UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

KOLEJ KEJURUTERAAN
PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Report Assessment

Assignment Title : A district cooling of air conditioning system

Group’s Name : Group 5
Leader’s Name : Muhammad Faris bin Azmir
Member’s Name : 1) Muhammad Haziq bin Mohamad Naser
2) Muhammad Nor Ammar bin Musib
3) Muhammad Nurudin Iman bin Ghani

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

Part Question Course Maximum Marks Given Marks

Outcome
1 CO1 5%
2 CO3 15%
A
3 CO1 10%
4 CO2 10%
1 CO3 20%
B
2 CO2 5%
1 CO1 5%
C 2 CO2 10%
3 CO3 5%
1 CO3 10%
D
2 CO1 5%
TOTAL 100%

COURSE OUTCOME ACIEVEMENT SUMMARY

COURSE OUTCOME MAXIMUM MARKS GIVEN MARKS

CO1 25%
CO2 25%
CO3 50%
TOTAL 100%

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 Table of contents

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………....1

Objectives…………..………………………………………………………………………….2

Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………………….2

A. Thermal Load Analysis…………………………………………………………………...3

B. Air Handling Unit (AHU)……………………………………………………………….15

C. Chiller System……………………………………………………………………………20

D. Wet Cooling Tower………………………………………………………………………30

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………34

Reference…………………………………………………………………………………..…35

Appendix………………………………………………………………………………..……36

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Introduction

An air conditioning (AC) system is a system that cools and dehumidifies the air in a
building or vehicle. The air is normally cooled using a refrigeration cycle and moved around
the room using a fan. Some systems also have a heating feature to offer warmth during the
winter.

A compressor, a condenser, an evaporator, and an expansion valve are the essential

parts of an air conditioning system. In the compressor, the refrigerant—typically Freon—is
compressed, raising its temperature. The heated, high-pressure refrigerant then passes into the
condenser, where it condenses to a liquid and releases its heat to the ambient air. After passing
through the expansion valve, the liquid refrigerant quickly expands and turns into a low-
pressure, low-temperature vapour.

The refrigerant absorbs heat from the inside air in the evaporator. The refrigerant
evaporates as a result, cooling the air. A fan then blows the cooled air throughout the structure
or vehicle. A heating feature may also be included in some systems, which employs a furnace
or heat pump to give warmth throughout the winter.

There are many different kinds of air conditioning systems available, such as ductless
mini-split systems, window air conditioners, portable air conditioners, and central air
conditioning. Each type has benefits and drawbacks of its own, and the ideal option will depend
on the requirements and limitations of the space that needs to be cooled.

1
Objective
The objective of this assignment is for students to conduct probabilistic design calculations
of an air conditioning system covering the relevant topics in thermal engineering.

Problem Statement
The air-conditioning system of a building, shown in Figure 1, is designed based on the district
cooling approach. A central chiller system using a single compressor generates chilled water
to be circulated throughout the building. The chilled water is supplied to Air Handling Units
(AHU) that is located at every level of the building. A heat exchanger in each AHU
facilitates the cooling of air that is discharged back to individual rooms or spaces. Due to
the large thermal load from the building, the chiller operation is assisted by a cooling tower
that uses water to remove the heat rapidly from the chiller condenser.

2
A. Thermal Load Analysis

Figure 1: The schematic of the district cooling air-conditioning

system

M Theater Mahsa

M Theater Mahsa is a lecture hall event space that MAHSA University uses for their events
and talks. However, it is also open to public rental. M Theater Mahsa is suitable for a variety
of events. I can be used for seminar, talks, meetings, AGM or even conferences. M Theater
Mahsa has a seating capacity of up to 200 pax.

3
 Figure 2: MAHSA M Theater Room

Consider an academic building with three lecture halls. The maximum capacity of each hall is
200 occupants. In each hall, there are 40 units of 10W lamps being used continuously due to
poor natural lighting. There is also an LCD projector in each hall that is normally used for
lecture. Each hall has 10 glass windows with an area of 0.5 m2 per window. The reflectivity of
the tinted windows are 20% and the absorptivity is negligible. The solar irradiation on the
building walls are assumed constant at 700 W/m2 in the morning and 1200 W/m2 at noon. Other
external thermal loads are assumed negligible.

4
1. Provide an in-depth explanation of internal and external thermal loads for buildings
(CO1).

The term "internal thermal loads" describes the heat produced inside a
building by things like humans, lighting, appliances, and machinery. The term
"external thermal loads" describes the heat that a building gains or loses as a result of
variables including solar radiation, wind, and temperature differential between the
interior and outside of the building through its envelope (walls, roof, windows, etc.).

Depending on how the building is used and how many people are living there,
internal thermal loads can be substantial and vary substantially. For instance, a
residential building with fewer residents will have a lower internal thermal load than
an office building with more people working in it. Internal thermal loads are also
influenced by lighting and equipment, which can be used more sparingly by choosing
energy-efficient lighting and equipment, as well as by turning them off when not in
use.

