EARTHQUAKE

Damage To
Concrete Structure

Prepared by :
Assc. Prof Nasser El-Shafey

2016- 2017
 Introduction
 Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural
hazards which often turn into disaster causing
widespread destruction of cities, fires caused by
downed power lines and ruptured of mains gas
tubes, and losses of human life.
 Earthquake vary upon it’s magnitude and intensity.
 Earthquake is movement of the rocks in Earth’s
crest as result of a sudden release of energy in the
Earth's crust.
 After main shock, an aftershock is in same region
but always of a smaller magnitude.
The boundaries between moving tectonic plates, relative
motion between plates leads to increasing stress until
stress rises and breaks, suddenly allowing
• sliding over fault
• Releasing stored energy which creates seismic waves
causing the main shock.
 When earthquake waves moves offshore in the Ocean it
can cause Tsunami which can cross an ocean and cause
extensive damage to coastal regions.
 Earthquakes magnitude and intensity, is measured on a
numerical scale. Scale, 4 or less is not noticeable, For
every unit increase in magnitude, there is roughly a great
increase in energy released and magnitude 7 (or more)
causes damage over a wide area.
 Causes of Earthquakes
Tectonic Earthquakes
 Caused by the sudden dislocation of large rock masses
along geological faults within the earth's crust.
 The Earth is formed of several layers that have very
different physical and chemical properties. The outer
layer, which averages about 50 miles thick in thickness,
consists of about a dozen large, irregularly shaped
plates that slide over, under and past each other on top
of inner layer .
 Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries where the
plates meet ..
 ‫نظرية نشأة الزالزل‬
‫كان ت األرض منتتن نتتتؤجسا ا تمنا تتائ ننا ك تتا ر الكواك ت ‪ ،‬وحٌنمتتا دتترّ كتتوّ الغ ت ا المتتا ً واتتن ل ت‬
‫جكون الطدقت اللتةد الئاراٌت المفروبت دا ت القتترة‪ ،‬لكت دتاط‬ ‫الغ ا السوا ً‪ ،‬ومع زٌاّة الدروّة َّ‬
‫األرض ظل ائ ننا حجى اآل ‪ ،‬وٌحجوى عةى لسارة مفّ ٌفمل عةى جآكل اللئوراللتةد بتً القتترة‬
‫اللةد وجحمٌةسا أو تحنسا دإاساّا وطاقا عظٌمت لةغاٌت جتزّاّ دمرورالوقت ‪ ،‬والقتترة نف تسا مكوّ نت‬
‫م ماموع م األلواح اللئرٌ الفم ق ا نّّا‪ ،‬وٌحمل كل لوح منسا قارة م القارا أو أكثر‪ ،‬وجحّث‬
‫عمةٌ الجحمٌتل أو التتح دتتكل أ ا تً بتً منتاطا الجقتاأل وتن األلتواح دفضتسا متع دفتض‪ ،‬والجتً ٌطةتا‬
‫عةٌسا الفةماأل اللّوع أو الفوالا الجً جح ّّّ نساٌا ودّاٌا األلواح الحامة لةقارا ‪ ،‬وحٌنما ٌزٌّ التح‬
‫أو الضغط عةى قّرة ون اللئورعةى االحجمال ال ٌكو دو تفسا توى الطت ا تراح وتن الطاقت باتؤة‬
‫بً لورة مواا حرك قوٌت جنجتتربً امٌتع االجااوتا ‪ ،‬وجئجترا لئورالقتترة األرضتٌ ‪ ،‬وجافةستا‬
‫جسجزوجرجاا عةى النحو المفروا‪ ،‬بً ضوأل نلك نتتؤ عةتى األرض ماموعت مت المنتاطا الضتفٌف‬
‫بً القترة األرضٌ جفجدرمراكزالنتاط الزلزالً أو مئارج جنفس م ئ لستا األرض عمتا ٌفجمتل ّائةستا‬
‫م طاق قةق جحجاج ل نط ا‪ ،‬وٌطةا عةٌسا "أحزم الزالزل"‪.‬‬
‫‪The earth crust is cracked into seven large and many other smaller‬‬
‫‪plates, averaging about 50 miles thick. They move (only 2- inches per‬‬
‫‪year), and depending on direction of that movement, forming deep‬‬
‫‪ocean trenches, mountains, volcanoes, and generating earthquakes.‬‬
 A fault is a fracture within some particular rocky mass within
the earth's crust.
 The depth and length of faults vary greatly in length from few
meters to many kilometers .
 Earthquakes caused by active faults that is, faults along which
two sides of fracture move with respect to each other.

