SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

By

IMTIAZ

CE17-15AR49

Supervised By:

AR. JAVED HUSSAIN MAKHDOOM

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN ART & DESIGN
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY JAMSHORO

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of

Bachelor of Architecture
Contents 
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH TOPIC........................................................................ 7 
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................... 9 
1.3 MOTIVATION ..................................................................................................................... 9 
1.4 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................... 10 
1.5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 10 
CHAPTER NO.02......................................................................................................................... 11 
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 11 
2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 11 
2.2 A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE ............................................................................................. 11 
2.3 WHAT MAKES SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS DIFFERENT? ................. 12 
2.3.1. Locally Available and Sourced ................................................................................... 13 
2.3.2. Recyclable Materials ................................................................................................... 13 
2.3.3. Recycled Content ........................................................................................................ 14 
2.3.4. Durability .................................................................................................................... 15 
2.3.5. Resource-Friendly Manufacturing .............................................................................. 15 
2.4 BENEFITS OF USING SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIAL ................................ 16 
2.5 CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS ... 16 
2.6 COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS ................................... 17 
2.7 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN................................................ 18 
2.8 ECO-FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIALS ................................................................... 19 
2.9 BAMBOO ........................................................................................................................... 20 
2.9.1 PROS OF USING BAMBOO.......................................................................................... 21 
2.9.2 MAIN PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO MATERIAL ........................................................ 22 
THE TENSILE STRENGTH ................................................................................................ 22 
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ............................................................................................. 22 
ELASTIC MODULUS ......................................................................................................... 22 
SHRINKAGE ....................................................................................................................... 23 
GOOD IN FIRE RESISTANCE ........................................................................................... 23 
2.9.3 APPLICATIONS OF BAMBOO AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL ..................... 23 
TRUSSES ............................................................................................................................. 24 
ROOF SKELETON .............................................................................................................. 24 
 WALLING AND CEILING ................................................................................................. 24 
FOUNDATION .................................................................................................................... 24 
DOORS AND WINDOWS................................................................................................... 24 
FLOORING .......................................................................................................................... 24 
2.9.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHOOSING BAMBOO FOR CONSTRUCTION ............. 25 
BAMBOO SUPPLIER.......................................................................................................... 25 
AVAILABILITY OF CRAFTSMEN ................................................................................... 26 
AVAILABLE BUDGET AND STANDARDS .................................................................... 26 
DESIGN SHAPE AND DIFFICULTY ................................................................................ 26 
H,MLLPROFESSIONAL FEES .......................................................................................... 26 
2.9.5 COMMON TYPES OF BAMBOO USED IN CONSTRUCTION................................. 26 
GENUS GUADUA ............................................................................................................... 27 
GENUS DENDROCALAMUS ............................................................................................ 27 
GENUS BAMBUSA ............................................................................................................ 27 
GENUS PHYLLOSTACHYS .............................................................................................. 28 
2.9.6 WHAT IS BAMBOO PRESERVATION? ...................................................................... 28 
2.9.7 BAMBOO SPECIES IN PAKISTAN SUITABLE FOR CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES
................................................................................................................................................... 29 
2.9.8 LOCAL MARKET FOR BAMBOO IN PAKISTAN ..................................................... 30 
2.10 RAMMED EARTH .......................................................................................................... 30 
2.10.1 PERFORMANCE SUMMARY .................................................................................... 32 
Appearance ........................................................................................................................... 32 
Structural capability .............................................................................................................. 32 
Thermal mass ........................................................................................................................ 33 
Insulation............................................................................................................................... 34 
Sound insulation.................................................................................................................... 35 
Fire and vermin resistance .................................................................................................... 35 
Durability and moisture resistance........................................................................................ 35 
Breathability and toxicity ...................................................................................................... 36 
2.10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS............................................................................... 36 
2.10.3 BUILDABILITY, AVAILABILITY AND COST ........................................................ 37 
2.10.4 TYPICAL DETAILS ..................................................................................................... 37 
Footings................................................................................................................................. 38 
 Frames and bond beams ........................................................................................................ 38 
Loadbearing walls ................................................................................................................. 38 
Formwork .............................................................................................................................. 39 
Joints and connections .......................................................................................................... 39 
Fixings................................................................................................................................... 39 
Openings ............................................................................................................................... 39 
Finishes ................................................................................................................................. 39 
2.11 RECYCLED PLASTIC .................................................................................................... 40 
2.11.1 HOW RECYCLED PLASTICS DIRECTLY BENEFIT THE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY .............................................................................................................................. 40 
1. ROOFING TILES ............................................................................................................. 41 
2. CONCRETE ..................................................................................................................... 41 
3. INDOOR INSULATION .................................................................................................. 42 
4. STRUCTURAL LUMBER............................................................................................... 42 
5. PVC WINDOWS .............................................................................................................. 42 
6. BRICKS ............................................................................................................................ 43 
7. FENCES............................................................................................................................ 43 
8. FLOOR TILES.................................................................................................................. 44 
9. CARPETING .................................................................................................................... 44 
10. CEILING TILES ............................................................................................................. 44 
CHAPTER NO.03......................................................................................................................... 46 
METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 46 
3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 46 
3.2 RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................................................... 46 
3.3 METHODS FOR COLLECTING DATA .......................................................................... 47 
3.3.1 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE DATA ......................................................... 47 
3.3.2 PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY DATA....................................................................... 47 
3.3.3 DESCRIPTIVE VS. EXPERIMENTAL DATA ......................................................... 47 
3.3.4 PARTICIPANT AND NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ................................ 48 
3.3.5 CASE STUDIES .......................................................................................................... 48 
3.3.6 SURVEYS ................................................................................................................... 49 
3.3.7 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 49 
3.3.8 METHODOLOGY USED ............................................................................................... 50 
CHAPTER NO.04......................................................................................................................... 51 
DATA COLLECTION ................................................................................................................. 51 
4.1 OUTCOME OF LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 51 
BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS? ........................................... 51 
4.2 OUTCOME OF CASE STUDY ......................................................................................... 53 
4.3 OUTCOME OF OBSERVATION ..................................................................................... 53 
CHAPTER NO.05......................................................................................................................... 55 
CASE STUDY .............................................................................................................................. 55 
5.1 CASE STUDY NO.01 ........................................................................................................ 55 
M. A. RANGOONWALA COMMUNITY .............................................................................. 55 
5.2 CASE STUDY NO.02 ........................................................................................................ 61 
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD ....................................... 61 
COURSES OFFERED: ......................................................................................................... 62 
DURATION OF THE COURSES: ....................................................................................... 63 
GROUND FLOOR ....................................................................................................................... 64 
II - Residence Colony ................................................................................................................... 66 
Total area .................................................................................................................................. 67 
5.3 CASE STUDY NO.03 ........................................................................................................ 69 
SECONDARY SCHOOL AND AUXILIARY BUILDINGS OF BANGRE VEENEM
SCHOOL COMPLEX / ALBERT FAUS................................................................................. 69 
CHAPTER NO.06......................................................................................................................... 76 
SITE SELECTION ....................................................................................................................... 76 
6.1 SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE SITE SELECTION CRITERIA .............................. 76 
6.1.1 SAFETY (these factors should be considered) ............................................................ 76 
6.1.6 UTILITIES ................................................................................................................... 78 
6.2 AVOID THE FOLLOWING FACTORS BEFORE THE SELECTION OF SITE ............ 78 
6.2.1 Natural Disasters .......................................................................................................... 78 
6.2.2 Electromagnetic Interference ....................................................................................... 78 
6.2.3 Industrial Pollution....................................................................................................... 78 
6.2.4 Vibration ...................................................................................................................... 78 
6.3 GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE ............................................................................................. 79 
SITE NO.01 .............................................................................................................................. 80 
SITE NO.02 .............................................................................................................................. 81 
 SITE NO.03 .............................................................................................................................. 82 
CHAPTER NO.07......................................................................................................................... 84 
DESIGN BRIEF............................................................................................................................ 84 
7.1 SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE .................................................................................. 84 
7.2 BUILDING REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................... 85 
7.2.1 ADMINISTRATION SECTION ................................................................................. 85 
7.2.2 ACADEMIC SECTION .............................................................................................. 85 
7.2.3 CAFE TERIA/CANTEEN ........................................................................................... 86 
7.2.4 COMMON FACILITIES ............................................................................................. 86 
7.2.5 COMMUNAL SECTION ............................................................................................ 86 
7.3 BUILDING MATERIALS TO BE USED IN SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTER
PROJECT.................................................................................................................................. 87 
 CHAPTER NO.01