On the other hand, external thermal loads are influenced by the local
temperature and weather as well as the building's location, orientation, and design. In
comparison to a building located in a cooler, cloudier climate, a building located in a
hot, sunny climate will face higher external thermal loads from solar radiation. External
thermal loads from wind will be higher for buildings in windy areas. A structure's
external thermal loads can be decreased by using building envelope design elements
including insulation, shading, and glazing.

5
 2. Compute and graphically compare the combined thermal load variations for these cases
(CO3):

CASE I: 50% and 100% attendance for morning classes with 100% lighting used
CASE II: 50% and 100% attendance for noon classes with 100% lighting used
CASE III: 100% attendance at noon with 50% and 0% lighting used.

Analyze and discuss the contribution (in %) of each heat sources, with respect to the
period the classes are being held. In the studied cases, what is the major contributor for
the thermal loads?

q = 700 W/m2 in the morning, 1200 W/m2 at noon

6
 West

South North

East

Figure 3: Floor planning of the theater room

Total Volume = 3 lecture halls x 3 m height x 18 m length x 15 m width

Total Volume = 2430 m3
Total Volume = 3 lecture halls x 9.84252 ft. height x 59.0551 ft. length x 49.2126 ft. width
Total Volume = 85814.62 ft3

Area of Wall of South and North

49.2126 ft. width x 9.84252 ft. height = 484.38 ft2
Area of Wall of East and West
59.0551 ft. length x 9.84252 ft. height = 581.25 ft2
Area of Floor and Roof
59.0551 ft. length x 49.2126 ft. width = 2906.255 ft2
Area of Glass
0.5 m2 =5.38196 ft2

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For Case 1: 50% and 100% attendance for morning classes with 100% lighting used
Contribution factor Heat Gain(BTU/hr) Heat Gain(kW)
Internal Heat
Occupants (100%) 200 person x 3 halls x 160➀ = 96000 28
Occupants (50%) 100 person x 3 halls x 160➀ = 48000 14.08
Light Bulbs* (100%) 10w x 3 halls x (1.25➁ x 3.4➂) = 127.5 0.04
Projector 200w x 3 halls (1 x 3.4) = 2040 0.59
Transmission Heat Gain
Wall N 484.38 ft2 x 3 halls x ( 0.4➃ x (17➄- 5)) = 6575.072 1.93
Wall S 484.38 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.4 x (17- 5)) = 6975.072 1.93
Wall E 581.25 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.4 x (17- 5)) = 8370 2.45
Wall W 581.25 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.4 x (17- 5)) = 8370 2.45
Roof 2906.255 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.28 x (17- 2)) = 36618.813 10.73
Floor 2906.255 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.25 x (17- 2)) = 32695.369 9.58

Heat Transfer Convection, Q̇ (kW) Q̇ reflect(kW)** x 0.2 tinted

Glass(Morning) (700 W/m2 x 0.5)⑥ x 10 pieces x 3 halls = 10.5 0.17

Total Heat Gain = 71.95 kW

3412 BTU/h = 1 kW

Legends:

➀ = Refer from Appendix Table 10

➁ = Type factor
➂ = Conversion Unit

➃ = Refer from Appendix Table 9

➄ = Dry bulb Temperature, Outside 92o F– room 75oF = 17oF
⑥ = Total Heat Flow, Q̇ = qA
* = Fluorescent light, Heat Gain = Total light watts x 1.25 x 3.4
** = Q̇ reflect = (1-α) Q̇, -for α is 0.92 for glass smooth

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For Case 2: 50% and 100% attendance for noon classes with 100% lighting used
Contribution factor Heat Gain(BTU/hr) Heat Gain(kW)
Internal Heat
Occupants (100%) 200 person x 3 halls x 160➀ = 96000 28
Occupants (50%) 100 person x 3 halls x 160➀ = 48000 14.08
Light Bulbs*(100%) 10w x 3 halls x (1.25➁ x 3.4➂) = 127.5 0.04
Projector 200w x 3 halls (1 x 3.4) = 2040 0.59
Transmission Heat Gain
Wall N 484.38 ft2 x 3 halls x ( 0.4➃ x (17➄- 5)) = 6575.072 1.93
Wall S 484.38 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.4 x (17- 5)) = 6975.072 1.93
Wall E 581.25 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.4 x (17- 5)) = 8370 2.45
Wall W 581.25 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.4 x (17- 5)) = 8370 2.45
Roof 2906.255 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.28 x (17- 2)) = 36618.813 10.73
Floor 2906.255 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.25 x (17- 2)) = 32695.369 9.58

Heat Transfer Convection, Q̇ (kW) Q̇ reflect(kW)** x 0.2 tinted

Glass (Noon) (1200 W/m2 x 0.5)⑥ x 10 pieces x 3 halls = 18 0.29

Total Heat Gain = 72.66 kW

3412 BTU/h = 1 kW

Legends:

➀ = Refer from Appendix Table 10

➁ = Type factor
➂ = Conversion Unit

➃ = Refer from Appendix Table 9

➄ = Dry bulb Temperature, Outside 92o F– room 75oF = 17oF
⑥ = Total Heat Flow, Q̇ = qA
* = Fluorescent light, Heat Gain = Total light watts x 1.25 x 3.4
** = Q̇ reflect = (1-α) Q̇, -for α is 0.92 for glass smooth

9
For Case 3: 100% attendance at noon with 50% and 0% lighting used.
Contribution factor Heat Gain(BTU/hr) Heat Gain(kW)
Internal Heat
Occupants (100%) 200 person x 3 halls x 160➀ = 96000 28
Light Bulbs*(50%) 10w x 3 halls x 0.5 (1.25➁ x 3.4➂) = 63.75 0.02
Projector 200w x 3 halls (1 x 3.4) = 2040 0.59
Transmission Heat Gain
Wall N 484.38 ft2 x 3 halls x ( 0.4➃ x (17➄- 5)) = 6575.072 1.93
Wall S 484.38 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.4 x (17- 5)) = 6975.072 1.93
Wall E 581.25 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.4 x (17- 5)) = 8370 2.45
Wall W 581.25 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.4 x (17- 5)) = 8370 2.45
Roof 2906.255 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.28 x (17- 2)) = 36618.813 10.73
Floor 2906.255 ft2 x 3 halls x (0.25 x (17- 2)) = 32695.369 9.58

Heat Transfer Convection, Q̇ (kW) Q̇ reflect(kW)** x 0.2 tinted

Glass (Noon) (1200 W/m2 x 0.5)⑥ x 10 pieces x 3 halls = 18 0.29

Total Heat Gain = 57.97 kW

3412 BTU/h = 1 kW

Legends:

➀ = Refer from Appendix Table 10

➁ = Type factor
➂ = Conversion Unit
➃ = Refer from Appendix Table 9
➄ = Dry bulb Temperature, Outside 92o F– room 75oF = 17oF

⑥ = Total Heat Flow, Q̇ = qA

* = Fluorescent light, Heat Gain = Total light watts x 1.25 x 3.4
** = Q̇ reflect = (1-α) Q̇, -for α is 0.92 for glass smooth

10
 HEAT GAIN(%) FOR CASE 1
Occupants (100%) Occupants (50%) Light Bulbs (100%) Projector
Wall N Wall S Wall E Wall W
Roof Floor Glass(Morning)

0.23

13.31

38.91
14.91

3.41
3.41
2.68
2.68 19.57
0.82
0.05

Figure 4: Pie chart for Case 1

HEAT GAIN(%) FOR CASE 2

Occupants (100%) Occupants (50%) Light Bulbs (100%) Projector
Wall N Wall S Wall E Wall W
Roof Floor Glass(Noon)

0.29

13.18

38.54
14.76

3.37
3.37
2.66
2.66 19.38
0.81
0.06

Figure 5: Pie chart for Case 2

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 HEAT GAIN(%) FOR CASE 3
Occupants (100%) Light Bulbs (50%) Projector Wall N Wall S
Wall E Wall W Roof Floor Glass(Noon)

0.5

16.53

48.31
18.52

4.23
4.23 3.33 3.33 0.03
1.02

Figure 6: Pie chart for Case 3

Discussion
From the chart above of the three cases there, we can see of how much the percentage
that are taken from the heat load that is distributed into the building. From the case 1, it is
shown that the occupants of full attendance gives a lot of thermal load compared to the other
factors in the surrounding which is 38.91 percent. The second largest thermal load is the half
of the attendance which is 19.57% while the third one is 14.91% of the roof factor. The fourth
factor that contributes is the floor which is 13.31%. As for the four walls, the percentage is
only from 2.68% to 3.41% of distribution while the projector gives about 0.82% of distribution.
The glass gives out 0.23% in the morning while the light bulb (100%) gives out only 0.05%
only

Next, the case 2 shows that 38.54% of thermal load that came from the occupants of
100% attendance. The occupants with half of the number shows that 19.38% of the thermal
load contributed while the third one is roof which is 14.76 %. The floor gives only 13.18% of
the value while the four walls only give 2.66% to 3.37%. For the projector, it is only shown
that 0.81% from the chart while the lights of the bulb (100%) is 0.06%. The glass in the noon
gives a little percentage which is 0.29% than in the morning.

12
 Furthermore, the case 3 is different than the other two. The third case shows that 48.31
percent of thermal load by the occupants of full attendance. The second largest heat load
distributed is the roof which is 18.52% and the third one is 16.53% by the floor. The four walls
only give a little contribution to the factor which is around 3.33% to 4.23% while the projector
1.02% of heat load. The glass in the morning only gives about 0.5% of heat load and the heat
load from 50% of the bulb only gives 0.03 percent of heat load

From the cases above, the thermal load may be significantly influenced by occupancy.
The quantity of heat produced by people and their activities inside a structure or other enclosed
space is referred to as the thermal load occupancy. People create heat in a building while they
are present by talking, moving about, and working. The heat generated by the body's
metabolism is referred to as metabolic heat. A person's metabolic heat production is influenced
by their body mass and level of exercise, among other things.