a) Normal faults These occur in response to pulling or tension:

the overlying block moves down the dip of the fault plane.
b) Thrust (reverse) faults
These occur in response to squeezing or compression ,the
overlying block moves up the dip of the fault plane.
c) Strike‐slip (lateral) faults
These occur in response to either type of stress: the blocks move
horizontally past one another .
 Earthquake Focus

 The point on the fault where rupture initiates is referred to

as the focus or hypocenter of an earthquake.
 The hypocenter of an earthquake is described by its depth
in kilometers, location in latitude, its date and of occurrence
and its time and magnitude.
 The epicenter is the point on the earth’s surface directly
above the hypocenter
 Earthquake damages in the
epicenter area

Earthquake damages 200 kilometers

from the epicenter: Left part of the
house completely destroyed, first floor
Earthquake damages 100 km from
of the right part heavily damaged
the epicenter
 Surface Waves
Surface waves travels parallel to the earth’s surface and
these waves are slowest and most damaging. Surface
wave are divided into following types:
Love waves
Rayleigh waves
 Earthquakes classified as:
Deep focus earthquakes: Focal depth > 300 Km
Intermediate focus earthquakes: 300 Km >Focal depth > 70 Km
Shallow focus earthquakes : Focal depth < 70 Km

Earthquake effects on buildings depend on:

 Mass of structure
 Stiffness of structure
 Ductility of structures
 Foundation type
 Soil conditions
 Earthquake zone
 Effect Of Earthquake
 Loss of life and property.
 Damage to transport system i.e. roads, railways, highways,
airports, marine.
 Damage to infrastructure.
 Chances of Floods – Develop cracks in Dams.
 Communications such as telephone wires are damaged.
 Water pipes, sewers are disrupted.
 Economic activities like agriculture, industry, transport are
severely affected.
 Earthquake Prediction
 Earthquake prediction usually defined as specification of
the time, location , and magnitude of a future earthquake
within stated limits.
But some evidence of upcoming Earthquake are following:
 Unusual animal behavior.
 Water level in wells.
 Large scale of fluctuation of oil flow from oil wells.
 Foreshocks or minor shocks before major earthquake.
 Temperature change.
 Uplifting of earth surface.
 Change in seismic wave velocity.
 Structural Damage
Structural damage does not usually occur until the magnitude
approaches 5.0. Most structural damage during earthquakes is
caused by the failure of the surrounding soil or from strong
shaking

levels of damage
 ‫مقاييس الزالزل‬
‫القوة (مقياس ريختر)‬ ‫الوصف‬ ‫الشدة‬
‫سا أاسزة‬ ‫ضم حّوّ أاسزة القٌاس‪ ،‬ججح‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ال ٌ موغراا‬
‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫ٌتفر دسا أناس قةٌةو‬ ‫‪ ) -2‬ضعيفة(‬
‫‪4.2‬‬ ‫ال ٌكاّ ٌحس دسا‬ ‫‪ ) -3‬قليلة (‬
‫‪4.3‬‬ ‫ٌحس دسا المتاة‬ ‫‪) -4‬معتدلة(‬
‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫ٌ جٌقظ دفض الناس‬ ‫‪ )-5‬قوية بعض الشيء(‬
‫‪4.8 - 5.4‬‬ ‫ججرنح األتاار وج قط األتٌاأل‬ ‫‪ )-6‬قوية (‬
‫‪5.5 - 6.1‬‬ ‫الننار عا ‪ -‬ججتقا الاّرا‬ ‫‪ )-7‬قوية جدا(‬
‫‪6.2 - 6.8‬‬ ‫ججؤثر ال ٌارا المجحرك‬ ‫‪ ) -8‬هدامة (‬
‫‪6.9‬‬ ‫ج قط دفض الدٌو وججتقا األرض‬ ‫‪ )-9‬مخربة (‬
‫‪7 - 7.3‬‬ ‫ججفجح األرض وجحّث انسٌارا‬ ‫‪ )-10‬كارثية(‬
‫‪7.4 - 8.1‬‬ ‫جدقى دفض الدناٌا‬ ‫‪)-11‬كارثية للغاية(‬
‫‪8.1 - 8.9‬أقلى ّرا‬ ‫ّمار جا‬ ‫‪)-12‬مفجعة(‬
Magnitude of an earthquake (M)
Richter scale M= log (A / Ao)
Where:
A is the recorded amplitude measured by a
standard torsional seismometer for a given
earthquake at a given epicentral distance.
Ao is the standard amplitude for reference
earthquake at the same distance.
The relationship between energy released E
and Richter scale M is:

