Department of Mechanical Engineering

College of Engineering and Architecture

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE

AND DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE DEVICE CHARGING STATION IN

BPSU-MAIN CAMPUS

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

for the course MEPS-523 ME PROJECT STUDY 1

CRUZ, MARK LAWRENCE C.

DIEGO, RENZ GEROME H.

DULOT, JOSHUA E.

TIOCO, HOWARD LUIGI S.

SOLANO, ALFRANCIS C.

SALONGA, VENUS COLEEN T.

December 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii

List of Figures . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi

Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

1.1.1 History of mobile phones and design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.2 Mobile devices users in Bataan Peninsula State University . . . . . . . .3

1.1.3 Electricity vs. Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

1.1.4 Renewable Energy present in BPSU Main Campus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

1.2 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.3 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

1.3.1 General Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

1.3.1 Specific Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

1.4 Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

1.4.1 Beneficiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

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 1.4.2 Environmental Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

1.4.2 Economical Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.5 Scope and Delimitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Renewable Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.1.1 Republic Act No. 9513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.1.2 Renewable Energy as Environmental & Economical alternative power

source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2 Progress and Development of renewable technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.2.1 Solar Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

2.2.1.1 Comparison of efficiency of solar panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

2.2.2 Wind Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

2.2.2.1 Horizontal Axis vs. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine . . . . . . . .16

2.2.3 Kinetic Energy Man- Powered Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.2.3.1 Kinetic Energy Man- Powered technology as developing energy

source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.3 Mobile Device Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.3.1 Parts of Mobile Device Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.3.1.1 Power Generation Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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 2.3.1.2 Charging Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3.2 Type of Mobile Device Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.3.2.1 Solar Powered Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.3.2.2 Wind Powered Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.3.2.2 Man Powered Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.3.2.2 Hybrid Powered Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

2.4 Available Design of mobile device charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.4.1 Smart Flower Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .31

2.4.2 Solar Bench Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2.4.3 Street Charge Charging Station . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.4.4 Wind Power Mobile Charger. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 35

2.4.5 Portable Charging Device . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.5 Related Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

2.5.1 Aerodynamic Design of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine. . . . . . . . . . 37

2.5.2 Small- Scale Wind Energy portable turbine (SWEPT) . . . . . . . . . . .38

2.5.3 Design of Vertical- Axis Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

2.5.4 Solar powered Cell phone Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

2.5.5 Design and Implementation of Solar Powered Mobile Phone Charging

Station for Public Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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 2.5.6 Solar Powered Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2.5.7 Design of a Portable Hand Crank Generating System to Power Remote Off-

Grid Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

2.5.8 Kinetic Powered Phone Battery Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

2.5.9 Treadle Power Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2.5.10 Low-Cost Tri- Energy Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .43

2.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 Solar Powered Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3.1.1 Photovoltaic Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

3.1.2 Computation of Energy Produced by Solar panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.2 Wind Powered Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3.2.1 Wind energy conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.2.2 Savonius Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.2.3 Bentz’ Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

3.3 Kinetic Man- Powered Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

3.3.1 Faraday's Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.3.2 Lenz’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

3.3.3 Lenz’s Law Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

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 3.4 Other Engineering Principles Involved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

3.4.1 Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY

4.1 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

4.2 Prototype Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

4.2.1 Design Parameter and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

4.2.1.1 Resource Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

4.2.1.2 Solar power resource mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .66

4.2.1.3 Wind profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

4.2.1.4 User Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

4.2.2 Design Standard or Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

4.2.3 Design Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

4.2.3.1 Demand Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

4.2.3.2 Solar Panel Capacity Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

4.2.3.3 Wind Blade Design Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

4.2.3.4 Treadle Power Generation Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

4.2.3.5 Battery Capacity Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

4.2.3.6 Prototype Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

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 4.2.3.7 Simplified Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

4.2.4 Design option/Initial design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

4.2.4.1 Initial Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

4.2.4.2 Design Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

4.2.4.2.1 Design Option 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

4.2.4.2.2 Design Option 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

4.2.4.2.3 Design Option 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

4.2.5 Design Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

4.2.6 Final Proposed Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

4.3 Fabrication Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

4.4 Experimental Design and Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

4.4.1Experimental Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

4.4.2 Testing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

4.5 Data Processing and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

4.6 Project Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Complete Computer-Aided Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