Figure 7: Components of thermal loads system

The quantity of heat produced inside a building might vary depending on the number
of people there and the kind of activity going on. This may be particularly true in places where
people spend a lot of time, such workplaces, classrooms, and other common gathering places.
Therefore, the main contributors from these three cases are mainly affected by the occupants.

The thermal load of the building will increase as a result of all this heat produced by
people and their activities. When planning and operating a building's heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning (HVAC) system, it's critical to keep this in mind. The thermal load can be
managed and a comfortable indoor climate can be maintained with proper ventilation and
insulation. Choosing energy-efficient furniture and appliances can also aid in lowering the
thermal load produced by occupancies.

13
3. List THREE practical engineering measures that can be applied to reduce the thermal
load of the lecture halls? (C01)

1) Installing any type of lighting and appliances that have more energy efficient.
2) Upgrade or improving the insulation and sealing air leaks inside the hall.
3) Modify the window using the window coverings or reflective coatings.

4. For the highest case of thermal load in Section A, plot the air temperature profile exiting
the lecture halls if the initial room air temperature is 24oC and the total air flow rates
from all the halls varies at 5,000 to 20,000 liters per minute. (CO2).

14
B. Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Chilled water produced from the chiller system is supplied to the AHU at 6 oC to absorb the
thermal load from the lecture halls. From Figure 11-26 in the textbook (MEC551 Thermal
Engineering), select TWO possible heat exchangers to be used in the AHU.

1. If the chilled water supply (CWS) is fixed at 100 liters per minute, compare the
profile on the variations of the chilled water return (CWR) and exit air temperatures
of both heat exchangers when the air flow rate is constant at 1000 liters per minute
and the inlet air temperature to the heat exchanger varies between 20oC to 30oC.
The maximum limit of the NTU for all selected heat exchangers is 3. Discuss the
effect of heat exchanger types to the exit air temperature that is to be returned to the
lecture halls.(C03)

There are numerous types of heat exchanger that suitable for AHU, but two possible
options are shell and tube heat exchanger or plate and frame heat exchanger. Shell and tube
heat exchangers are the most extensively used and are among the most effective means of heat
exchange. A shell and tube heat exchanger are a device where two working fluids exchange
heat by thermal contact using tubes housed within a spherical shell. The fluid temperature
inside the shell and tube are different and this temperature difference is the driving force for
temperature exchange. Shell and tube heat exchangers are compact in design, thus simple in
construction and conservation and give excellent heat exchange. While plate and frame heat
exchangers are made of corrugated plates on a frame. This design creates high turbulence and
high wall shear stress, both of which lead to a high heat transfer measure and a high fouling
resistance. Fluids travel within the heat exchanger. The two aqueducts inflow counter presently.
The hot fluid flows down one plate while the cold fluid flows up the other plate.

15
Information
ɛ = 0.8 (Shell and tube heat exchanger)
ɛ = 0.95 (Plate and frame heat exchanger)
ṁc (water) = 100 ℓ/min
ṁh (air) = 1000 ℓ/min
Tc,in = 60C
Th,in = 250C
Cpc = 4.18kJ/kgK
Cph = 1.005kJ/kgK
1kg = 1ℓ

ṁc (water)
100ℓ 1𝑘𝑔 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
× × = 1.667𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1ℓ 60𝑠

ṁ (air)
1000ℓ 1𝑘𝑔 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
× × = 16.667𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1ℓ 60𝑠

Find Cmax and Cmin and c

𝐶𝑐 = ṁ𝑐 × C𝑝𝑐 = 1.667 × 4.18𝑘 = 6.968𝑘𝐽/𝐾 - (Cmin)

𝐶ℎ = ṁℎ × C𝑝ℎ = 16.667 × 1.005𝑘 = 16.75𝑘𝐽/𝐾 – (Cmax)

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 6.968𝑘
c= = = 0.416
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 16.75𝑘

The maximum heat rate transfer

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = C𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) = 6.968𝑘(25 − 6) = 132.392𝑘𝑊

Actual heat transfer shell and tube heat exchanger

Q̇ = ɛ × Q 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.8 × 132.392𝑘 = 105.914𝑘𝑊

16
The outlet temperature of water and air for shell and tube heat exchanger

Q̇ = C𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) = Cℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

Tc,out (water)

Q̇ = C𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 )

Q̇ 105.914𝑘
𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 + =6 + = 21.2°𝐶
C𝑐 6.968k

Th,out (air)

Q̇ = Cℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

Q̇ 105.914𝑘
𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − = 25 − = 18.68°𝐶
Cℎ 16.75k

Actual heat transfer plate and frame heat exchanger

Q̇ = ɛ × Q 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.95 × 132.392𝑘 = 125.772𝑘𝑊