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH TOPIC

Materials are the essential components of buildings construction. Chemical, physical and
mechanical Properties of materials as well as an appropriate design are accountable of the building
mechanical strength. The design of green buildings should thus begin with the selection and use
of eco-friendly materials with related or better features than traditional building materials. Building
materials are usually selected through functional, technical and financial requirements. However,
with sustainability as a crucial issue in the last decades, the building sector, directly or indirectly
causing a considerable portion of the annual environmental deterioration, can take up the
obligation to contribute to sustainable development by finding more environmentally benign
methods of construction and building. Among the directions for solutions is to be found in
new material applications, recycling and reuse, sustainable production of products or use of green
resources, Careful selection of eco-friendly sustainable building materials may be the fastest
way for builders to start integrating sustainable design concepts in buildings. Ordinarily,
price has been the primary consideration when comparing related materials or materials selected
for similar purpose. Nevertheless, the price of a building element signifies just the manufacturing
and transportation costs, not social or environmental costs.
Substantial initiatives have been carried out by the research community globally, in order to
discover alternative sustainable building materials and low technology techniques, which result
in a more sustainable and affordable construction complying with the comfort standards required
today. Embracing green building materials is a good alternative to meet to this objective.
Therefore, Selection of construction materials that have minimum environmental burdens is useful
in the sustainable development of a nation. The purpose of this paper is to highlight how
sustainable building material can contribute to lessen the impact of environmental degradation,
and generate healthy buildings which can be sustainable to the occupant as well as our
environment.
Buildings have a tremendous impact on the environment, using about 40% of natural resources
extracted in industrialized nations [1], consuming virtually 70% of electricity and 12% of
potable water [2], and producing between 45% and 65% of the waste disposed in our landfills
[3]. Additionally, they are responsible for a massive amount of harmful emissions, accounting
for 30% of greenhouse gases, due to their operation, and an additional 18% induced indirectly
by material exploitation and transportation [3-4]. Simultaneously, the bad quality of indoor
environments may result in health issues to employees in office buildings, hence, reducing
efficiency [5]. Also Building construction consumes 40% of the raw stone, gravel, and sand
used worldwide annually, and 25% of the raw timber. From the environmental impact
perspective, the building sector has a significant effect on the entire environment [6]. Residential
buildings represent a large percentage of the built environment, and the selections of materials and
layouts are necessary for the general sustainability. Considerable initiatives have been carried out
by the research community worldwide, in order to find alternative sustainable building
materials and low technology methods, which result in a more sustainable and affordable
construction adhering to the comfort standards needed today. Adopting green building
materials is an excellent approach to meet this target. Selection of construction materials
which have minimum environmental burdens is useful in the sustainable development of a
country. Therefore, building related contribution to environmental issues is large and therefore
essential. Selecting environmentally preferable building products is an excellent method to boost
a buildings environmental performance. While there is obviously an immediate need for new
technologies to optimize the application of low-impact building materials, it is also true that
there are several technologies or systems, currently in use [7, 8, 9]. Many have originated from
an earlier influx of sustainable housing activism and development, prompted by the 1970s
environmental movement [8-10], and then boosted by the force for better energy efficient
buildings [10]. their strategy has been referred to as effective in spreading ideas about best
practice to dedicated green advocates, builders and individuals seeking for an alternative
means of determining the material-selection process, very few such systems are available that
support the effective and substantial use of local and recycled building materials in the design-
decision making phase of a building [8, 9]. The objective of the study is to possible explore and
highlight how sustainable building material can contribute to lessen the impact of
environmental degradation, and create healthy buildings which can be sustainable to the
occupant as well as our natural environment.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

With just few years left to avoid climate catastrophe, we need to tackle the massive driver of global
heating- our buildings. How we build new ones, how we use the ones we currently have, and how
we make old ones more efficient. Construction and use of buildings is responsible for 39% of
global energy-related emissions, according to the World Green Building Council – so a more
sustainable approach is crucial as we fight to reach net zero carbon emissions as soon as possible.
But focusing on sustainability can also create places we are truly happy to live, work and play in.
Buildings that are more comfortable, more beautiful, and that reconnect us with nature. The task
ahead is huge, but we can do it if we keep two key principles in mind. The first is considering the
carbon impact of a building’s entire life – from the creation of the first brick or roof beam, to how
the building performs a century later. Second, we need to make sustainable
buildings that really meet people’s needs and desires – recognising that green design is an
opportunity, not a burden.

1.3 MOTIVATION

The application of stable, attractive, and environmentally responsible building materials is a key
ingredient of any high-performance building effort. The utilization of natural and healthy
materials contributes to the well-being of the occupants and to a feeling of connection with the
bounty of the natural world. Many building materials have considerable environmental effects
from pollutant releases, habitat destruction, and depletion of natural resources. This will happen
during extraction and acquisition of raw materials, production and manufacturing processes, and
transportation. In addition, some construction materials may harm human health by exposing
workers and building occupants to toxic and hazardous chemicals. Consequently, recognition and
selection of environmentally preferable materials for use in construction activities at prebuilding
phase present an opportunity to restrict such environmental and human health impacts. Selecting
environmentally attractive materials with minimized environmental impacts is generally achieved
through the process of resource conservation and selection of non-toxic materials.
1.4 OBJECTIVES

 To study the importance of material selection and low-energy materials.

 To study possible measures to use building materials and products that minimize
destruction of the global environment.
 To utilize natural and healthy materials that contributes to the well-being of the occupant.
 To design a skill development center with selection of environmentally preferable
materials.

1.5 CONCLUSION

The selection of suitable building materials is an integral part of architectural design as the key
point of design is to meet the users’ health and comfort needs and to coordinate it with the
materials’ inherent characteristics. Assessing the characteristics and environmental impacts of
building materials is the core of sustainable architecture, and designers are paying more attention
to material selection. There will be more opportunities if materials could be taken into
account early in the construction stage, i.e. at the development stage of the various codes and
work plans.
 CHAPTER NO.02

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

In building, environmentally-friendly materials (also known as green building materials) are those
in which, for their production, placing and maintenance, actions of low environmental impact have
been performed. They have to be durable, reusable or recyclable, include recyclable materials in
their composition and have to be from resources of the area where the building activity will take
place –they have to be local materials.
These materials also have to be natural (soil, adobe, wood, cork, bamboo, straw, sawdust, etc.) and
must not be spoilt by cold, heat or humidity.[10]

2.2 A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

Sustainable and green building is the future of construction. Not only does it help to protect our
environment, building greenly can actually reduce the cost of building operation over time. One
important aspect of green construction is the choice by contractors to use sustainable building
materials. Identifying sustainable building materials may seem easy, but when you really think
about it, how easy is it? For years, our buildings have been primarily made up of concrete, steel,
glass and brick. Concrete is actually one of the most used building materials in the world. It’s also
one of the worst materials.
As material shortages, increasing costs of raw material, and concerns over the recyclability of
building materials grow, the interest in alternative materials does as well. What is interesting about
many of these alternatives is that they are not brand new ideas. Instead they are often an
environmentally friendly spinoff on the materials we already use today.
An example of this is recycled steel. Steel is actually one of the most recycled building materials
in the world. In 2014, 86% of all steel produced was being recycled. Today recycling steel to create
new steel products is a staple in the industry. That being said, it is possible to source recycled steel
to reduce the environmental impact of the building materials used.

The industry goal should be to make recycling a standard just like it is with steel. However, a big
impact on the industry can come from the choices that contractors make when choosing and
suggesting building materials.

2.3 WHAT MAKES SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

DIFFERENT?

There are 5 key factors separating sustainable building materials from others.
2.3.1. Locally Available and Sourced
Using locally sourced materials reduces shipping and with it, the environmental impact that goes
into sourcing the material. Look for businesses in the area of a project to reduce the carbon
footprint of material sourcing.

The same can be said for equipment. If a project is out of the centralized area of your business,
consider renting local equipment instead of shipping large machines across long distances. Going
local is a great first step for choosing sustainable materials.

Figure 1 Locally available materials

2.3.2. Recyclable Materials

There are two parts to choosing recyclable building materials.

Step one is to do some research on what materials can be recycled. This is the easy part. Many
different kinds of materials can be recycled. Concrete, steel, plastic, wood and even bricks can all
be recycled. There are a few materials which cannot be recycled, such as broken glass and some
plastics. Reducing these materials and focusing on using materials which can be recycled is step
one.
Step two is to actually implement the process of recycling these materials. Construction materials
in large quantities such as concrete or steel cannot go to the local city recycling facility. Look up
ahead of time where these materials can be recycled, and implement a plan on site for how they
will be separated, stored, and shipped to the recycling facility. Using recyclable materials is only
good if the materials are actually recycled.

2.3.3. Recycled Content

The other side to recyclable materials is to choose materials which have been made from recycled
products. Plastic is a great material that has been recycled into a variety of construction items.
From roof tiles and insulation to fences and carpet, sourcing products made of recycled material
is a great way to practice sustainable building.

Recycled building materials come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and come from some surprising
sources. There are so many different kinds of recycled materials out there. Cinder blocks made
from plastic bags, tiles created from wine corks, and even walls grown from mushrooms are three
examples of the fascinating recycled building materials available on the market today.
2.3.4. Durability
The stronger, more durable building material you choose, the longer it will last. The longer it lasts,
the less material needed to replace or repair it in the future. “Reduce” is the first step on the
recycling hierarchy and choosing durable materials is a key part of this.

2.3.5. Resource-Friendly Manufacturing

One of the last ways to source sustainable building materials is to look at where and how the
material is created. Choosing suppliers that also practise environmentally friendly processes means
that your materials have an environmentally friendly life cycle. Many companies use their
environmental practices to differentiate from their competition and advertise their green
initiatives.

Resource-friendly manufacturing can include green manufacturing buildings, using renewable

energy sources, choosing toxic-free materials, and disposing of the manufacturing byproducts in
an environmentally friendly way.[11]

2.4 BENEFITS OF USING SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIAL

Building owners and architects are often the ones driving for sustainable buildings:
achieving LEED Certification and reducing overall building operation costs make green buildings
popular to these two groups. Construction is a huge part of a building. A construction company
that can promote themselves as being environmentally and sustainable material conscious could
be the differentiator to land a job or win a bid.

On top of this, the entire process of reducing waste, recycling materials, and keeping a green
project can save money while making the work environment healthier.

2.5 CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

MATERIALS

Although many research are attempting to solve the problem of material selection, there is no
uniform definition of “sustainable building materials” so far. Esin (2007) and Franzoni (2011) [12]
points out that sustainable building materials are materials related to resource and energy
efficiency in the manufacturing process, and these materials should have little pollution and
no negative impact on human health. Abeysundara et al. [13] develops an evaluation matrix to
help decision makers balance environmental, economic and social factors in sustainable materials
assessment; Anastaselos et al.'s research [14] takes environmental, economic and social aspects
into consideration during the thermal insulation evaluation. Therefore, the design standards for
sustainable building materials are mainly divided into the following aspects. Firstly, sustainable
building materials are often natural materials with low energy consumption and low maintenance
costs, and should be easily dismantled and recyclable during demolition. The embodied
energy consumption of building materials includes initial energy consumption and recurred energy
consumption. The former is associated with the energy consumed in the construction phase,
and the latter refers to the energy consumption required during the operation phase, including
the processes of material replacement, repair and maintenance during the effective life cycle.
However, the energy consumption of building materials is not only related to the embodied energy
consumption of raw materials recycling and building materials processing, but also related to
construction energy and transportation energy during on-site construction. The intensity of energy
contained in building materials depends on energy, technology use and manufacturing processes,
and will vary from region to region and from manufacturer to manufacturer. Low maintenance
requirements could be achieved by the durability of design or repairing existing building materials
to extend buildings’ life cycle. Secondly, sustainable materials should be environmentally
friendly and reduce environmental hazards without releasing pollutants or other emissions
that affect human health and comfort throughout the life cycle. Nowadays, indoor conditions
have an important impact on the health, well-being and performance of users, as people often
spend more than 90% of the time indoors [15]. It is obvious from the research that building
materials are an important factor in determining indoor air quality, among which
formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from building materials
have serious adverse effects on human health, comfort and productivity [16]. Materials
containing pollutants may have adverse effects throughout their life cycle, affecting workers
during the production process, affecting the occupants of the building during the use phase,
and causing pollution during recycling and terminal treatment. Therefore, sustainable building
materials are materials with low or no emissions of carcinogens, regenerating noxious substances
or irritants, and have no negative impact on the building and the natural environment. In addition,
sustainable building materials are mainly derived from renewable energy sources, not non-
renewable energy sources. They should also be sustainable throughout their life cycle and use less
energy in the manufacturing process

2.6 COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Generally, cost has long been the primary consideration when assessing related materials or
materials selected for similar function. Meanwhile Experts selected three categories of criteria,
in accordance with the material life cycle, which can be used in considering the environmental
sustainability of building materials. The existences of one or two of these components in building
materials allow it to become environmentally sustainable. Some of the components of sustainable
building material widely known are listed in table 1 below.