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Appendix B: Forms and Data Sheets Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Appendix C: Standards, Rules And Regulations Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Number enrolled students in Bataan Peninsula State University . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Table 2.1 (Silicon types of solar panel summary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Table 2.2 Historical Rotor Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Table 2.3Comparison of H.A.W.T and V.A.W.T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Table 2.4 Kinetic man-powered devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Table 2.5 Specification of Smart Flower Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Table 2.6 Specification of Solar Bench Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Table 2.7 Specification and Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Table 2.8 Specification of Wind Power Mobile Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Table 4.1independent Factors in experimental design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Table 4.2 Estimated Project Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Number of mobile devices users in the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 1.2 Potential capacity of different renewable energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Figure 2.1 Types of solar panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Figure 2.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Figure 2.3 Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Figure 2.4 Wind turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Figure 2.5 Solar panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Figure 2.6 Exposed view of power generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Figure 2.7 Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Figure 2.8 Charging ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Figure 2.9 Battery indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 2.10 Solar Powered Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Figure 2.11 Wind Powered Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Figure 2.12 Kinetic Man-Powered Charging Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 2.13 Hybrid Mobile Phone Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 2.14 Smart Flower Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Figure 2.15 Solar Bench Charging Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

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Figure 2.16 Street charge Charging station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Figure 2.17 Wind Power Mobile Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Figure 2.18 Portable Charging Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Figure 3.1 Photovoltaic Effect Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Figure 3.2 Exposed view of wind turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Figure 3.3 Wind energy conversion system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Figure 3.4 Simplified model for Savonius Wind turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Figure 3.5 The stream-tube in place of wind flow over the actuator disc . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Figure 3.6 Ways of voltage can be generated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

Figure 3.7 Magnetic field movement near coil or loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Figure 3.8 Galvanometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Figure 3.9 Direction of the functional field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Figure 3.10 The rate of change of magnetic flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Figure 4.1 Flow Chart of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Figure 4.2 Digital Anemometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Figure 4.3 Prototype Simplified Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Figure 4.4 Initial Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Figure 4.5 Design Option 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

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Figure 4.6 Design Option 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

Figure 4.7 Design Option 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

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 NOMENCLATURE

w Solar panel rating

t Time the solar panel exposed to sunlight

ω Angular velocity

R Mean radius

D Drag forces

τ Aerodynamic torque

P Mechanical Power

p Density of air (kg/m3)

u∞ . Upstream wind speed

m Mass flowrate

A Rotor swept area

pext Transforming power

Cp Power coeefficent

ε Induced electromotive force

δΦB change in magnetic flux

N Number of turns in a coil

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N Number of loops

∆ ∅M Change in magnetic flux

∆t Change in time

ε Induced Voltage

A solar array area (m2)

e conversion efficiency

sr Solar radiation/time

P Power output, kilowatts

V Wind speed, mph

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1.1 History of mobile phones and devices

Over the past decade, electronic mobile devices have revolutionized our lives in ways

that go well beyond how we communicate. Besides calling, texting, and emailing, more than two

billion people around the world now use these devices to navigate, to book cab rides, to compare

product reviews and prices, to follow the news, to watch movies, to listen to music, to play video

games, to memorialize vacations, and, not least of all, to participate in social media (Yudhijit

Bhattacharjee, 2019). Because of the reliable and addicting effect of the mobile devices no

wonder why people of all ages seen the mobile devices as essential part of once life. Especially,

mobile devices served as a fastest link to internet to every student. The influence of the device is

rapidly spreading from international to local, even secluded areas. The statement just proved that

every human in the current generation needed a mobile device.

The history of mobile phones goes back to 1908 when a US Patent was issued in

Kentucky for a wireless telephone. Mobile phones were invented as early as the 1940s when

engineers working at AT&T developed cells for mobile phone base stations. The very first

mobile phones were not really mobile phones at all. They were two-way radios that allowed

people like taxi drivers and the emergency services to communicate. (uSwitch ,2019). Then,

mobile devices start to bloom as the technology is spreading throughout the world. And as of

now the number of mobile device users is continuously growing.