The outlet temperature of water and air for plate and frame heat exchanger

Q̇ = C𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) = Cℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

Tc,out (water)

Q̇ = C𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 )

Q̇ 125.772𝑘
𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 + =6 + = 24.05°𝐶
C𝑐 6.968k

Th,out (air)

Q̇ = Cℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

Q̇ 125.772𝑘
𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − = 25 − = 17.49°𝐶
Cℎ 16.75k

17
 The effect of heat exchanger type on the exit air temperature that is to be returned to the
lecture hall will depend on the efficiency of the heat exchanger. When the effectiveness is
smaller the heat exchanger at exit air temperature increase and water temperature decrease. The
NTU for the selected heat exchanger will also affect the efficiency of the heat exchanger. Thus,
with a higher NTU leading to a more efficient heat exchanger.

2. For the better heat exchanger in the case above, if the CWS temperature increases
by 1oC, what is the temperature change to the exit air temperature? (C02)

When Tc,in = 70C,

The maximum heat rate transfer

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = C𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) = 6.968𝑘(25 − 7) = 125.424𝑘𝑊

Actual heat transfer shell and tube heat exchanger

Q̇ = ɛ × Q 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.8 × 125.424𝑘 = 100.339𝑘𝑊

The outlet temperature of water and air for shell and tube heat exchanger

Q̇ = C𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) = Cℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

Tc,out (water)

Q̇ = C𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 )

Q̇ 100.339𝑘
𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 + =7 + = 21.4°𝐶
C𝑐 6.968k

Th,out (air)

Q̇ = Cℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

Q̇ 100.339𝑘
𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 + = 25 − = 19.01°𝐶
Cℎ 16.75k

18
Actual heat transfer plate and frame heat exchanger

Q̇ = ɛ × Q 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.95 × 125.424𝑘 = 119.153𝑘𝑊

The outlet temperature of water and air for plate and frame heat exchanger

Q̇ = C𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) = Cℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

Tc,out (water)

Q̇ = C𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 )

Q̇ 119.153𝑘
𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 + =7 + = 24.1°𝐶
C𝑐 6.968k

Th,out (air)

Q̇ = Cℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

Q̇ 119.153𝑘
𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 + = 25 − = 17.88°𝐶
Cℎ 16.75k

When, the temperature at CWS increase both type heat exchanger for temperature out
at air and water will increase. But, it also depends on the specific heat capacities, flow rates of
the fluids, and the heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger. Due to the effectiveness higher
the temperature for the air decrease while water will be increase.

19
C. Chiller System

The chiller system functions to produce chilled water at 2oC. Cooling water at an inlet
temperature of 26oC enters the condenser to assist the heat rejection process from the chiller
system.

1. Select 2 working refrigerants for the system (other than R134a) and explain the
reasons of selection based on safety and thermal properties. (CO1)

R744 or carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered safe to use as a refrigerant because it is a

naturally occurring compound and is non-toxic and non-flammable. However, when used
as a refrigerant, R744 operates at much higher pressures than traditional refrigerants, which
can create safety concerns if the system is not designed and maintained properly. One
potential safety concern with R744 is the risk of overpressure in the system. CO2 operates
at pressures up to around 800 psi, which is significantly higher than traditional refrigerants.
If the system is not designed to handle these pressures, it can become dangerous. It is
important to use properly rated components and to follow proper installation and
maintenance procedures to prevent overpressure situations. Another safety concern is with
the CO2 system's high-pressure lines and fittings, which can be damaged or leaking if not
properly maintained. It is important to follow the proper maintenance procedures and to
regularly check the system for any signs of damage or leakage. In addition, the CO2 system
is a "high-pressure system", so it is important to ensure that the personnel who are working
with the system are properly trained and qualified.

R744, has unique characteristics that make it a desirable choice as a refrigerant. One of its
key benefits is its high volumetric cooling capacity, meaning that less R744 is needed to
achieve the same cooling effect as other refrigerants, resulting in smaller, more compact
refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Another advantage is its low global warming
potential (GWP) of 1, which makes it an environmentally friendly option. R744 also boasts
high thermal efficiency and a low discharge temperature, resulting in energy savings.
Additionally, R744 is a "natural" refrigerant, readily available and does not require
synthesis, which can reduce the cost and environmental impact of the refrigeration or air
conditioning system. However, it's important to note that R744 has a lower critical point of
-0.5556°C, below this temperature it will turn into a solid and can cause blockages in the
system if not handled properly, leading to reduced system performance or equipment

20
failure. To prevent such issues, it's essential to design the system to keep the R744 above
the critical point and to properly maintain the system.