2.7 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN

A. Healthy interior environment

All possible measures are to be taken to ensure that materials and building systems do
not emit toxic substances and gasses into the interior atmosphere. Additional measures are
to be taken to clean and revitalize interior air with filtration and planting.

B. Energy efficiency

All possible measures are to be taken to ensure that the building’s use of energy is minimal.
Cooling, heating, and lighting systems are to use method and products that conserve or eliminate
energy use.

C. Ecologically benign

Materials All possible measures are to be taken to use building materials and products that
minimize destruction of the global environment.

D. Environmental form
All possible measures to be taken to relate the form and plan of the design to the site, the region,
and the climate. Measures are to be taken to relate the form of building to a harmonious
relationship between the inhabitant and nature.

2.8 ECO-FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIALS

A number of hidden factors, including the transportation involved and how they hold up in certain
climates, contribute to materials' eco-friendliness.
Environmental impact is a wide topic that more people and sectors of the economy are paying
attention to when making daily living and business decisions. Information on the issue is
particularly coming to light in the construction industry, which traditionally is known for its harsh
impacts on natural resources and environments.
Numerous eco-friendly building materials have emerged in the marketplace to reduce the
environmental impact of building construction and operations. But identifying the world's most
eco-friendly building materials can be a bit tricky because different people have different
definitions of sustainability.
Some, for example, solely look at whether a material is locally sourced. They seek out "things that
are available, that don't have to travel far, that are using local resources and what is easily available
in the construction market," Eric Mackres, manager of building sustainability at the World
Resources Institute Ross Center for Sustainable Cities, told Smart Cities Dive. "That's one
definition of eco. Another one would be around the embodied energy of the materials."
Embodied energy examines both obvious and hidden factors that contribute to a material's
sustainability or lack thereof. It is "the sum of all the energy required from extracting a material
— like granite or stone or ore out of the ground — all the way until its end of life," Mike Stopka,
building and built environments lead at Delta Institute, told Smart Cities Dive.
That includes anything a material requires for growth, production and transportation, including the
water and other resources needed to grow natural items as well as the gas consumed during product
transportation. "People are starting to think about this more and more," Stopka said.
Sustainable construction also takes into consideration a material's appropriateness for the climate
in which it is used. Some materials hold up well in arid, cool environments but degrade in humid,
hot areas. Degradation and replacement frequency need to factor into an item’s overall eco-
friendliness.
"There’s no material that’s perfect," Stopka said, but some are more sustainable than others. "There
are some common characteristics of materials that have low embodied energy," he said, such as
being lightweight and locally sourced.
Smart Cities Dive compiled a list of five materials that frequently make experts’ lists of eco-
friendly building components.

2.9 BAMBOO

Sustainability experts nearly universally agree bamboo is one of the best eco-friendly building
materials on the planet. Its rate of self-generation is incredibly high, with some species growing
up to three feet in 24 hours. Bamboo technically is a perennial grass, not a wood, and it continues
spreading and growing without having to be replanted after harvest. It is prevalent around the
world and can be found on every continent except Europe and Antarctica.

Bamboo has a high strength-to-weight ratio and exceptional durability — even greater
compressive strength than brick or concrete — so it can take a beating without being replaced very
often, which is not necessarily the case with other fast-growing, sustainable items such as hemp.
That makes bamboo a viable choice for flooring and cabinetry.
Because it is lightweight, bamboo is less energy intensive to transport than many other materials
of comparable durability. A drawback is that it requires treatment to resist insects and rot; untreated
bamboo has a starch that insects like, and it can swell and crack when it absorbs water.

2.9.1 PROS OF USING BAMBOO

Before opting for bamboo as a construction material, anyone would want to understand what kind
of benefits come with it. Here are some of the common reasons anyone would use bamboo in
construction.

 It comes with an impressive tensile strength. What is surprising is that bamboo comes with
a better tensile strength as compared to steel. This is because its fibers run axially.
 The bamboo material is fire resistant. It can resist fire even at a very high temperature of
up to 400 Degree C. This is all possible because of the high amount of silicate acid and
water in the material.
 Those using bamboo in construction love it for offering the best elasticity. It must be the
reason bamboo construction is common in areas prone to earthquakes as they can take up
the vibrations.
 Being lightweight should be another reason why bamboo is commonly preferred in some
areas. With its lightweight nature, getting it to the construction area should be easy.
 Unlike other constructions such as asbestos and cement, bamboo does not pose any danger
to the builder’s health.
 You should find bamboo being a cheap and cost-effective way of building your home. It
does not take long before your house is built and occupied.
2.9.2 MAIN PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO MATERIAL

THE TENSILE STRENGTH

Various tests show that bamboo can resist more tension than compression. This is all possible as
its fibers run axially and still has a high elastic vascular bundle. The result is a material with a high
tensile strength. It is estimated that the tensile strength is up to 400N/mm2. In comparison, some
of the strongest wood fibers will have a tensile strength of 50 N/mm2.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The bamboo material generally has a better compressive strength than some other materials. Even
for slimmer tubes, you will find them living up to your compressive strength needs. It is why you
can apply a lot of weight to the material and it would not easily buckle. That cannot be said for the
other types of wood.

ELASTIC MODULUS
Bamboo has more accumulation of strong fibers in the outer parts of the tube wall. As a result, you
end up with a material with a positive elastic modulus. This makes it good to handle more tension,
shear, and bending forces. Any bamboo that has a higher elastic modulus means that it is a high-
quality bamboo type. With this elasticity capability, you should find bamboo common in areas that
experience a lot of earthquakes.
SHRINKAGE
As much as bamboo is great for construction, you should consider that it shrinks more than wood
when it starts to lose water. Bamboo can shrink up to 17% of its original size. You are required to
take the necessary measure to prevent water loss whenever you use it as a building material.

GOOD IN FIRE RESISTANCE

Bamboo fire resistance is very good as compared to wood. This is thanks for its silicate acid
component. When it is filled with water, bamboo can easily stand up to temperatures of 400 degree
C as the water boils inside

2.9.3 APPLICATIONS OF BAMBOO AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Once of the reasons people prefer bamboo in construction is because of its flexibility. The material
can be designed to work as different parts of the house. Here are some of the applications of
bamboo in construction.

TRUSSES
Since bamboo has an impressive strength, you can find it being used as trusses. Many builders
compare its strength to that of Teak and Sal. It can always remain strong enough to hold the weight
of your roof.

ROOF SKELETON
The roof skeleton will contain the trusses or rafters over which purlins can be laid and lashed. With
is durability and strength, bamboo comes out as a great option for making your roof skeleton.

WALLING AND CEILING

It is common to find people using bamboo for walling and ceiling. Since it is a cheap material, a
house can be rebuilt again without having to worry about property damage. Considering that
bamboo is good at flexibility, it can still stand up to earthquakes with minimal damage.

FOUNDATION
Yes, you can still use bamboo for foundations. This is mostly if you have to build the whole house
from bamboo material. Before driving the bamboo into the ground, make sure it is pre-treated for
protection from fungi and rot. This will help prolong the foundation durability for years to come.

DOORS AND WINDOWS

This might seem impossible, having doors and windows out of bamboo is not a bad idea. You will
have a unique house when it is spotted with this type of material.

FLOORING
Bamboo can still be great for flooring. As a flooring material, you will find that it handles wear
and tear better. This makes it a good material, especially those areas with a high traffic.

The list above is not all what you can do with the bamboo material. It is a versatile material, so
you can come up with many creative projects to do with it.
2.9.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHOOSING BAMBOO FOR
CONSTRUCTION

BAMBOO SUPPLIER
You should always consider bamboo availability and suppliers in your area. Considering that you
might need some additional bamboo when constructing, you need it to be readily available. You
should also consider the distance to a reliable supplier. As much as it is easy to transport, you
would still want the supplier to be close to where you are constructing.
AVAILABILITY OF CRAFTSMEN
Bamboo requires a reliable craftsman who can work with it to end up with a nice house. The last
thing you want is to end up with a structurally unreliable house. Take your time to see if you can
find reliable craftsmen who can work with bamboo in your area.

AVAILABLE BUDGET AND STANDARDS

Most people will be on a budget if they are looking to build their house out of bamboo. Even if
you are on a budget, it is important to maintain the best standards to ensure a high-quality house.
Talk to an architect to come up with a house that looks good and can be structurally sound even
for your budget. Having some additional money to build will ensure you end up with better finishes
for your new home.

DESIGN SHAPE AND DIFFICULTY

The design shape and the difficulty required to achieve it can determine just how much bamboo
you use. A large simple structure might cost less as compared to a small complex structure. It
comes down to what you want to achieve as your new home. If you have enough money, coming
up with something different from the norm would be ideal. Since bamboo is flexible, it can be bent
into various shapes.

H,MLLPROFESSIONAL FEES
You still have to consider any professional fees that you have to pay for using bamboo as a
construction material. These fees will vary from one country to another. It is best to consult with
your architect or engineer to understand more about the fees before you start building your home.