1
 Number of mobile phone users in the Philippines from 2014
to 2020 (in millions)
Number of mobile phone users in the Philippines from 2014 to 2020 (in millions)
74.6 75.6
70.9 72.6
68.7
66
62.8

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure 1.1 Number of mobile devices users in the Philippines

(Source: Statista Research Department,2019)

This forecast shows the number of mobile phone users in the Philippines from 2014

to 2020. In 2019, the number of mobile phone users is to reach 74.6 million (Statista Research

Department, 2016). Estimated that the phone users in 2020 would increase to 75.6 million. As

the mobile phone users continue to raise it is associated with huge consumption of electricity

throughout the country. Indeed, the number of mobile device users is mostly proportional to

population of a given place in the country.

1.1.2 Mobile devices user in Bataan Peninsula State University

2
 The population is constantly growing through the years pass by. Specifically, here at

Bataan Peninsula State University as new enrollees and returning students occupied the grounds

and rooms of the university. About 6370 students are enrolled in the 1 st semester of 2019-2020

(Bataan Peninsula State University Registrar MC, 2019) no wonder the facilities are starting got

crowded and lack of electric outlet and source because of new appliances and equipment, and

mostly students are mobile device users.

Table 1.1 Number enrolled students in Bataan Peninsula State University

(Source: Bataan Peninsula State University Registrar MC, 2019)

Department No. of Students

CEA 3161
CBA 822
CICT 851
CT 1157
CNM 379
Total No. of Students 6370

The tables above show CEA students are the most in number of 3161 students, followed

by CT department consist 1157. Then, CBA and CICT with both 800 plus students and CNM

with the lowest enrollees with only 379 students with a total of 6370 students.

Assuming about all the students who are enrolled in Bataan Peninsula State University

owned mobile devices. From the result about 6370 mobile device users needed electrical outlets.

Through observation not even ¼ of the students can accommodate by the charging outlet

provided by the school. Also charging a mobile device may keep more problems if electrical bills

were to be asked.

1.1.3 Electricity vs. Renewable Energy

3
 Electricity is vital to modern life. Globally, electricity use is rising rapidly as new major

economies develop in places. This need for electricity drives a growing demand for electricity

generation, with thousands of new power plants needed across the world over the coming

decades (World Nuclear Association, 2016). But electricity generated is done by burning fossil

fuels such as coal. And this has resulted in the emission of greenhouse gases, and global

warming which now looms large as a threat. The goal of the study is supplying additional power

supply. Without sacrificing environments risk which would answer by using renewable energy.

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are

naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and

geothermal heat (Ellabban, Omar; Abu-Rub, Haitham; Blaabjerg, Frede 2014). Rapid

deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies is resulting in significant

energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. While many renewable

energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas

and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development (Ren21, 2010).

As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy

deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several

benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures

than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at

the point of consumption (Armaroli, Nicola; Balzani, Vincenzo ,2011). In addition,

electrification with renewable energy is more efficient and therefore leads to significant

reductions in primary energy requirements (Volker,2013). Renewable energy systems are rapidly

becoming more efficient and cheaper and their share of total energy consumption is increasing

(Marlene Motyka, Andrew Slaughter, and Carolyn Amon 2018).

4
 Potenti al Capacity of Renewable energy in
Philippines
Biomass
1%

Solar
29%
Hydro
Power
57%
Wind
10%
Geotherma Ocean
l Energy
2% 0%

Figure 1.2 Potential capacity of different renewable energy

(Source: Robert Uy, 2017)

Wind power makes up only an approximate 10 percent of the total energy output of the

Philippines. Hydro power is the highest energy output while ocean energy has the lowest energy

output. Solar power, Biomass, and Geothermal makes up an approximate 34% of total energy

output shown in figure 1.2. (Department of Energy, 2017)

1.1.4 Renewable Energy Present in Bataan Peninsula State University Main campus

Wind power or wind energy is the use of air flow through wind turbines to provide the

mechanical power to turn electric generators and traditionally to do other work, like milling or

pumping. Wind power is a sustainable and renewable alternative to burning fossil fuels, and has

a much smaller impact on the environment(Department of Energy, 2017). Wind one of the

frontrunners for clean energy innovation due to the fact that is free, sustainable and abundant.