R-410A is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant, it is not toxic and does not pose a risk
to human health if inhaled. This means that it is safe to use in enclosed spaces like a lecture
hall. Besides that, R-410A is a non-flammable refrigerant, which means it does not pose a
risk of fire or explosion when it comes in contact with oxygen. This makes it a safer option
to use in environments where there is a risk of fire or explosion. Moreover, R-410A has a
higher critical temperature and pressure than R-134a, which means it must be handled at
higher pressures. This can make it more prone to causing damage to equipment if there is
a leak, and it requires specially designed equipment to handle it safely. Because of the
higher pressure, it's important to use equipment specifically designed for R-410A, and to
make sure that all connections and fittings are properly tightened and sealed. Additionally,
if a leak occurs, it is important to address it promptly as the high pressure can cause damage
to the equipment or cause injury to personnel.

R-410A is a type of refrigerant that is known for its high thermal efficiency and cooling
capacity. It has a higher pressure and temperature at which it operates compared to other
refrigerants such as R-22 and R-134a. This allows it to absorb and release more heat,
making it more effective at cooling large spaces. Additionally, R-410A has a higher specific
heat ratio, which means that it can transfer heat more efficiently. Furthermore, it has a
higher heat of vaporization, which allows it to absorb more heat per unit of mass. This
makes it an ideal refrigerant for air conditioning systems in large commercial and industrial
buildings. It also has a relatively low global warming potential (GWP), which means it has
less effect on the atmosphere than other refrigerants. The GWP of R-410A is around 2088
times less than R-22 and around 4 times less than R-134a, which makes it more
environmentally friendly. However, it requires higher pressure equipment, and its working
pressure is higher than R-134a, which can make it more expensive to operate and maintain.
Due to its higher pressure, it also requires specialized training for technicians to handle and
maintain it.

21
 2. If the refrigerant exits the evaporator as saturated vapor, select the suitable operating
pressures for the chiller. Explain the reasons for the selected pressures. Then,
compare the COP of the chiller system for both coolants assuming a compressor
efficiency of 90%. (CO2)

Calculation for Refrigerant R-744

State 1

Temperature, T1 = 2 °C

Saturated Vapour

Low Side Pressure = 31 bar / 449.617 Psi / 3100 kPa

Enthalpy, h1 = 429.5298 kg/kJ

Entropy, S1 = 1.8333 kg/kJ (K)

State 2

High Side Pressure = 71 bar / 449.617 Psi / 7100 kPa

Superheated Vapour

S2 = S1 = 1.8333 kg/kJ (K)

22
 h2s = 453.8628

453.8628 − 429.5298
𝜂 = 0.9 =
𝑥 − 429.5298

h2 = 456.5665

State 3

Temperature, T3: 26 °C

Saturation Pressure, Psat = 71 bar / 449.617 Psi / 7100 kPa

Saturation Temperature, Tsat = 29.271 °C

hf = 279.26

State 4

hf = h4 = 279.26 kg/ kJ

Coefficient of Performance, COP:

429.5298 − 279.26
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
456.5665 − 429.5298

𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 5.55

23
Calculation for Refrigerant R-410A

State 1

Temperature, T1 = 2 °C

Saturated Vapour

Low Side Pressure = 117 Psi / 8.066787 bar / 806.687 kPa

Enthalpy, h1 = 421.9054 kg/kJ

Entropy, S1 = 1.8064 kg/kJ (K)

State 2

High Side Pressure = 413 Psi / 2847.53 bar / 28.4753 kPa

Superheated Vapour

S2 = S1 = 1.8064 kg/kJ (K)

h2s = 454.0538

454.0538 − 421.9054
𝜂 = 0.9 =
ℎ2 − 421.9054

h2 = 457.6258

24
State 3

Temperature0020x, T3: 26 °C

Saturation Pressure, Psat = 413 Psi / 2847.53 bar / 28.4753 kPa

Saturation Temperature, Tsat = 46.6913 °C

hf = 241.572 kg/kJ

State 4

hf = h4 = 241.572 kg/kJ

Coefficient of Performance, COP:

421.9054 − 241.572
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
457.6258 − 421.9054

𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 5.048

The selected pressure for R-744 is 31 bar and 71 bar while R-140A is 8.066787 bar
and 2847.53 bar. The reason for selecting these pressures is that the refrigerant must exist in a
saturated state in the evaporator in order to efficiently absorb heat from the surrounding
environment. By selecting the saturation pressures for the desired evaporating temperature,
we can ensure that the refrigerant is in the correct state for efficient heat transfer to occur.

When comparing the COP (coefficient of performance) of the chiller system for R-744
and R-410A, assuming a compressor efficiency of 90%, we find that R-744 (5.55) has a slightly
higher COP than R-140A (5.048). R-744 has a very high critical temperature, which means
that it can exist in a supercritical state at higher temperatures and pressures. This allows R-744
systems to have a higher-pressure ratio and thermal efficiency, leading to a higher COP. R-
410A is a blend of difluoromethane and pentafluoroethane, it has a lower critical temperature
compared to R-744, which means that it cannot exist in a supercritical state at the same
temperatures and pressures as R-744. This leads to a lower pressure ratio and thermal
efficiency, resulting in a lower COP.

