Short briefing on the topic

EARTHQUAKES
 INTRODUCTION
Earthquake is one of the worst natural
hazards which often turns into disaster
causing by widespread destruction and loss
of human.

The effect of earthquake depends upon the

magnitude and intensity.

Earthquake is the result of for sudden release

of energy in the earth crust that creates
seismic waves.
Terms Related To Earthquake

Focus(Hypocenter):
Focus is the point on the fault where rupture
occurs and the location from which seismic waves
are released.

Epicenter:
Epicenter is the point on the earth’s surface that is
directly above the focus,the point where an
earthquake or underground explosion originates.

Seismic waves
The seismic activity of the area refers to the
frequency, type and size of the earthquakes
experience over a period of time.
Seismic waves
Scientists measure the strength of earthquakes using machines known as
seismographs.
Seismology is the scientific study of
earthquakes and the propagation of elastic Damage
waves through the Earth.

heavy light
heavy
Waves produced due to Earthquake
Seismic waves produced due to
earthquake are basically divided into two
major types: > Body waves
Periodic Random Periodic
> Surface waves
Body waves:
 Body waves travels through the interior(body) of earth as they leave the
focus.

The are further divided into:

• Primary (P) waves
• Secondary(S) waves
Surface Wave:

Surface waves travels parallel

to the earth’s surface and
these waves are slowest and
most damaging.

They are further divided into:

• Love waves
• Rayleigh waves
Richter earthquake magnitude scale
1–1.9 2–2.9 3–3.9 4–4.9 5–5.9 6–6.9 7–7.9 8–8.9 9+

Micr Ligh Maj

Minor Strong Great
o t or
 Richter Richter
Tremor Tremor
Magnitude Magnitude

6.1 Very Strong

< 3.5 Instrumental
6.5 Violent
3.5 Lightest
7.1 Disastrous
4.2 Light
7.9 Major disastrous
4.5 Moderate
8.1 Catastrophic
4.8 Noticeable

5.4 Strong > 8.1 Huge catastrophe

 Major earthquakes observed in Nepal in recent times
Earthquake frequently occur in Nepal. Every year more than 50 earthquakes
happens in Nepal as reported by Nepal seismological Department, but most of
them are of small magnitude.The major earthquake of Nepal includes:
2015 2018 2020 2022

April 25 (M=7.8)
April 26 (M=6.7)
April 25(M=6.6) December 24 March 20 November 9
April 25(M=6.1) (M=5.8) (M=5.8) (M=5.7)
April 25(M=5.7)
 Project report on Gorkha earthquake
Introduction:
On April 25, 2015, a massive earthquake, known
as the Gorkha earthquake, struck Nepal, causing
widespread devastation and loss of life. The
earthquake measured 7.8 on the Richter scale,
and its epicenter was in the Barpak village of the
Gorkha district, located approximately 80 km
northwest of Kathmandu.
It was followed by a strong
aftershock of magnitude 6.7 on the
same day. Moreover, on April 26, 2015,
another strong aftershock of
magnitude 6.9 struck central Nepal,
and the strongest aftershock (MW 7.3) of
the Gorkha seismic sequence was recorded on
May 12, 2015.The earthquake had a profound impact
on Nepal, killing over 9,000 people, injuring thousands
more, and leaving millions homeless.
Impact:The Gorkha earthquake caused extensive damage to buildings, infrastructure, and
cultural heritage sites. The earthquake's impact was felt throughout Nepal, with the worsthit
areas being the central and western regions. The earthquake also caused avalanches on
Mount Everest, resulting in the deaths of 19 people. The earthquake triggered landslides
and blocked roads, making it difficult for rescue and relief efforts to reach affected areas.
Many remote villages were completely cut off from the outside world, with no access to
food, water, or medical supplies.

Response:
The Nepalese government, along with various international organizations and foreign
governments, launched a massive relief effort to provide emergency aid to those affected by
the earthquake. Search and rescue teams were deployed to search for survivors trapped under
the rubble of collapsed buildings. Aid workers distributed food, water, and medical supplies to
those in need. Temporary shelters were set up to provide a safe
place for those who lost their homes
Reconstruction:
The reconstruction effort following have been slow and
challenging. The Nepalese government has faced numerous
challenges, including a lack of resources, political instability,
corruption.Many people are still living in temporary shelters,
and reconstruction of damaged buildings, roads, and
infrastructure has been delayed. The earthquake also
highlighted the need for better building codes and earthquake-
resistant construction practices in Nepal.

Conclusion:
The Gorkha earthquake was a tragic event that had a profound impact on Nepal. The
response to the earthquake demonstrated the resilience and strength of the Nepalese people,
as well as the generosity and compassion of the international community. However, much
work remains to be done to rebuild Nepal and ensure that the country is better prepared for
future disasters.
Refrence
seismonepal.gov.np
nset.org.np
worldvision.org
earth.stanford.edu
 PRESENTED BY:

AARJAN PATHAK
THANK U EVERYONE SABINA PARAJULI
FOR LISTENING ARYAN ADHIKARI

HAVE A NICE DAY