For example M 8 earthquake releases 1000 times the energy of M 6

earthquake
 ‫تاريخ بعض أهم الزالزل ( فى السنوات االخيرة)‬
‫زلزال تمال ترا الٌادا ‪ 11\3\2011‬قوج ‪ّ 8.9‬راا عةى مقٌاس رٌئجر‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫زلزال كانجردري (نٌوزلنّا) ‪ 4/10/2010‬قوج ‪ّ 7.4‬راا عةى مقٌاس رٌئجر‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫زلزال جتٌةً ‪ 2010‬قوج ‪ّ 8.8‬راا عةى مقٌاس رٌئجر‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫زلزال واٌجً ‪ 2010‬قوج ‪ّ 7‬راا عةى مقٌاس رٌئجر قجل حوالً ‪ 230‬الا تئص وترّ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫أكثر م مةٌو تئص‪.‬‬
‫زلزال المحٌط السنّي ‪ ٌّ 26‬مدر ‪ 2004‬الني أعقد أتسر موا ج ونامً حٌث ضرد‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫واحل الفٌّّ م الّول حٌث ا الزلزال ٌفجدردؤن أحّ أ وأ الكوارث الطدٌفٌ عةى اإلط ا‬
‫‪230000 .‬قجل زلزال كتمٌر ‪ 2006‬قجل بٌ حوالً ‪ 79‬ألا تئص‪.‬‬
‫زلزال الح ٌم المغر بدراٌر ‪ ،2004‬دةغ قوج ‪ 6,5‬دمقٌاس رٌئجر وأ فر ع وباة حوالً‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 600‬قجٌل ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬زلزال الازا ر ‪ّ 05/2003‬مر الوالٌ دؤكمةسا ‪(-‬والٌ األلنا ) ‪ّ 1980‬مر الوالٌ داأكمةسا‪.‬‬
 ‫زلزال اللٌ وكا اتّ زلزال حٌ ّمر مٌّن دؤكمةسا ‪.5/3/2008‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ماٌو‪ :1998‬زلزال بً أبغان جا ٌقجل أردف آالا تئص ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ماٌو‪ : 1995‬زلزال دقوة دع ّراا ونلا الّرا ٌضر ازٌرة ائالٌ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫الرو ٌ وٌقجل ألفا ن وج فما وج ف وثمانٌ تئلا ن‪.‬‬
‫أكجودر‪ :1992‬زلزال دقوة ئمس ّراا وثمانً اعتار الّرا ٌضر ملر‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وٌإّي اللى مقجل نحو ث ثما و دفٌ والاد أكثر م ث ث آالا تئص كا‬
‫مركز الزلزال انو غر القاورة دالقر م الفٌو والاٌزة الجً ض ُِرد دفنا‪.‬‬
‫دجمدر‪ :1985‬زلزال عنٌا ٌسز الفالم المك ٌكٌ ٌّمر المدانً وٌقجل عترة‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫آالا تئص‬
‫بً ‪ :1976‬جحول مٌّن جانغتا اللٌنٌ اللى انقاض دففل زلزال أجى عةى أرواح‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ئم ما ألا تئص‬
‫بً ‪ :1960‬أقوى زلزال عةى النطاا الفالمً ال بً جتٌةً‪ ،‬ودةغ قوج ‪9.5‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫عةى مقٌاس رٌئجر‪ ،‬وقّ أزال ع وا األرض قرى دكامةسا وقجل اآلالا م الدتر‪.‬‬
 How Building Affected by Earthquakes

•As building, experiences acceleration, inertia force is generated.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion,
F inertia= Mass (M) x Acceleration(a).
•As ground under a building shakes sideways, horizontal accelerations transfer
up through the superstructure and generate inertia forces throughout it.
The greater the mass (weight of building),the greater
the internal inertia forces generated, increasing the
possibility of columns being displaced, and/or buckling
under vertical load.
 Lightweight construction with less mass is typically an
advantage in seismic design.