2.9.5 COMMON TYPES OF BAMBOO USED IN CONSTRUCTION

Bamboo is available in many species. However, not all bamboo species are good for construction.
Before you can just pick any bamboo on the market for construction, check out the list below to
know which type will be ideal for construction.

GENUS GUADUA
Under Genus Guadua, you will get 20 more subspecies that can be used in construction. Depending
on your location around the world, you are likely to end up with one of the subspecies. They are
liked for having massive timber varieties with some growing up to 100 feet tall. They tend to have
a diameter of 6 inches, which is good for construction.

This species can grow indigenously in the tropics, such as Central and South America.

These species are generally easy to work with as compared to others. Even if you are still a newbie
to using bamboo, you should find shaping it to be easy.

Another top feature of the species is that it is superior in strength. Since it is fast-growing, you
should always have some ready for harvesting. This makes the species good for business.

GENUS DENDROCALAMUS
The species is also good for construction as it presents better durability and strength. The canes
can grow up to 60 feet tall with a diameter of 5 inches. As you can see, it should be good for
various construction projects.

This bamboo species is also good in terms of hardness. As a result, it will be common for making
furniture, light construction, and paper. Some will even use for making bridges, housewares, and
musical instruments. It is quite the versatile bamboo type.

GENUS BAMBUSA
The Bambusa species can be grown in your garden and then harvested for various construction
projects. It is also known for its tasty and edible shoots. The species grows tall and upright. You
will find most canes reaching up to 60 feet high. Sometimes they can go up to 100 feet tall.

Thanks to its very thick walls, you will always find that the species can hold a lot more weight
without buckling. Other than home construction, it can still be used for scaffolding, crafts, fencing,
GENUS PHYLLOSTACHYS
You can find this type of bamboo species in various parts of the world as it is more tolerant to
various temperate habitats. It is common for their roots to get out of control; hence they are called
runners. Let that not worry you about its use in the construction sector. You will find that its
durability makes it great for the construction of your house.

Still, the same can be used for making scaffolds, chopsticks, and other types of handicrafts.

2.9.6 WHAT IS BAMBOO PRESERVATION?

Bamboo preservation involves various curing methods to help the bamboo last for longer without
being affected by the environment. Without any protective treatment, you can expect the bamboo
material to last 2 years when exposed to the elements. The material can last 4 to 7 years if it is still
untreated but stored under cover.

As you can see, it is important to perform the bamboo preservation process. To make this process
possible, you will have to get chemical preservatives. These preservatives will protect the bamboo
from premature degradation, leaving you with a durable home.

To help determine which preservation method would be best, consider the following factors;
It the bamboo green or dry?

Form of bamboo. Either round bamboo or split bamboo

The application of the material. It can be in-ground contact, undercover, and much more

The quantity of bamboo you want to treat

Potential decay causes in your area. It could be biotic or abiotic

With the appropriate treatment, you are likely to end up with an increased lifespan of your house
to 50 years or more.

Here is a video detailing some of the techniques for curing bamboo poles.[17]

2.9.7 BAMBOO SPECIES IN PAKISTAN SUITABLE FOR

CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES

There are around 1200 species of bamboo globally and among these, three are native to Pakistan:
Arundinaria falcata,Bambusa bamboo and Dendrocalamus strictus (Lobovikovet al., 2007). Of
these, A. falcata has been recorded in the North West Himalayas at 1200–2000 m and B. bamboo
has been cultivated in Punjab and Sindh, and has occasionally been found in the Ravi River to the
east (Ahmad, 1997;Suleman, 2005). D. strictus has been recorded in the Margalla Hills, Chattar,
the Eastern Salt Range, Shahpur and Mirpur,Ambela, Maskipur and Bagra in Burner up to an
altitude of 800 m (Siddiqui, 1994). These sites lie at the limit of Chirpine-growing areas, indicating
that bamboo used to grow as a scattered undergrowth in forests, between 350 and 800 mof altitude,
and it was more widespread than it is now(Siddiqui, 1994). Some reasons for its decrease might
be the cutting and removal of native groves, and the effects of fire, grazing and drought (Siddiqui,
1994). A number of species were introduced to the country; some authors indicate that 13 new
species were introduced from China, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Thailand (Lobovikov et al., 2007),
while others say that 25 species were brought (Siddiqui, 1994; Suleman,2005). Although some
species grew successfully, others did not adapt due to poor post-harvesting and processing, leading
to a fall in prices and plantations being uprooted (Rao and Ouedraogo, 1997)
2.9.8 LOCAL MARKET FOR BAMBOO IN PAKISTAN

Almost all of the demand for bamboo in Pakistan was met up to 1971 from the native forests of
East Pakistan, but after the creation of Bangladesh, the prices of goods manufactured with bamboo
increased (Siddiqui, 1994). However, in the late 1970s and early 1980s bamboo started to be
cultivated in the country and the government allowed importation, which contributed to lowering
prices (Siddiqui, 1994). In the last few decades, almost all bamboo resources have been grown on
private farms in the Punjab region where most farmers use rhizomes for planting bamboos,
although shoot cuttings are also used for cultivation (Suleman, 2005). While generally small,
plantation areas increase or decrease with market demand and timber prices (Suleman, 2005).
Bamboo grown for 3–4 years is used as structural support for dikes and for construction purposes,
and bamboo grown on a 2-yearcycle is commonly used for the paper pulp industry (Wardet al.,
2010

Figure 2Map of bamboo growing areas in Pakistan.)

2.10 RAMMED EARTH

What’s more natural than the dirt under your feet? In fact, walls that have a similar feel to concrete
can actually be created with nothing more than dirt tamped down very tightly in wooden forms.
Rammed earth is a technology that has been used by human civilization for thousands of years,
and can last a very long time. Modern rammed earth buildings can be made safer by use of rebar
or bamboo, and mechanical tampers reduce the amount of labor required to create sturdy walls.
Most of the energy used in the construction of rammed earth is in quarrying the raw material and
transporting it to the site. Use of on-site materials can lessen energy consumed in construction.
Rammed earth gives limited insulation but excellent thermal mass.

Rammed earth walls are sometimes known as pisé walls — from the Latin origin pisé de terre.
First used in Lyons, France, in 1562, the term applied to the principle of constructing walls at least
500mm thick by ramming earth between two parallel frames that were then removed, revealing a
completed section of compressed earth wall. While 500mm thick walls can still be constructed if
desired, with or without cement, most modern rammed earth walls in Australia are built using
cement as a stabiliser and are typically 300mm thick for external walls and 300mm or 200mm for
internal walls.
2.10.1 PERFORMANCE SUMMARY

 Appearance
The color of rammed earth walls is determined by the earth and aggregate used. The ramming
process proceeds layer by layer and can introduce the appearance of horizontal stratification to the
walls, which can enhance the overall appearance. It can be controlled as a feature or eliminated.

Aggregates can be exposed and special effects created by the addition of different colored material
in some layers, and elements such as feature stones or objects, alcoves or relief moldings can be
incorporated into rammed earth walls, at a price. Unusual finishes can be achieved by including
shapes in the formwork that can be released after the wall has been rammed.

 Structural capability
Rammed earth is very strong in compression and can be used for multi-storey loadbearing
construction. Research in New Zealand indicates that monolithic earth walls perform better under
earthquake conditions than walls made of separate bricks or blocks. A five storey hotel in
Queensland is built of stabilized rammed earth. Rammed earth can be engineered to achieve
reasonably high strengths and be reinforced in a similar manner to concrete, although horizontal
reinforcement is not recommended and excessive vertical reinforcement can cause cracking
problems.

Interesting structural features, including leaning walls, have been constructed in rammed earth.
Any difficulties associated with placing and ramming around reinforcement can be eased by
careful management of the construction process and need not add significantly to the cost.

 Thermal mass
Rammed earth behaves as heavyweight masonry with a high thermal mass. Thermal mass
absorbs or ‘slows down’ the passage of heat through a material and then releases that heat when
the surrounding ambient temperature goes down. All other things being equal, a high mass
building such as rammed earth remains close to the 24 hour average for the time of year: in many
climates this may be too cold or warm for comfort. If heating or cooling is required, the walls
need to be insulated to limit energy consumption.

Used correctly, and in the right climate, the thermal mass of rammed earth can delay heat flow
through the building envelope by as much as 10 to 12 hours and can even out daily temperature
variations.
Rammed earth walls become effective when the difference between day and night outdoor
temperatures is at least 6°C. Where the diurnal range is greater than 10°C, appropriate design can
exploit the high thermal mass of rammed earth to very good effect (see Thermal mass).

In cool or cold climates well-located rammed earth walls (e.g. feature walls within a well-
insulated envelope) can supply a battery of useful thermal storage. Rammed earth is not
recommended for tropical climates where high mass construction can cause a house to hold too
much heat and cause thermal discomfort (see Thermal mass)

Building energy efficiency rating tools such as AccuRate include the capability to simulate the
combined effects of wall mass and insulation, and also allow comfort in extreme weather
conditions to be reviewed, so the building’s performance can be optimised.

 Insulation
Insulation is about stopping heat passing through a material rather than slowly absorbing or
releasing it. As a corollary to its high thermal mass, rammed earth has limited thermal insulating
qualities — similar to an uninsulated fibre cement wall.

Insulation can be added to rammed earth walls with linings but, as a general rule, a 300mm rammed
earth wall will not meet Building Code of Australia (BCA) requirements for external wall
insulation. Hybrid buildings that use insulated framed external walls with rammed earth internal
walls and feature elements can achieve high insulation and high mass.

Under certain design criteria (i.e. simple rectangle with north-facing glass) and in moderate (not
temperate) climates, it was just possible to meet the Nationwide House Energy Ratings
Scheme (NatHERS) overall five star performance standard; however, six stars are now the
mandatory minimum under the BCA (see Insulation).

Insulation can also be added within the thickness of a rammed earth wall but this adds to its cost
and changes the structural properties of the wall. However, it does provide the benefits of both
excellent thermal mass and good thermal insulation in the one wall while retaining the desirable
look, texture, feel, acoustics and low maintenance properties of the facing of rammed earth on each
side.
The best location for insulation when used in conjunction with rammed earth is on the outside face
of the wall, so that the thermal mass is within a contained and controllable external envelope (see
Passive solar heating; Passive cooling).