25
 3. Compare the estimated cost for running the chiller system for a 30 days, 24 hour
operation schedule using the two different coolants (based only on the compressor
work input – assume the coolants flow at 700 liters per hour) under steady
conditions. Apply the Malaysian daylight electrical tariff for the cost calculations.
(CO3)

Calculation for Refrigerant R-774

Cooling Load, chill water, 𝑄̇𝑐𝑤 and refrigerant, 𝑄𝐿

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚̇(ℎ1 − ℎ4 )

𝑄̇𝑐𝑤 = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑐𝑤 (6°𝐶 − 2°𝐶)

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑄

Mass flow rate of chill water, 𝑚̇𝑐𝑤

𝑚̇𝑐𝑤 = 𝜌𝑉̇

100 × 0.001
𝑚̇𝑐𝑤 = 981 ×
60

𝑚̇𝑐𝑤 = 1.635 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Compare both Q.

𝑚̇(429.5298 − 279.26) = (1.635 )(4.19)(6°𝐶 − 2°𝐶)

𝑚̇ = 0.1824 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Work in

𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 0.1824(456.5665 − 429.5298 )

𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 4.9315 𝑘𝑊

26
Energy Consumption, E for 30 days

𝐸 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 × 𝑡 × 30

𝐸 = 4.9315 × 24 × 30

𝐸 = 3550.6757 kW/h

Figure 8: Tariff Calculation for R774

Total estimated cost for R744 = RM 1935.23

27
Calculation for Refrigerant R-410A

Cooling Load, chill water, 𝑄̇𝑐𝑤 and refrigerant 𝑄𝐿

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚̇(ℎ1 − ℎ4 )

𝑄̇𝑐𝑤 = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑐𝑤 (6°𝐶 − 2°𝐶)

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑄

Mass flow rate of chill water, 𝑚̇𝑐𝑤

𝑚̇𝑐𝑤 = 𝜌𝑉̇

100 × 0.001
𝑚̇𝑐𝑤 = 981 ×
60

𝑚̇𝑐𝑤 = 1.635 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Compare both Q.

𝑚̇(421.9054 − 241.572) = (1.635 )(4.19)(6°𝐶 − 2°𝐶)

𝑚̇ = 0.152 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Work in

𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 0.152(457.6258 − 421.9054)

𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 5.4279 𝑘𝑊

28
Energy Consumption, E for 30 days

𝐸 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 × 𝑡 × 30

𝐸 = 5.4279 × 24 × 30

𝐸 = 3908.0887 kW/h

Figure 9: Tariff Calculation for R140-A

Total estimated cost for R140A = RM 2.143.98

Based on the calculations, R-744 has lower cost, (RM 1935.23) compared to R-104 (RM
2.143.98). R-744 systems have a higher COP (5.55) than R-410A systems, (5.048) which
means that for the same amount of cooling output, they require less work input or energy.
This results in lower power consumption. Additionally, R-744 systems tend to have smaller
compressors and condensers than R-410A systems, which can further reduce power
consumption.

29
 D. Wet Cooling Tower

The wet cooling tower supplies cooling water to the condenser of the chiller system at
a rate of 200 liters/min. The cooling water absorbs the thermal load from the condenser and
returns to the cooling tower at 34oC. Air enters the cooling tower at 1 atm and 28oC and leaves
saturated at 34oC.

1. Plot the variations in cooling water supply temperature to the condenser and the
heat absorption rate at the condenser when the relative humidity of the inlet air varies
from 50% to 100%RH. Assume the air flow rate is constant at 60 liters per minute.
(CO3)

In order to plot the graph, need an enthalpy value from 50% to 100% RH. Thus,
to find the enthalpy the psychometric chart has been used. Below the method that been
use to find the enthalpy

Figure 70: Psychometric Chart

The solid blue line is the temperature of air that entering cooling tower which is 28°C.
The doted blue line is the enthalpy at 50% to 100% RH.

30
 Figure 11: Enthalpy at 27°C
By using psychometric chart, the enthalpy that enter the cooling load can be collected. Base
on the question the air that exit the cooling tower is in saturation condition (saturation
temperature) the temperature is 34°C. Base on the study the when temperature is 34°C at
pressure 1 atm the relative humidity 100%. Thus, the enthalpy for air that exiting the cooling
tower is 122.7 kJ/kg

With the enthalpy result, thermal absorption rate (Q̇) can be calculated by using formula

𝑄̇ = ṁ(h1 − h2)
Where:
Q̇ =thermal absorption load
ṁ = mass flow rate
h1= enthalpy that enter the cooling tower
h2=enthalpy that exit the cooling tower

By using Q̇ cooling water supply temperature can be calculate using formula

Q̇air
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑖𝑛 −
ṁwater(Cpwater)

31
Where:
Tout = water temperature from the cooling tower
Tin = water temperature return to cooling tower
Q̇ =thermal absorption load
ṁwater = mass flow rate
Cpwater = 4.187