All buildings, have a natural or fundamental period at

which they vibrate by a shock.
The natural period is a primary consideration for seismic
design, If the period of the shock wave and the natural
period of the building coincide, then the building will
"resonate" and its vibration will increase or "amplify"
several times
•Inertia forces act on every item and every component.
Just as gravity force except that it acts horizontally.
Gravity forces acting can be assumed to act at its center
of mass (COM), so can inertia force on any item be
considered to act at the same point.
Difference Between Wind Force And Earthquake Force
■Wind force is external to a building, while earthquake
force is an internal force.
■Its magnitude and center of loading is determined by the
surface area upon which it acts.
■Like inertia forces, wind loading is dynamic, but whereas peak
earthquake forces act for just fractions of a second, the duration
of a strong wind gust in the order of several seconds.
■Inertia forces are cyclic – they act to-and-fro.
 Tall buildings will under go
several modes of vibration, but
for seismic purposes (except for
very tall buildings) the
fundamental period or first
mode is usually the most
significant.
 Stiffness deformation
A key structural principle is that
structural elements resist force in
proportion to their stiffness.
➢Where more than one member
resists forces the stiffer member the
more force it resists.
➢Stiffness is proportional to the
moment of inertia of a member (I).

Stiffness is the quantity that relates forces to structural

deformations. OR it can defined as the force needed to make
deformation equal ONE unit. It is equal to the slope of the load-
deflection relationship
In reinforced concrete, due to cracking of concrete and yielding
of steel , the stiffness of R.C member is not constant

I = b.d 3 /12
(b) is the member width or breadth,
and (d) its depth measured parallel
to the direction of the force being
resisted. Since both walls have the
same width (b), their respective
stiffness is proportional to 13 and
23; that is, 1 and 8. The slender
wall, therefore, resists 1/9th or 11
per cent of the force and the longer
wall 8/9th or 89 percent.
 Ductility:
Ductility is the characteristic of a material to bend, flex, or
move, but fails only after considerable deformation has
occurred. Non-ductile materials (such as reinforced
concrete) fail abruptly by crumbling. Good ductility can be
achieved with carefully detailed joints.
 Effective lateral confinement of concrete increases the
ductility of columns. The confinement takes the form of
stirrups or spiral reinforcement.
 The use of compression reinforcement increases
the ductility of flexural members.

HOW TO INCREASE DUCTILTY?

Ductility of a section can be increased by :
 Increase the % of the tension steel.
 Increase the % of compression steel.
 Increase in compressive strength of concrete.
 Increase in transverse shear reinforcement.
1. Design the structure for a small earthquake force but
provide it with tools to have enough ductility
(economic design).
2.Design the structure for a large earthquake force without
the need to be ductile (uneconomic design).

■For R/C members subjected to pure bending or combined

bending and low levels of axial load, ductility is ensured
through having the section under-reinforcement (As<A smax)
■For R/C members subjected to high level of axial load,
ductility is ensured through having the section well confined
by using closed stirrups
 STRENGTH
A quantity that indicates the
maximum resistance member
can provide against loads.
Shear walls which are strong
only in the direction of their
lengths, horizontal strength
should be provided in both the
x and y directions.
 Earthquake zoning
The earthquake zoning map divides Egypt into 5 Seismic
Zones Based on the observations of the affected area due
to Earthquake

Zone - II: This is said to be the least active seismic zone.

Zone - III: It is included in the moderate seismic zone.
Zone - IV: This is considered to be the high seismic zone.
Zone - V: It is the highest seismic zone.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
■ Failure of Slopes ■ Land Slide
Fault displacement at site of structure
■ Building Collapse
■ Building Collapse ■ Bridge Collapse
 EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
■ Specific Failures

Collapse of a high-rise building because Collapse of the first storey and damage
of failure of the columns at the first storey due to pounding between adjacent
during the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, buildings during the Kocaeli earthquake,
September 20, 1999, Magnitude 7.6 Turkey, August 17, 1999,Magnitude 7.4
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

May 1 2 China Earthquake

Date May 12, 2008, 14:28
Magnitude: 8.0 Richter Scale Earthquake
Location : Sichuan,
Some counties completely wiped off the map
More than 11M people Displaced