 Sound insulation
One of the best ways to insulate against sound is have monolithic mass, which rammed earth
provides very well. It has excellent sound reverberation characteristics and does not generate the
harsh echoes characteristic of many conventional wall materials (see Noise control).

 Fire and vermin resistance

There are no flammable components in a rammed earth wall and its fire resistance is thus very
good. In tests by the CSIRO a 150mm thick Cinva-rammed earth block wall (similar to rammed
earth) achieved a near four hour fire-resistance rating. There is no cavity to harbour vermin and
nothing in the material to attract or support them so its resistance to vermin attack is very high.

 Durability and moisture resistance

The basic technology has been around for thousands of years and there are many rammed earth
buildings still standing that are centuries old. Rammed earth does possess a generally high
durability but all types of rammed earth walls are porous by nature and need protection from
driving rain and long term exposure to moisture.

Maintain water protection to the tops and bottoms of walls. Continued exposure to moisture may
degrade the internal structure of the earth by reversing the cement stabilisation and allowing the
clays to expand. In general, rammed earth does have moderate to good moisture resistance and
most modern Australian rammed earth walls do not require additional waterproofing. New water
repellent additives that waterproof the walls right through may make rammed earth suitable for
very exposed conditions, including retaining walls, but may inhibit the breathability of the
material.
  Breathability and toxicity
Provided it is not sealed with material that is impermeable to air molecules, rammed earth
maintains its breathability. Finished walls are inert but take care in the choice of waterproofing or
anti-dust finishes to avoid adding toxicity to the surfaces.

2.10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Rammed earth has potentially low manufacturing impacts, depending on cement content and
degree of local material sourcing. Most rammed earth in Australia uses quarried aggregates, rather
than the ‘earth’ it is popularly thought to be made from. On-site materials can often be used but
materials need to be tested for their suitability.

The embodied energy of rammed earth is low to moderate. Composed of selected aggregates bound
with cementitious material, rammed earth can be thought of as a kind of ‘weak concrete’. It may
help to understand cement and earth products as being at different points on an energy continuum,
with earth at the low end and high strength concrete at the high end. Its cement and aggregate
content can be varied to suit engineering and strength requirements.

Although in principle it is a low greenhouse gas emission product, transport and cement
manufacture can add significantly to the overall emissions associated with typical modern rammed
earth construction. The most basic kind of traditional rammed earth has very low greenhouse gas
emissions but the more highly engineered and processed variants may be responsible for
significant emissions in their manufacture. For example, a 300mm rammed earth wall with 5%
cement content has the equivalent of 15mm thickness of cement, equivalent to over 100mm of
concrete (which mainly comprises sand and aggregate).
2.10.3 BUILDABILITY, AVAILABILITY AND COST

Rammed earth is an in situ construction method. Although its buildability is good, formwork for
rammed earth demands good site and logistics planning to ensure that other trades are not adversely
affected in the building program. Services should be well planned in advance to minimise
difficulties. After walls have been rammed in place, conduits for pipes and wires can be provided
much as in other masonry construction, but may impact on surface finishes.

Basic materials for rammed earth making are readily available across Australia, but cement and
formwork may have to be transported long distances, increasing environmental and economic
costs. Testing of local aggregates and potential mixes is essential if not using a proprietary system.

Proprietary approaches to rammed earth help guarantee consistency and predictable performance
but come at a cost. The cost of a professional rammed earth building is comparable to other more
conventional good quality masonry construction, but it can be more than twice as expensive as a
rendered 200mm wide AAC block wall (see Autoclaved aerated concrete).

Rammed earth is particularly well established in Western Australia and is thus an economical
option in that state. Most states have experienced builders who understand its potential and
limitations but because it is not a common construction material outside of WA its relative rarity
and specialist nature tends to be reflected in its relatively high cost. It typically requires high levels
of control over material sourcing and batching, and expensive formwork. A key element in
controlling costs is to design walls as simple panels and to avoid unnecessary complexity.
Traditional rammed earth using human power for ramming and simple wooden formwork can be
low cost (and low energy) but this is rarely a realistic option.

There are good networks in Australia including a broad based national organisation, the Earth
Building Association of Australia (EBAA), which is a not for profit organisation ‘formed to
promote the use of Unfired Earth as a building medium throughout Australia’.

2.10.4 TYPICAL DETAILS

All structural design should be prepared by a competent person and may require preparation or
checking by a qualified engineer. Qualified professionals, architects and designers bring years of
experience and access to intellectual property, and can save house builders time and money as well
as help ensure environmental performance. All masonry construction has to comply with the
Building Code of Australia and Australian Standards. For example, all masonry walls are required
to have movement/expansion joints at specified intervals.

 Footings
Conventional concrete slab or strip footings are generally used, subject to soil conditions.

 Frames and bond beams

Complex, more elaborately engineered structures may require reinforcement or frames that work
in concert with the loadbearing capacity of rammed earth. Simple and commonly built rammed
earth buildings do not.

 Loadbearing walls
Rammed earth has fair-to-good compressive strength and it is common to make rammed earth a
loadbearing construction.
  Formwork
Marine grade plywood and steel sheets are both used in making formwork, which is superficially
similar to the formwork used for in situ concrete, but with its own specific requirements.

Propping and temporary stays are required in the construction process and these may impact on
other site work if the structure includes elements other than just rammed earth. Walls are built in
sections and the rise of each level of formwork is often visible in the final finish. As the wall rises
it is possible to take out the lower portions of formwork provided the wall has set strongly enough.

 Joints and connections

Walls are built in panels of approximately 3.5m in length with flexible joints to comply with
building rules requirements for masonry structures. When a wall consists of more than one panel
a recess is built into the end of the first wall. The second wall then molds into this to lock the walls
together for lateral stability.

 Fixings
Most conventional masonry fixings work with rammed earth walls; they usually need to be set in
at about twice the depth normally used for concrete.

 Openings
Openings can be made without lintels with spans of up to 1m in stabilized walls subject to strength
and engineering requirements. Specialised formwork can be made to create features such as
pointed arches or circular windows, and the formwork can often be reused.

 Finishes
The off-form finish of stabilized rammed earth generally requires no additional finish. A clear
water-repellent coating may be needed in some instances and non-stabilised rammed earth walls
should be protected by eaves, overhangs or render, as they are more prone to erosion. Walls can
be wire brushed shortly after being released from the formwork to eliminate the visual impact of
the joins between the formwork and achieve an appearance closer to monolithic sandstone.
Selection of the ingredients for rammed earth also affects final appearance.
2.11 RECYCLED PLASTIC

Instead of mining, extracting, and milling new components, researchers are creating concrete that
includes ground up recycled plastics and trash, which not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions,
but reduces weight and provides a new use for landfill-clogging plastic waste.

2.11.1 HOW RECYCLED PLASTICS DIRECTLY BENEFIT THE

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

If companies are looking for construction materials that are efficient, durable and money-saving,
plastics are incredibly promising.

 A one-year study has shown that the energy that comes from using plastics as a primary
construction material is “enough to meet the average annual energy needs of 4.6 million
U.S. households.” That’s the equivalent of all the households in 11 out of 50 states.
 More staggering news comes from not only using plastics in construction, but plastics that
have been recycled. Not only does this follow the trend of efficient energy, but it also
saves space in landfills and reduces costs to an even lower level.
  When recycled plastic is blended with virgin plastic, costs can be lowered because there is
a lower amount of brand-new plastic being used and produced. Using recycled plastic can
also help save on the costs of other materials, such as wood and slate.

As a low-cost alternative to other materials, this type of plastic being salvaged has brought new
life to many industries and companies across the U.S. and around the world. Below, we’ll dive
into more specific examples of how using recycled plastics has changed the way a number of
materials are being produced.

1. ROOFING TILES
A roof is an essential part of a house, so when it comes to home building, there have been many
innovations in roofing methodologies over the years. Using recycled plastics to build roofing
tiles is a great way to resemble other more expensive materials, while providing the same high-
quality you can expect with materials such as slate.
Other undeniable benefits from recycled plastic roofs include:
 Lighter material
 Easier, quicker installation
 Lower carbon footprint

2. CONCRETE

Recycled plastics can be used to make stronger concrete structures in the form of sidewalks,
driveways and more. Students at MIT have recently conducted experiments with recycled plastic
by exposing small amounts of it to gamma radiation, mixing it into a powder and then mixing
that into cement paste.
Doing so can produce concrete that is up to 15% stronger than regular concrete, allowing this
form of construction to be both longer-lasting and more eco-friendly.

3. INDOOR INSULATION
Insulation is another essential factor in homebuilding and buying because it keeps your home’s
temperature regulated all year-round.

Various insulation companies have begun developing insulation with recycled plastic inside of it
because only a minimum amount of plastic will maximize your home’s energy efficiency levels.

Additional benefits for insulation from recycled plastics include:

Easy installation

Durability

Long-term energy savings

4. STRUCTURAL LUMBER
Using recycled plastic as the main ingredient in structural lumber as an alternative to other
materials such as steel, comes with indisputable advantages.
By using plastic to make lumber instead of wood, you no longer have to spray wood with toxic
preservatives to protect it from aspects such as insects and weather. Rather, the polyethylene from
recycled plastics does not necessitate such requirements, and have now been used to make
materials like picnic tables and benches.

5. PVC WINDOWS
PVC windows have grown in popularity because they are easy to design and can adapt to many
varying styles. A bonus is that because they are made primarily from plastics, the frames are 100%
recyclable. Other benefits include:

 Longer lifetime (up to 40 years)

 Surplus of production material
 Same insulation quality as regular plastic

6. BRICKS
Bricks are a stable material to build a home with, and more and more companies are embracing
the idea of building bricks with recycled plastic.

Recycled bricks can be put together in a LEGO-like way, making a home’s building time much
quicker than it would be with traditional brick. This plastic product can also be fire-resistant, is
cheaper, and, of course, is more eco-friendly.

7. FENCES
Another part of a home-building journey may include fencing in a backyard or adding a white
picket fence to your front yard. Homeowners can prioritize sustainability by designing fences from
recycled plastic.

Additional advantages of building fences with recycled plastic are:

 Longevity (can be exposed to many weather elements without rotting)

 Durability
 No need for paint (color can be added in during recycling process)
8. FLOOR TILES

The floor covering in your house is one of the most essential aspects in creating your dream
home, and it has become more common to utilize floor tiles that contain recycled plastics.