Wind power has become lately the fastest-growing renewable energy source in the world

5
(exceeding solar energy) because it offers many more advantages than disadvantages (Magda

Savin, 2018).

Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly

using photovoltaic(PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination.

Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large

area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using

the photovoltaic effect (U.S. Department Of Energy, 2011). Solar technologies can harness this

energy for a variety of uses, including generating electricity, providing light or a comfortable

interior environment, and heating water for domestic, commercial, or industrial use. In the

photovoltaic effect, rays of photons in the sunlight strike the surface of the silicon semiconductor

material liberating free electrons from the materials atoms that produce electric currents

(Alternative energy tutorial, 2019).

Kinetic Energy derived from rotational motion. is the sum of kinetic energy and

rotational motion. The kinetic energy (KE) of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its

motion (Jain, Mahesh C., 2009). While its takes action to the rotational motion of a certain

mechanism. Rotation around a fixed axis or about a fixed axis of revolution or motion with

respect to a fixed axis of rotation is a special case of rotational motion (Khan Academy, 2017). It

is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object. The principle of conservation

of mechanical energy states that in an isolated system that is only subject to conservative forces,

the mechanical energy is constant. If an object moves in the opposite direction of a conservative

net force, the potential energy will increase; and if the speed (not the velocity) of the object

changes, the kinetic energy of the object also changes (Wilczek, Frank 2008).

6
 The study will focus the renewable energy source to wind, solar and kinetic energy

derived from rotational motion. As the said sources is mostly present at the grounds of Bataan

Peninsula State University.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In the present generation, users of mobile device are increasing just like the sudden influx

of students in the Bataan Peninsula State University, although mobile device has multiple

functions it is useless if its battery runs out therefore students that has mobile device are heavily

relying in usable outlets which produce higher electricity consumption.

Another problem is the incapability of number of charging outlets in the Bataan

Peninsula State University to accommodate the students that has mobile devices.

There is need to provide a device that can supply alternative source of electricity that also

contributes additional electrical outlets.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of the study is to design and to fabricate a machine that can charge

mobile device and also to conduct a test if what is the most effective among wind, solar, and

rotational kinetic energy sources in the Bataan Peninsula State University.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the study are:

7
 1. To fabricate and to design a device, equipment or apparatus that harnesses

renewable energy among wind energy, solar energy and kinetic energy from rotary

motion that can charge mobile devices with a minimum voltage output of 5V and 1 Amp

2. To experiment and determine which is the most effective renewable energy

among the wind power, solar power and rotational kinetic power in Bataan Peninsula

State University

3. To produce a finish design or with hybrid design that carry the most efficient

renewable energy source compatible at Bataan Peninsula State University.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.4.1 Beneficiaries

For the students, whose current generation and culture as well as the means for studying

is largely dependent on gadgets, primarily mobile devices. Its versatility and storage capacity as

well as its ability to access information online and through sharing apps and social media

platforms makes it a very reliable tool that is essential with student life. However, mobile device

needs to be charged regularly, and at rather short intervals in some cases. Having accessible

charging stations is vital not just for recreational purposes but also for emergency situations. The

limit of the project came up with three renewable energy, namely as mechanical energy, solar

energy and wind energy, which is being used as an experiment.

For private/public sectors, the study assesses the efficacy of renewable energy and the

benefits of having an accessible charging station through it. The study may be adapted and

8
implemented unto other places, if proven beneficial and sustainable, that is, if the project is

rightfully approved.

For the future researchers, who might find the study worth pursuing as a point of

reference or as an object of innovation. The study is intended for the Bataan Peninsula State

University campus; students who study in the said campus, or is facing similar statements of the

problem may find the study as a useful reference material.