Based on data given table and graph below has been generate
RH % enthalpy at T=28C enthalpy at T=34 Q Temp Out
C
50 58.8 122.7 0.077958 33.99440869
60 65.2 122.7 0.07015 33.9949687
70 71.8 122.7 0.062098 33.9955462
80 77.8 122.7 0.054778 33.99607121
90 83.5 122.7 0.047824 33.99656996
100 90.5 122.7 0.039284 33.99718247

32
2. Explain the reasons why cooling towers are a necessary sub-system in district
cooling air- conditioning systems. (CO1)

A cooling tower is created or utilised to cooling the refrigerant, or to take the

heat out of the system. As an example, the cooling tower used in air conditioning
systems is used to extract heat from the system's refrigerant. Due to the cost-saving
system and convenience, cooling towers are a must. This is because the cooling tower's
water is cooled using a mechanism that depends on ambient air temperature. Maximum
air is used for evaporation in cooling towers with low-speed motors. Recirculating
water keeps the system clean, enables it to operate at maximum efficiency, and
improves output while using less energy. In order to keep the chilled water and
condenser water temperatures within the appropriate range, cooling towers can also aid
in maintaining the proper balance of heat and mass in the system.

33
 Conclusion

To sum up, a building's or space's thermal load, sometimes referred to as its cooling
load or heat load, is the amount of heat that needs to be removed in order to keep it at a
comfortable temperature. It depends on a number of variables, including the ambient
temperature and humidity, the quantity of occupants and appliances, the building's insulation,
and other elements. The thermal load must be calculated precisely in order to size an air
conditioning system correctly. While an undersized system will struggle to keep the area cold
and may cause pain, an enormous system will waste energy and money. When building,
installing, and maintaining an air conditioning system, it is a crucial factor that should be taken
into account.

For Air Handling Unit (AHU), fresh outdoor air is drawn into the building, filtered,
heated or cooled as necessary, and then distributed throughout the structure by the AHU.
Additionally, it aids in regulating air flow and humidity. By ensuring that the air within a
building is clean, comfortable, and fresh, an AHU contributes significantly to the overall
performance of an HVAC system. It is an important component that needs to be correctly
designed, installed, and maintained to guarantee top performance and energy efficiency.

Natural draught, mechanical draught, and induced draught cooling towers are only a
few of the several types and styles of cooling towers. The application will determine the cooling
tower to use, and the cooling tower's design should be based on the system's unique
requirements. A cooling tower needs to be properly maintained in order to function effectively
and last a long time. This entails routinely inspecting and cleaning the tower as well as regularly
checking the water's chemistry to prevent biological growth, corrosion, and scaling. Overall,
the cooling tower is a significant part of the HVAC system that aids in releasing waste heat
into the atmosphere; therefore, it is essential to correctly design, install, and maintain it in order
to guarantee optimum performance and energy efficiency.

A chiller system is a crucial part of many industrial cooling and air conditioning
systems. Different types and designs of chillers exist, including air-cooled, water-cooled, and
evaporative-cooled chillers. The application will determine the type of chiller to use, and the
system's unique requirements should guide the chiller's design. A chiller must also be properly
maintained in order to function effectively and last a long time. This entails routinely inspecting
and cleaning the chiller, as well as regularly checking the oil level, refrigerant charge, and other
variables.

34
 References

1. "Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as a Refrigerant: An Overview of Its Applications and

Challenges" by M. L. K. Patel, published in International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Robotics Research, 2018.
2. Ohio University, Department of Mechanical Engineering. "CO2 - Thermodynamic
Properties - Saturation Pressure Table (°C, bar)." [Online]. Available:
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3. Tenaga Nasional Berhad. "Bill Calculator." [Online]. Available:
https://www.mytnb.com.my/residential/understand-your-bill/bill-calculator.
4. "Thermodynamic Properties of R-140a (1,1-Difluoroethane) and R-141b (1,1,1-
Trifluoroethane) in the Temperature Range from -40 to 40°C" by W.J. Kays and A.L.
London, published in the International Journal of Refrigeration in 1997.
5. [1] Huber, M.L. "An experimental study of the thermodynamic properties of R-140a
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Refrigeration, 1996. [Online]. Available: https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/13448.
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work/#:~:text=A%20shell%20and%20tube%20heat,driving%20force%20for%20tem
perature%20exchange.
7. Kaelin, J. (2018, November 16). Plate & Frame Heat Exchangers Explained.
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exchangers-
explained#:~:text=Plate%20and%20frame%20heat%20exchangers%20are%20made
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https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/emissivity-coefficients-d_447.html
9. MAHSA Meeting Room:
https://vmo.rocks/item/mahsa-meeting-room/
10. Heat load in buildings(28 Nov 2022):
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Heat_load_in_buildings
11. Varkie C. Thomas, Heat Gains and Loses : Windows and Skylights (Glass):
https://energy-models.com/heat-gains-and-losses-windows-and-skylights-glass

35
Appendix

36