Some of their benefits include:

 Easy installation process

 Easy to clean
 Quiet and warm
 Affordable

9. CARPETING
Along with floor tiles, your comfy carpet is very important to your home. Oddly enough, the water
bottle you drank from this morning could wind up recycled into some of the best carpets out there.

Homeowners are installing these carpets made from recycled materials because they are more stain
resistant and color fast. Also, recycling your carpet after years of use provides plastics with another
way to be incorporated into more products.

10. CEILING TILES

Are you still looking to add more value to your home? Utilizing recycled plastic ceiling tiles is a
great way to do it. Since plastic is easy to work with, the installation process is quite simple.

Some other pros include:

Low maintenance (no painting, varnishing, or additional coats required once installed)
Long lasting

Affordable

Great insulation material

 CHAPTER NO.03

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Architectural research requires a global or holistic understanding of architecture. It is linked to

the central activity of architects: design. It is conditioned by the fact that there are no determinist
theories of which the design would be the application; the design itself is what
connects/translates them. It is a development/extension/ innovation of architectural practices. It
is interested in the generally recognized practices, subjects, and themes of architecture.
Architecture is a creative discipline oriented towards practice. It is engaged, creative, reflexive
practice

3.2 RESEARCH METHODS

Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your
research methods is an integral part of your research design. When planning your methods, there
are two key decisions you will make.

First, decide how you will collect data. Your methods depend on what type of data you need to
answer your research question:

 Qualitative vs. quantitative: Will your data take the form of words or numbers?
 Primary vs. secondary: Will you collect original data yourself, or will you use data that has
already been collected by someone else?
 Descriptive vs. experimental: Will you take measurements of something as it is, or will you
perform an experiment?

Second, decide how you will analyze the data.

 For quantitative data, you can use statistical analysis methods to test relationships between
variables.
  For qualitative data, you can use methods such as thematic analysis to interpret patterns
and meanings in the data.

3.3 METHODS FOR COLLECTING DATA

Data is the information that you collect for the purposes of answering your research question. The
type of data you need depends on the aims of your research.

3.3.1 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE DATA

Your choice of qualitative or quantitative data collection depends on the type of knowledge you
want to develop.

For questions about ideas, experiences and meanings, or to study something that can’t be described
numerically, collect qualitative data.

If you want to develop a more mechanistic understanding of a topic, or your research

involves hypothesis testing, collect quantitative data.

3.3.2 PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY DATA

Primary data is any original information that you collect for the purposes of answering your
research question (e.g. through surveys, observations and experiments). Secondary data is
information that has already been collected by other researchers (e.g. in a government census or
previous scientific studies).

If you are exploring a novel research question, you’ll probably need to collect primary data. But if
you want to synthesize existing knowledge, analyze historical trends, or identify patterns on a large
scale, secondary data might be a better choice.

3.3.3 DESCRIPTIVE VS. EXPERIMENTAL DATA

In descriptive research, you collect data about your study subject without intervening.
The validity of your research will depend on your sampling method.

In experimental research, you systematically intervene in a process and measure the outcome. The
validity of your research will depend on your experimental design.
To conduct an experiment, you need to be able to vary your independent variable, precisely
measure your dependent variable, and control for confounding variables. If it’s practically and
ethically possible, this method is the best choice for answering questions about cause and effect.

3.3.4 PARTICIPANT AND NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

Studies which involve observing people can be divided into two main categories, namely
participant observation and non-participant observation.

In participant observation studies, the researcher becomes (or is already) part of the group to be
observed. This involves fitting in, gaining the trust of members of the group and at the same time
remaining sufficiently detached as to be able to carry out the observation. The observations made
might be based on what people do, the explanations they give for what they do, the roles they
have, relationships amongst them and features of the situation in which they find themselves.
The researcher should be open about what s/he is doing, give the participants in the study the
chance see the results and comment on them, and take their comments seriously.

In non-participant observation studies, the researcher is not part of the group being studied. The
researcher decides in advance precisely what kind of behaviour is relevant to the study and can
be realistically and ethically observed. The observation can be carried out in a few different
ways. For example, it could be continuous over a set period of time (e.g. one hour) or regularly
for shorter periods of time (for 60 seconds every so often) or on a random basis. Observation
does not only include noting what happened or was said but also the fact that a specific behavior
did not occur at the time of observation.

3.3.5 CASE STUDIES

Case studies usually involve the detailed study of a particular case (a person or small group).
Various methods of data collection and analysis are used but this typically includes observation
and interviews and may involve consulting other people and personal or public records. The
researchers may be interested in a particular phenomenon (e.g. coping with a diagnosis or a move
into residential care) and select one or more individuals in the respective situation on whom to
base their case study/studies. Case studies have a very narrow focus which results in detailed
descriptive data which is unique to the case(s) studied. Nevertheless, it can be useful in clinical
settings and may even challenge existing theories and practices in other domains.
3.3.6 SURVEYS
Surveys involve collecting information, usually from fairly large groups of people, by means of
questionnaires but other techniques such as interviews or telephoning may also be used. There are
different types of survey. The most straightforward type (the “one shot survey”) is administered to
a sample of people at a set point in time. Another type is the “before and after survey” which
people complete before a major event or experience and then again afterwards.

3.3.7 LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review is a "comprehensive study and interpretation of literature that addresses a
specific topic" (Aveyard, 2010).

Literature reviews are generally conducted in one of two ways:

1) As a preliminary review before a larger study in order to critically evaluate the current literature
and justify why further study and research is required.

In this case, the researcher must "systematically search, critique and combine the literature to
demonstrate a gap in the existing research base" while demonstrating "their understanding of both
the research and the methods previously used to investigate the area" (Aveyard, 2010).

2) As a project in itself that provides a comprehensive survey of the works published in a particular
discipline or area of research over a specified period of time.

Sometimes referred to as a systematic literature review or meta-analysis, this type is a critical

survey that attempts to "evaluate and interpret all available research evidence relevant to a
particular question" (Glasziou, 2001)

Remember, research is only valuable and useful when it is valid, accurate, and reliable. Incorrect
results can lead to customer churn and a decrease in sales.

It is essential to ensure that your data is:

Valid – founded, logical, rigorous, and impartial.

Accurate – free of errors and including required details.

Reliable – other people who investigate in the same way can produce similar results.
Timely – current and collected within an appropriate time frame.

Complete – includes all the data you need to support your business decisions.

3.3.8 METHODOLOGY USED

METHODOLOGY USED TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVENO.01

To study the importance of material selection and low-energy materials.

 OBSERVATION
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 CASE STUDY
 SURVEY
METHODOLOGY USED TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVENO.02

To study possible measures to use building materials and products that minimize destruction of
the global environment.
 OBSERVATION
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 CASE STUDY
 SURVEY
METHODOLOGY USED TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVENO.03

To utilize natural and healthy materials that contributes to the well-being of the occupant.
 OBSERVATION
 DESIGN BRIEF

METHODOLOGY USED TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVENO.04

To design skill development center with selection of environmentally preferable materials.

 DESIGN BRIEF
 CHAPTER NO.04

DATA COLLECTION

4.1 OUTCOME OF LITERATURE REVIEW

BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS?

Sustainable building material isn’t just good for the environment, although that is a fantastic reason
to adopt sustainable practices. There are many benefits to adopting eco-friendly materials in the
construction industry, such as:

 PROMOTES HEALTHIER LIVING

Construction projects that develop green buildings aren’t only beneficial to the environment; they
also provide many psychological benefits to the people inside them. For example, in an office
building, cognitive function scores rose by 61 percent. It was also reported that employees were 44
percent better at making decisions that achieve workplace goals. In green hospital buildings, 56
percent were satisfied with the cheerfulness of the hospital after the green renovations. Plus,
Seasonal Affective Disorder was reduced.

 REDUCES WASTE
The reduction of construction waste is also a beneficial side effect in building more green
buildings. By their nature, they already use fewer resources, relying on recycled and renewable
materials along with more sustainable construction methods. The use of sustainable materials is
also beneficial to overall human health as paint, industrial cleaning products and building materials
can be dangerous for human health.

 BOOSTS THE ECONOMY

Sustainable construction can also provide many jobs and boost the economy. As climate change
devastates the world, efforts to combat its effects have increased, resulting in an increased demand
for construction workers and a hike in construction jobs. According to the USGBC, the green
building industry contributed $134.3 billion of labor income to US workers, making it a major
economic driver in the country.

 PROMOTES SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable construction also promotes sustainability and efficient energy use. With renewable
energy construction on the rise, coupled with sustainable construction methods, more people are
beginning to see the importance and efficiency of using sustainable methods. It also sends a clear
message to the industry and everywhere else: sustainability is viable and important.

4.2 OUTCOME OF CASE STUDY

Case study no.01 is the detail study of a community center located in Hyderabad Pakistan. All
the courses offered and time period of each courses is considered in detail, also all the
components present in building is studied that will help in design phase.

Case study no.02 is the study of Government College of technology Hyderabad which offers
different courses that are discussed in detail.

Case study no.03 is the study of girls school located in koudougou, burkina faso, which is
constructed completely with sustainable building materials that is an inspiration for sustainable
material thesis aim.

4.3 OUTCOME OF OBSERVATION

Sustainable construction is developing each and every day, with more demand for cleaner and
greener spaces. As the effects of climate change increase, sustainability becomes even more
important. While there are challenges, the benefits involved with sustainable construction can
create a pathway to a cleaner future.

Large construction companies aren’t the only ones that can change their methods for the betterment
of the environment. Regular people working on their own private projects can also focus on
utilizing sustainable construction methods. Whether it’s using the right equipment,
implementing value engineering to determine sustainable material alternatives or simply doing
your best to be energy efficient, anyone can help progress sustainability efforts.
 CHAPTER NO.05

CASE STUDY

5.1 CASE STUDY NO.01

M. A. RANGOONWALA COMMUNITY
LOCATION: Opposite Rani Bagh Eid Gah Hyderabad

ESTABLISHMENT: April 2003

The Centre has been operational since 2003 and is first of its kind in Hyderabad. It serves not
only the women of Hyderabad, but those from the neighboring areas as well. A two storey
building situated on the main highway opposite Eidgah (RANI BAGH), the centre is fully
equipped with the latest equipment used in vocational training courses for ladies.
Currently around 4,200 students register themselves in different courses throughout the year.
Muhammad aly rangoonwala the founder of the center is born on May 20, 1924 in Rangoon;
Mr.M.A .Rangoonwala remained a champion for 74 years on the world’s stage of business,
commerce and philanthropy. He served humanity throughout the world. A few of the over 100
organizations, national and international.