1.4.2 Environmental Significance

Renewable energy sources are known as eco-friendly energy, which can help mitigate

environmental problems. If the majority starts to rely and depend in the stated concept, it will be

a big impact to help the environment more than everyone could hope for.

Almost every way we make electricity today, except for the emerging renewables and

nuclear, puts out CO2. And so, what we're going to have to do at a global scale, is create a new

system. And so, we need energy miracles (Bill Gates,2010). It only highlights that the emission

of CO2 is one of the main causes of climate change. So as for the renewable energy conducted

today, will be a great help.

1.4.3 Economical Significance

For the economy, the study may produce results that might be valuable in proving the

benefits of using renewable energy as power source that can significantly save electricity bills by

not relying on power plants that use different fossil fuel and coal to make electricity that cost

more.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

9
 The study is limited only on harnessing renewable energy through wind energy, solar

energy and mechanical energy as source of power intended for charging mobile devices. It also

covers the testing and data gathering of wind, solar, and mechanical energy. The study conducted

from the period of August 2019 to March 2020.

Due to technical and economic difficulties, there are ideas and tests that are not covered

by the study:

Mechanical Energy is only produced by spinning the mechanism inspired by prayer

wheel. The mechanical energy is also dependent to people passed by the charging station and

decided to spin it. Wind Energy would be harnessed by a vertical wind axis turbine with about 2-

storey tall. The wind energy would only be testing 1 type of turbine blades. Solar Energy

generates the source through the solar panel.

The experiment would be held in a specific place, near Bataan Peninsula State University

water refilling station in front of New College of Engineering and Architecture building. The

testing time is to be conducted about 3 hours for every renewable energy source, each renewable

source would be tested for 3 different days. The cost for every renewable energy feature will be

limited to Php 5,000. To compute what is the most effective sources compatible to the machine,

the test will be dependent to the power of every source produced per unit cost.

The charging station is limited to 2 to 4 mobile devices at a time. One of the machines

weakness is it is not resistant to bad condition due to typhoons and another phenomenon.

The main generator is not made for lifetime usage. The charging station is also

immovable.

10
11
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY

2.1.1 Republic Act No. 9513

As the Republic Act No. 9513, also known as the “Renewable Energy Act of 2008” was

signed on 15 December 2008 stated the way for faster and more aggressive development of the

country’s renewable energy resources. The current legislation the first and overall renewable-

energy law in Southeast Asia and cover the Philippines to capture a part advantage in harnessing

renewable-energy development worldwide.

Summing that, The Philippines’ sustained economic growth, coupled with the growing

population with improved living standards is the main driver for the increase in domestic energy

demand. As the use of renewable energy increases, the GDP growth rate also increases with a

current rate of 5.5% as of the 2nd quarter of 2019. Its proved addressing renewable energy

security and sustainability, harnessing and utilizing renewables can be a viable alternative given

that the Philippines has significant, mostly untapped renewable sources.

2.1.2 Renewable energy as Environmental and Economical alternative power source

Current Technology was a solution to today’s problems. Technology that used a variant

of methods and devices to clear or reduce problems such as energy consumptions, global

warming, and climate change. Researched articles, studies, new technology, and patents are

clearly said that using renewable energy is an answer call that takes off both environmental and

economic problems in the country.

12
 In the Philippines, have more enormous potential than the aspirational target of 1,528MW

part to solar in the National Renewable Energy Plan until 2030. Also Considering Environmental

problems, the country has to be more proactive in addressing climate change issues. How energy

is produced and consumed is one way of mitigating the impact of climate change on the country.

Solar power, as renewable energy has zero emissions, can help substitute some coal-based and

oil-based generation, helps to mitigate the impact of climate change.

2.2 PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

2.2.1 Solar Panels

2.2.1.1 Comparison of Efficiency of the Solar Panels

A photovoltaic cell or commonly known as a solar cell is an electrical technology that

transforms the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a

physical and chemical phenomenon. Solar cells are usually named after the semiconducting

material they are made of. These materials must have specific characteristics to absorb sunlight.

