& OD;odr;f armif a'gufwmodr;f
armif? OD;bpD? armfvNrdKif OD;wkwb f uD; polvlBuD;rsm;onf tdE´d,
atmufvTwaf wmf\ Ak'¨*,mOya'usrf;wifoGif;&ef tm;xkwcf JhMuyg\/
tm;xkwfMuygaomfjim; tajctaet&yf&yfaMumifh t&mrxifMuyg/
r[wår*E´D? y@pf*s0g[vmae½l;paom xdyo f D;acgif;aqmif
BuD;rsm;uvnf; xda&mufatmif rulnDEkdifyg/ jrefrmEdkiif H vGwfvyfa&;
&NyD;aemuf tdEd´,0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmaom ae½l;vufxufwGirf l ]]bD[m
e,f Ak'¨*,mtufOya'}}[lí jyXmef;EdkiMf uygonf/ twefwdk;wufrI&
NyD[k qdk&ygrnf/ (1975) ckESpfcefYwGif ]]r[maAm"dapmifha&Smufa&;}}
[laom aumfrwDwpf&yfzUJG co Jh nf/ ,if;aumfrwDwiG f OuúXrSm bD[me,f
ta&;ydkif twGif;a&;rSL;rSm tdE´d,q&mawmf udef;b&pf wuúokdvrf S
a'gufwmbGJU& udk,fawmfu aqmif&Guo f nf/ tzGJU0if[dE´Lig;OD;? Ak'¨
bmom0if tdE´d,om;ig;OD; aygif; (10)OD; yg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;onf/
oD[&wempmay
oD[&wempmay
oD[&wempmay
tajctaet&yf&yfrSm r[efYvufxJrS Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;vufodkY wjznf;

jznf; a&muf&v
Sd mawmhrnfh arQmv
f ifch suaf &mifjcnforf;vmNyD[k xif&yg\/
oD&ad '0arwåm"r®ygv udk,af wmfum; pifppfBuD;us,af om pGeOYf ;D wDxiG o f l
wpfyg;yifwnf;/
a&Tbkrd rd Bd uD;
À À À
oD[&wempmay
150 Ak'o
tudk;tum;
1/ r[maAm"kyÜwåduxmusrf;? rd*'g0kef OD;udwådrma&;onf/
2/ 1932 ckESp?f azazmf0g&Dvxkw?f ol&,
d r*¾Zif;rS rlv*Eük#Dausmif;
awmfBuD;zGihfyGJ"gwfyHkowif;/
3/ rEÅav;NrdKUu rEÅav;awmif? vlxka':trma&;onf/
4/ 1944ckESpfrS 1958ckESpftxd? r[maAm"d*sme,frsm;/
5/ ÚÔßÓÛ ×Ò ÜßÎÕÒÛÍÍ ÞÇ ÍßÒÙØßÎßÕÍØ×Ìß
oD[&wempmay

Untitled

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Untitled

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

http://www.cherrythitsar.

ª´®¿× úåÑÜå©²º½-«º øì÷ú§º

2003 ckESp?f atmufwdkbmv

a&Tbkad ':rdrBd uD;u uRefrudk olYpmtkyf ]]tem*g&du "r®ygv}}

OD;ausmfvStrd fa&muf&if tem*g&du "r®ygvqdkwJh 'Demrnf tNrJawGUae

xl;xl;vnfvnf owd&rdygw,f/ OD;ausmv f Som&d&S if a':rdrBd uD;udk olu

EdkifiHwum&dS vlrsKd ;toD;oD;wGif ,HkMunfukd;uG,f&m bmom

yd#uwfoHk;yHkukd EIwv f Gwt

pwif0ifa&mufp jyKaeavNyD/ rpöwm [m'D øÓ®ò Ø¿®¼§÷ a&;aom

wGif oDwif;oHk;aexdkiNf yD; Ak'¨w&m;awmfESihftnD aexdkifjcif;? Ak'¨w&m;

orQ avhvmzwfrSwf pkaqmif;NyD; &dSESihaf om oD[dkVEf kdiif Hom; (,ck oD&d

tem*g&du "r®ygv\ arG;&yfajr

[k trsm;odMuaom omoemh'g,umrif;\ tm;xkwv f kyaf qmifraI Mumifh

t,k'¨,yl&rS qif;oufa&GUavsmvmjcif; jzpfyg\/

yxrppfyJt G NyD; (1825)ckEpS w f iG f &cdkijf ynfe,f weoFm&Dwkid ;f wdrkY Sm t*Fvyd f

rl bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm;rSmom Ak'¨bmom qif[mvdpaf usmif;&dSawmhonf/

"r®ygv i,fpOfumv ausmif;aep

aom p½dkujf zifh MuifempGmapmifha&Smufjcif;udk tESD;wGif;rSyif pwifcHpm;

cH,lxm;&apumrl t*Fvyd pf mwwfolr[kwfyg/ i,fpOfu olYtpfukd

twGi;f wGiyf if Ak'¨bmom\ tajccHtqHk;trw&m;awmfESihf bmoma&;

buf ESpfbuf&Sd&mwGif rnfonfhbufom;tjzpf &yfwnf&rnfukd qHk;

ppfyjGJ zpf&ovJ}}[k c&pf,mefausmif;om;rsm;tm; ar;cGe;f xkwv f ku

odkY tjzpfrsKd ; rawGUBuHK&avatmif tdrf,maxmifjcif; rjyKvdkawmh Ak'¨

tm;vyfonfh tcsdefjzpfap ,if;odkY0ifa&mufNyD; ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfxH

"r®ygv\zcif rl'DvD,ma[0 0doae;

olvkdvm;ESpo f ufaom tdE´, a&S;a[mif;pmayESihf ,Ofaus;rIt&yf&yf

]]qmtuf'Git f m;Ek;d }} jzpfvmjcif;rSm (1880) ckESpfcefYu jzpfygonf/

jzpfyGm;pOfu ume,fvt f qifhjzifh ppfAkdvjf zpfcJhbl;í jzpfygonf/

zcif\vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tcsdef&ovdk ulnDvkyu f kdifay;&onf/ zcifonf

a';ApfrS tem*g&du "r®ygvodkY

OD;aqmif aqG;aEG;Edkifavonf/ ume,fvw f dkYbufrSvnf; Ak'¨tajccH

"r®ygvonf rdrv d kyif ef;pOfpwif&ef rnfonfhtvkyu f kd a&S;½I

aom armifzkd;rQifukd &SmíawGUonf/ ,if;wdkYESifhtwl Ak'¨bmom0if

ydki;f r&dSawmhaomfvnf; vHk;0ef;cefYxnf MunfnKd bG,&f v Sd Sygonf/ atmuf

xdefxed fomaewJh va&mifatmufrSm? avñSi;f

Ak'¨bk&m;yGihfawmfrl&m tdEd´,EdkifiHwGif &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuif

uRefrwdkYtm;vHk; odzl;? Mum;zl;Muonfcsnf;jzpfay\/ odkYjzpfí au@n

wem; jyxm;onf/) þrd*'g0keaf 'orSm tmaomurif;BuD;u Ak'o ¨ moem

(1)vufr&dSonf/ twGif;atmufajc orHwvif;rSm tvsm;ay (20)

MunfnKd 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihf aMuuGJ0rf;enf;jcif;wdkYonf 'GefwGJ

pma&;ol\ udk,af wGUrsujf rif Ak'¨*g,m

oHk;NyD;aemuf vD'kdvrf;rBuD;ab;&dS (7)rdkifuGma0;aom rm*&dwm&GmrSm

bmrSe;f odatmif vrf;jyvkyo f lu ajymjyaomtcgwGifum; uRefrwdkY

wnfxm;cJhwJh rlv*E¨uk#d bk&m;ausmif;udk zl;Mu&tHk;rSmyg/}} q&mawmf

a&mufNyD; jynfolqif;&Jom;rsm; b,fokYv d kyu

udk;uG,f&myk*dK¾ vfrsm;onf apmifha&SmufrIudk ay;pGr;f Edkiv

xdka[majymyGJwGif t&Sif"r®ygv\ wifhw,faomt*Fg½kyf? ½dk;om;aom

arQmfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfjrif&NyD/ vlom;wpfa,mufvkyEf kditf m;xuf olY

]]1891 ckESpf? Mo*kwv f twGi;f rSwwf rf;rS}}

yk*¾dKvfrsm;xH pma&;onf/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHonf vmrnfh atmufwdkbm

omjzifh a&;om;xkwfa0onf/ "r®ygvESihf ume,fvw f dkYu OD;aqmifNyD;

1971 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvxkwf *sme,fwGif olYEdkifiHtvdkuf owf

tar&duefEkdifiH bmomaygif;pHk nDvmcHodkY

r[maAm"d*sme,fudk atmifjrifpGm xkwfa0NyD;aemuf xdkESpf

ppfawGNrdKUodkY 0ifa&mufMujyefonf/ a&S;twDawuyif Ak'¨bmomudk

wDBuD;onf rdrw d kYd tkycf sKyfraI tmufrS vufvw G o f Gm;avrvm; aMumifhMu

vSyg/ olYpmwGif ]]þjzpf&yftwGuf 0rf;enf;ygaMumif;? 'Pf&m&ol

&yfa0;ajrjcm; wdkif;wpfyg;odkY oGm;&rnfh c&D;tqifhqifhwGif

vQif xda&mufaom pum;vHk;rsm;udk oHk;í a[majymwwfol ynm&Sif

pdwfESvHk;wGif udef;0ufvQuf&Sdaom tppftrSef ,HkMunfcsufrsm;tm;

aumif;usKd ;rsm;aom (1893) ckESpf

"r®ygvxuf tESpf (20)BuD;onf/ "r®ygv\rdcif rvdumESifh touf

olY*wdtwdkif; toif;awmftusdK;jzpfaprnfh taMumif;&yfay:

wpdkufaqmifusOf;vmaom "r®ygvonf *,mNrdKU ausmif;0d[modkY acsm

"r®ygvxuf tESpf (20)BuD;onf/ "r®ygv\rdcif rvdumESifh touf

tdyfcsdefukd ½krxm;acs/ xdkwGif "r®ygvolawmfpifwGif tpmtdrfa&mg