MISSION:
The aim of the trust is `service to Humanity`.it believes in the:

 Advancement of education & skill by building, establishing, maintaining and aiding

educational institutions at all levels by providing domestic and foreign scholarships
stipends, books and traveling expenses to the deserving students.
 Advancement of health and relief of sickness by establishing,building,improving and help
maintaining of medical institutions, teaching hospitals, clinics and sanatorium
  Sponsorship of the arts and cultural activities of those meritorious individuals and
communities that lack resources to enhance and supplement their income and skills.

Courses offered:

1 English Language
2 Sewing & Cutting
3 Mehindi
4 Italian Dough Craft
5 Basic Computers
6 Hand Embroidery
7 Textile designing.
8 Candle making
9 Flower making
10 Pot making
11 Glass making
12 Hair dressing
13 Grooming(beautician)
14 Cooking
15 Computer etc
 Cooking class

BEAUTITION CLASS
 COMPUTER LAB

SEWING & CUTTING

Advantages and disadvantages
 Workshop and laboratories are very well designed as for as natural light is concerned.
 Some workshops have less furniture such in sewing and cutting workshop has few
machines and students have less no of seats.
 Grooming and computer lab are very well designed and d are fully equipped.
 Artificial arrangement has been done by fans to overcome the hot weather while in
computer and grooming lab is fully air conditioned.
 In the entrance of the building there is small lawn which gives very soothing effect.
 It has very less parking area only one or two cars can stand.
 There is no any transport system for the learners who come from far away so that they
arrange their transport for themselves
 No enough space for future extension.
 There is big environmental problem due to the transport noise and pollution.
 Fly over mostly disturbs the privacy of center.
5.2 CASE STUDY NO.02

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

Name of District: HYDERABAD

1. Name of Institute: GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

2. Address: WAHADATCOLONY, HYDERABAD, SINDH

3. No. of shifts offered: Three (Morning, Evening)

4. Total Land of Institute/college: - 22 ACRES

5. Covered area of building: - 8.778 ACRE

The College building is located on the National Highway spreading over 22 acres of land. It is the
second biggest Technical Institution of Sindh province. The college building is divided into two
portions, the college and the staff residence Colony. The college building consists of three main
blocks:

a) The main block (Administration block, Library, Civil Drawing Hall).

b) The academic block (Auditorium, Class rooms, Drawing hall and Laboratories of Auto &
Diesel, Civil, Computer / Information Technology centre, Electrical, Electronics. Glass &
Ceramics and Mechanical department), and
c) The B.Tech block where the B.Tech courses are offered.

COURSES OFFERED:
 The programmes offered by college are giving below
 The college is offering the following programmes
 Diploma of Associate Engineer in six technologies (Morning Programme)
 Diploma of Associate Engineer in three technologies (Double Shift Programme)
 Diploma of Associate Engineer in five technologies (Evening self help Programme)
 2-years Post Diploma B-Tech (Pass) in three technologies (Morning Programme)
 2-years Post B-Tech (Pass) B-Tech (Hons) in three technologies (Morning Programme)
 Computer short courses and DIT programme (Evening)
In addition three months skill development programmes sponsored by NAVTEC also run in this
college.

Further the college facilitates to run training programme in the four disciplines on the Benazir
Bhutto Shaheed Youth Development Programme offered by Works & Services Department,
Government of Sindh
DURATION OF THE COURSES:
TABLE 06
S. # Courses Duration Entry Qualification
1 Diploma of Associate Engineer in 3-Years S.S.C (Matriculation)
six technologies (Morning H.S.C–II (Intermediate)
Programme)
2 Diploma of Associate Engineer in 3-Years S.S.C (Matriculation)
three technologies (Double Shift H.S.C–II (Intermediate
Programme)
3 Diploma of Associate Engineer in 3-Years S.S.C (Matriculation)
five technologies (Evening self H.S.C–II (Intermediate
help Programme)
4 2-years Post Diploma B-Tech
(Pass) in three technologies
DAE
(Morning Programme)
4-Year (Diploma of Associate
5 2-years Post B-Tech (Pass) B-Tech
Engineer)
(Hons) in three technologies
(Morning Programme)
6 Computer short courses and DIT 6-Months S.S.C (Matriculation)
programme (Evening) H.S.C–II (Intermediate
7 In addition three months skill 3-Months S.S.C (Matriculation)
development programmes H.S.C–II (Intermediate
sponsored by NAVTEC also run in
this college.

I - College Building
 GROUND FLOOR
S. # Description Size Area

Ft Ft Sq. ft. Sq. Yds.

1 Guard room 20 10 200 22.22

2 Main Office Building 150 60 9000 1000.00

3 Passage & Lobby 66 60 3960 440.00

4 Testing Lab. 80 40 3200 355.56

5 Hydraulic Lab. 80 40 3200 355.56

6 Auditorium Hall 80 40 3200 355.56

7 Main Store 80 40 3200 355.56

8 Wood Workshop 80 40 3200 355.56

9 Glass & Ceramics Deptt 80 40 3200 355.56

10 G.C Workshop 80 40 3200 355.56

11 Physics Lab. & Chemistry 130 40 5200 577.78

Lab.

12 Electronics A 153 45 6885 765.00

13 Electronics B 26 12 312 34.67

14 B-Tech Main Block 80 100 8000 888.89

15 Passage 690 10 6900 766.67

16 B-Tech Staff room & 60 30 1800 200.00

Passage

17 Dispensary 46 37 1702 189.11

 18 Mechanical Workshops 340 40 13600 1511.11

i Welding shop

ii Machine shop

iii Foundry shop

iv Heat engine shop

19 Store At MT 40 30 1200 133.33

20 Automobile shop 150 40 6000 666.67

21 Electric shop 120 40 4800 533.33

22 Electrical Lab 94 36 3384 376.00

23 Survey Lab. 26 36 936 104.00

24 MT Drawing Hall 1&2 135 60 8100 900.00

25 T.T Wing Hall 48 63 3024 336.00

26 Class rooms 4 145 30 4350 483.33

27 Bachelors staff Hostel 177 44 7788 865.33

28 Students Hostel 26887 2987.00

FIRSL FLOOR

1 First floor A 270 40 10800 1200.00

i Resource center

ii Library

ii Evening Staff Office

iv Vice Principal Office

V P A Office

Vi Principal Office

Vii Meeting Hall

2 First floor B 135 30 4050 450.00

i MIS Cell

ii Class room 1 & 2

iii Comp Lab. 1 & 2

iv First floor C

3 Electronics A 153 45 6885 765.00

4 Electronics B 26 12 312 34.67

2ND FLOOR

1 CT Drawing hall & Office 100 40 4000 444.44

II - Residence Colony
Mosque 100 80 8000 888.89

A - Type Bungalows 34222 3802.00

B -Type Bungalows 55250 6138.00

C - Type Bungalows 24000 2666.00

D - Type Bungalows 4800 533.30

 D - 1 Type Bungalows 27000 3000.00

D -2 Type Bungalows 9394 1043.70

A - Type Quarters 9000 1000.00

B - Type Quarters 76.5 850.00

C - Type Quarters 11025 1225.00

D - 1 Type Quarters 13050 1450.00

D - 2 Type Quarters 6562 729.00

Total area 374854.5 42489.33

Sq. Ft Sq. Yards

Built in /Covered area in acres 8.7787879

CAR PARKING
OUT SIDE VIEW AND ROAD LEADING TO ANWAR VILLAS
5.3 CASE STUDY NO.03

SECONDARY SCHOOL AND AUXILIARY BUILDINGS OF BANGRE

VEENEM SCHOOL COMPLEX / ALBERT FAUS

KOUDOUGOU, BURKINA FASO

Architects: Albert Faus

Area: 1747 m²

Year: 2019
One of the most recent actions of the Burkina Faso Ministry of Education in the fight against
school dropouts has been to unify isolated schools into school complexes where education is
provided from nursery to high school. The project includes the development of the new Bangre
Veenem School Complex from the existing Primary school in the village of Youlou (Koudougou),
as well as the construction of the Secondary school and auxiliary buildings (canteen, staff changing
rooms, water tank and other service areas). In the future, the NGO and the city council will have
to complete the intervention with the construction of the Nursery and the central Administration
of the complex.

The mayor's office and the neighbours make more than 8 hectares of land available to the project
in order to complete the infrastructure, since schools in Burkina Faso's villages are usually
formalized as multiple ground floor pavilions scattered over large areas of land.
The first decision is to compact the proposal to reduce the intervention area by 40% (5ha) in order
to affect existing housing communities and their farmland as little as possible. In addition, it has
been decided to divide the property into two zones, North and South, with an "outside" area in
between, a large public square for access but also for transit, to prevent the perimeter closure of
the school from turning it into a barrier of up to 500 meters of side.
Most of the intervention is concentrated in the central area of the site, arranged in three horizontal
strips, where the intermediate one is the great void to access, in the North is located the Secondary
School, the Central Administration and its parking spaces, and in the South the buildings for the
Nursery, the Canteen and its auxiliary and parking areas. These divisions and the place where the
buildings are located also respond to the presence of some majestic Néré (Parkia biglobosa), which
the program will refer.