The most common types of solar cells are: shown in figure 2.1

A. Polycrystalline Solar Panels (p-Si)

B. Monocrystalline Solar Panels (Mono-SI)

C. Thin-Film: Amorphous Silicon Solar Panels (A-SI)

13
 Figure 2.1 Types of solar panels

(Source: Arthur Smith, 2015)

Table 2.1 (Silicon types of solar panel summary)

(Source: Power from Sunlight, 2017)

Monocrystalline Polycrystalline Thin layer modules

module modules
Efficiency rate 16-20% 14-18% 6-14%
Low-light behavior Losses under Losses under Only low losses

diffuse lightning diffuse lightning

Thermal behavior Losses at high Losses at high Only low losses

temperature temperature
Costs More expensive Cheaper than Cheaper than

than polycrystalline monocrystalline polycrystalline and

and Thin layer modules monocrystalline

modules
Long-term test Very high High performance, Average

performance, stable, stable, high performance,

high durability durability shorter durability

Weight per square Higher Higher Lower

14
 meter
Susceptibility to Very low Very low low

failure

Since all 3 of them offer both advantages as well as disadvantages, there are several

system-specific factors worth considering while choosing the most efficient solar panels for

solar-powered systems, as shown in table 2.1. These factors may include solar panel cost,

durability, longevity, warranty, size. Monocrystalline solar panels are the most efficient and are

among the smallest panels in size. However, these panels are costly, which makes it not suitable

for the system that is being designed. These solar panels are naturally used in high-reliability

applications similar to telecommunications. The efficiency of amorphous modules to convert

sunlight to electricity is half of the polycrystalline or monocrystalline panels and requires twice

as much roof space as an array with a similar rating using other types. Even though the cost of

these panels is low, amorphous would not be a good choice for the system to be implemented.

The efficiency of polycrystalline solar panels is very close to that of monocrystalline panels. It

provides an excellent balance of performance and economic value, and therefore this type of

solar panels is recommended mostly for use in a system as the one which is to be implemented.

These panels are less costly than monocrystalline solar panels and provide performance near to

monocrystalline solar panels. Based on the factors of choosing the most efficient and economical

solar panel is the polycrystalline solar panel.

2.2.2 Wind Turbines

2.2.2.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine vs. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

15
 There are necessarily two kinds of wind turbines when they are categorized based on

their orientation of the axis of rotation: Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) and Horizontal

Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs). As the name suggests, the rotor of VAWTs rotates perpendicular

to the ground while that of HAWTs spins parallel to the ground. Currently, there are three most

popular designs of VAWTs: (a) Savonius VAWT, (b) Curved-blade Darrieus VAWT, and (c)

Straight-blade VAWT. Figure 2.2(a)-2(c) show Savonius, curved-blade Darrieus, and straight-

blade Darrieus VAWT rotors, respectively. Savonius turbines are drag-type, while Darrieus

turbines are lift-type. The most suitable design for the low-velocity wind is the Savonius rather

than Darrieus. Savonius rotors typically have two cups or half drums attached to a central shaft

in opposing directions, as shown in Fig. 2.2(a). The drum, which is in contradiction of the wind

flow, clasps the wind and generates a moment along the axis. The aerodynamic torque by the

first drum rotates the rotor and transports the opposing drum counter to the wind flow. The

second drum now catches the wind and causes the rotor to rotate even further and thus completes

a full rotation. This process continues until there is sufficient wind to turn the axial shaft, which

is connected usually to a pump or a generator. Savonius turbines generally have poor efficiency

(less than 25 %), and that’s why they are not so commercially successful but there are some

advantages such as simple construction with low cost, high static and dynamic moment, wind

acceptance from any direction, low noise and angular velocity in operation, and reduced wear on

moving parts which justifies their operation for low power applications.

At present, horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) are the most popular among all

windmill designs. This is primarily because HAWTs generally have much higher efficiency than

VAWTs. The maximum power coefficient of a modern HAWT has been reported up to 45% to

16
50%, while that of an efficient VAWT lies typically below 40% (power coefficient of a

Savonius-type VAWT is even lower, generally below 25 %).