The proposal foresees the construction of the main buildings - Secondary School, Nursery and
Administration- with walls and vaults made of compressed earth bricks (CEB) and with a double
upper protective roof, and the auxiliary buildings, together with the closing walls that make up the
central access plaza, in thick weather-resistant stone walls

The Secondary School is conceived as a single building. The different bodies that compose it are
located under a large shelter canopy, which is perforated at its ridge to naturally light and ventilate
the interior terrace that provides access to the classrooms. The canopy is also deformed and
interrupted in its central section to protect the lower building and to give rise to the large green
pergola that covers the main entrance in the south.
The sequence of classrooms is arranged in two parallel alignments, N-S oriented, with a simple
dimensional asymmetry caused by the number of classes that compose them. The central volume
of the management office piece abandons this alignment, it advances and it points the entrances to
the different areas from the south access, it’s erected as the third facade of each interior terrace
(the fourth would be the landscape to East or West) and it generates a back area for teachers to the
north.
 CHAPTER NO.06

SITE SELECTION

6.1 SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

6.1.1 SAFETY (these factors should be considered)

• Adjacent to or near roadways with a high volume of traffic
• Close proximity to railroad tracks
• Close to high-voltage power line, high-pressure lines, for example
natural gas, gasoline sewer or water lines
• Contaminants/toxics in the soil or groundwater, such as from landfills,
dumps, chemical plants, refineries, fuel tanks, nuclear plants, or
agricultural use of pesticides or fertilizer, etc.
• Close to high decibel noise sources
• A 100-year flood plain
• Social hazards in the neighborhood, such as high incidence of crime
and drug or alcohol abuse

6.1.2 LOCATION
• Safe walking areas
• Centrally located to avoid extensive transporting and to minimize
student travel distance
• Compatible with current and probable future zoning regulations
• Close to neighborhoods, libraries, parks, museums, and other
community services
• Favorable orientation to wind and natural light

6.1.3 TOPOGRAPHY/SOILS
• Proximity to faults or fault traces
• Stable subsurface and bearing capacity
• Danger of slides or liquefaction
• Percolation for septic system and drainage
• Adequate water table level
• Existing land fill is reasonably well compacted
• Feasibility of mitigating steep grades
• Rock ledges or outcroppings
• Surface and subsurface drainage
• Level area for playfields

6.1.4 SIZE AND SHAPE

• Net acreage consistent with the International Council of Educational
Facility Planners (+13 acres)
• Length-to-width ratio does not exceed 2:1
• Sufficient open play area and open space
• Potential for expansion for future needs
• Area for adequate and separate bus loading and parking

6.1.5 ACCESSIBILITY
• Obstacles such as crossing on major streets and intersections, narrow
or winding streets, heavy traffic patterns
• Access and dispersal roads
• Natural obstacles such as grades or gullies
• Routing patterns for foot traffic
• Remote areas (with no sidewalks) where students walk to and from
school
• Easily reachable by emergency response vehicles
• Fire and police protection
6.1.6 UTILITIES
• Availability of water, electricity, gas, sewer
• Feasibility of bringing utilities to site at reasonable cost
• Restrictions on right of way
6.1.7 COST
• Reasonable costs for purchase of property, and legal fees
• Reasonable costs for site preparation including, but not limited to,
drainage, parking, driveways, removal of existing building, and grading
• Toxic cleanup beyond, the owner’s obligation
• Environmental mitigation
• Reasonable maintenance costs

6.1.8 PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE (Board only)

• Public acceptance of the proposed site

6.2 AVOID THE FOLLOWING FACTORS BEFORE THE SELECTION OF

SITE

6.2.1 Natural Disasters: Avoid sites in areas susceptible to natural disasters. Flood plains,
tornado or hurricane hot-spots or seismically active areas are not optimal choices. While
precautions can be taken to accommodate building in such areas, there are additional cost
considerations, and more likelihood of impact on utilities or other infrastructure support.

6.2.2 Electromagnetic Interference: Avoid choosing a site near sources of electromagnetic

interference (EMI) or Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). Telecommunications signal facilities.

6.2.3 Industrial Pollution: Avoid locating the facility near major sources of industrial
pollution, such as factories, manufacturing facilities, or sewage treatment facilities.

6.2.4 Vibration: Avoid locating the site near major sources of vibration. Airports, rail lines,
busy highways, traffic tunnels, mines and other similar sites can generate continued or intermittent
vibration that could disrupt operations.
6.3 GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE

Located at 25.367 °N latitude and 68.367 °E longitude with an elevation of 13 meters (43 ft),
Hyderabad is located on the east bank of the Indus River and is roughly 150 kilometers (93 mi)
away from Karachi, the provincial capital. Two of Pakistan's largest highways, the Indus Highway
and the National Highway join at Hyderabad. Several towns surrounding the city include Kotri at
6.7 kilometers (4.2 mi), Jamshoro at 8.1 kilometers (5.0 mi), Hattri at 5.0 kilometers (3.1 mi) and
Husri at 7.5 kilometers (4.7 mi).

The climate of Hyderabad features an arid climate. The days are hot and dry, usually going up to
extreme highs of 40 °C (104 °F), while the nights are cool and breezy. Winds usually bring along
clouds of dust, and people prefer staying indoors in the daytime, while the breezes at night are
pleasant and clean.

CHART 01

Climate data for Hyderabad, Pakistan

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 33.3 38.2 43.4 46.0 48.4 48.5 45.5 43.9 45.0 44.0 41.0 36.0 48.5
°C (°F) (91.9) (100.8) (110.1) (114.8) (119.1) (119.3) (113.9) (111.0) (113.0) (111.2) (105.8) (96.8) (119.3)

Average high 24.7 28.1 33.8 38.8 41.4 40.1 37.3 36.0 36.5 36.9 31.0 26.0
34.2
°C (°F) (76.5) (82.6) (92.8) (101.8) (106.5) (104.2) (99.1) (96.8) (97.7) (98.4) (87.8) (78.8)

Average low 11.1 13.8 18.6 22.9 26.1 28.0 27.7 26.6 25.3 22.4 17.3 12.8
21.1
°C (°F) (52.0) (56.8) (65.5) (73.2) (79.0) (82.4) (81.9) (79.9) (77.5) (72.3) (63.1) (55.0)

Record low 3.3 4.0 9.0 12.0 19.0 20.0 21.4 22.8 20.6 15.0 6.0 3.0 3.3
°C (°F) (37.9) (39.2) (48.2) (53.6) (66.2) (68.0) (70.5) (73.0) (69.1) (59.0) (42.8) (37.4) (37.9)

Rainfall mm 1.5 5.4 4.8 6.0 3.6 9.6 53.0 62.3 19.4 4.2 1.9 2.5 174.2
(inches) (0.059) (0.213) (0.189) (0.236) (0.142) (0.378) (2.087) (2.453) (0.764) (0.165) (0.075) (0.098) (6.858)

Sunshine
272.8 257.1 288.3 288.0 313.1 279.0 235.6 251.1 285.0 306.9 279.0 272.8 3,328.7
hours
 HYDERABAD CITY MAP

6.4 SITE NO.01

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE

Location G.T.C ground along with cantonment road (Alamgir road)

Land Area 12 Acres

Land Cost moderate

Topographical status Plain Land

Climatic Condition Hot and Dry

Orientation North east Oriented

Accessibility wadhoo wah Road

6.5 SITE NO.02

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE

Location Near eidgah masjid qasimabad Hyderabad

Land Area 6.8 Acres

Land Cost moderate

Topographical status Plain Land

Climatic Condition Hot and Dry

Orientation South Oriented

Accessibility Qaimabad Road Hyderabad

6.6 SITE NO.03

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE

Location Indus highway jamshoro

Land Area 8 Acres

Land Cost moderate

Topographical status Plain Land

Climatic Condition Hot and Dry

Orientation South Oriented

Accessibility Indus highway jamshoro

 CHAPTER NO.07

DESIGN BRIEF

7.1 SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

Skills and knowledge are the driving forces of economic growth and social development of a
country. In rapidly growing economies like Pakistan with a vast and ever-increasing population,
there is a severe shortage of highly-trained, quality skilled resources, while on the other; large
sections of the population possess little or no job skills.

Education should always be purposeful, growth oriented and productive. Along with Academic
Qualifications we need to produce dynamic and enterprising youngsters capable of facing the
changing times and taking on the toughest technical challenges. Prospective employers along
with academic Qualifications are looking at the worth and expertise of a candidate from the view
point of employability potential of the candidate. Furthermore, the industry has neither the time
nor inclination to train a fresher in skills required. Owing to tough competition, industry is ready
to recruit only skilled candidates who can contribute immediately to the wellbeing of the
company.

Hence the emphasis is on how best to integrate industry relevant skill set and regular college
curriculum and expose students to real workplace culture. The need of the hour is a sustainable
platform to hone the skills of students and provide the support each individual needs to grow. A
well-defined solution is the establishment of Skill Development Centers by the educational
institutes.

Skill Development Centre will be a renowned and dynamic Centre of skilling initiatives of
consistent high standards thereby offering a wide range of academic programs in priority sectors
empowered through building up strong nexus with the industries and professionals of repute
thereby creating opportunities for the students of gaining advanced knowledge, on job training
and employment.
It will create technologically equipped thought and action leaders in a wide range of spheres by
providing value - based and high quality education along with the most indispensable
professional as well as life skills.

Paramount importance will be given to training students in employability skills that cater to
industry and technological needs. But, Skill Development Center also realizes the basic truth that
being technically good is not adequate and therefore rigorous training will be given in
communication skills, sound values and professional ethics to enable the student to venture out
in confidence and prove his caliber in the competitive workplace.

7.2 BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

7.2.1 ADMINISTRATION SECTION

 Director Office
 Assistant Director Office
 in charge Office
 Clerk Office
 Staff Room
 Computer Operator Office
 Conference Room
 Record Room
 Store Room
 Kitchen
 Waiting Area
 First Aid Room
 Lavatories for Male and Female
 Parking

7.2.2 ACADEMIC SECTION

 Class Rooms
 Multimedia Room
  Laboratories
 Workshops
 Library
 Kitchen (for Training)
 Store Room
 Wash rooms
 Parking

7.2.3 CAFE TERIA/CANTEEN

 Serving Counter
 Sitting Area
 Kitchen
 Tuck shop
 Tea/Coffee Counter
 Wash Rooms

7.2.4 COMMON FACILITIES

 Praying Area
 Ablution Space
 Common Room
 Common Wash Rooms
 Green Area/Park
 Indoor, Outdoor Games
 Parking

7.2.5 COMMUNAL SECTION

 Auditorium
 Exhibition Hall
 Wash Rooms
  Parking

7.3 BUILDING MATERIALS TO BE USED IN SKILL DEVELOPMENT

CENTER PROJECT

1- Bamboo
2- Rammed earth

3- Recycled plastic
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