Figure 2.2. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines: (a) Savonius rotor, (b) Curved-blade Darrieus rotor,

and (c) Straight-blade Darrieus rotor

(Source: Muhd Khudri Johari, 2003)

Table 2.2 Historical Rotor Design

(Source: Richard Crossley, 2014)

DESIG ORIENTATI USE PROPULSI PEAK DIAGRA

N ON ON EFFICIENCY M
Savoni VAWT Historic DRAG 16%
us Persian
Rotor windmill
to
modern-
day

17
 ventilatio
n

Cup VAWT Modern- DRAG 8%

day cup
anemome
ter

Americ HAWT 18th LIFT 31%

an century to
Farm modern-
Windm day, use
ill for
pumping
water,
grinding
wheat,
generatin
g
electricity
Dutch HAWT 16th LIFT 27%
Windm century,
ill used for
grinding
wheat

Darrieu VAWT 20th LIFT 40%

s Rotor century.
Electric
generatio
n
Modern HAWT 20th LIFT BLAD EFFI-
Wind century, E CIENC
Turbine electric QTY Y
generatio 1 43%
n 2 47%
3 50%

Table 2.3 Comparison of H.A.W.T and V.A.W.T

18
 (Source: Kaushal Kareliya, 2016)

FACTORS H.A.W. T V.A.W. T

Power generation 50-60% Above 70%

efficiency
The steering mechanism in Y N

wind
Blade rotation speed Quite large Quite small
Wind resistance capability Weak Strong
Noise 5-60db 0-10db
Starting wind speed High Low
Failure rate High Low
Maintenance Complicated Convenient
Rotating speed High Low
Effects on bird Great Small
Cable Stranding problem Y N

2.2.3 Kinetic Energy Man-Powered Device

2.2.3.1 Kinetic man-powered technology as developing a renewable energy source

Kinetic energy can be harvested from daily human actions. Columbia University

Researchers led the first exhaustive study into kinetic energy harvesting the free energy from

human activities.

Table 2.4 Kinetic man-powered devices

(sources: Kinetic Marketing, 2015)

DESIGN DESCRIPTION EFFICIENC DEVICE

19
 Hand sizeable sturdy About 60%

Crank crank arm with

Generator an easy-to-grip

knob that makes

generating

electricity a

breeze
Treadle / a treadle- Maximum of

Foot powered 80%

Generator alternator that

can be produce

power for

lighting, mobile

device charging
Pedal- Pedal power is Maximum of

powered the converts of 80%

generator energy from a

human source

through the use

of a foot pedal.
Kinetic Mechanical Around 75%

Praying energy

wheel generated by

(Tikkun spinning wheels

Yang Li) could be

20
 harnessed

through human

motion.

Charging An ultra-thin 45-65%

Shoes crystalline chip

(Anthony located in the

Mutua) sole of the

user’s shoe

capable of

generating clean

electricity

Table 2.4 presents the variation of kinetic man-powered technologies currently present

nowadays. The most recommendable and suggested device from the following is the purpose of

the said table. When it comes to efficiency over effort, charging shoes is the most effortless but

generates less voltage output. Meanwhile, treadle and pedal produce more power output but less

effort on the doer of the device. So overall, the treadle generator, kinetic praying wheel, and

hand-crank generator are efficient and possible devices to work inside BPSU main campus.

2.3 MOBILE DEVICE CHARGING STATION

2.3.1 Parts of Mobile Device Charging Station

21
 A mobile device charging station consists of two main parts: the power generation unit is

the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy. For electric service in

the electric power industry, it is the first stage in the delivery of electricity to end-users, the other

stages being the transmission, distribution, energy storage, and recovery, using the pumped-

storage method, and charging unit that stored the energy or electricity that produce by the power

generation unit.

2.3.1.1 Power Generation Unit

The power generation unit consists of a generator, wind turbine, and solar panel. As

shown in figure 2.3 and 2.4 generators and wind turbine converts mechanical energy to electrical

energy. The solar panel that converts solar energy to electrical energy shown in figure 2.5. As

shown in figure 2.6 inside the wind turbine is a generator that is responsible for converting the

mechanical energy to electrical energy to mechanical energy. Gearbox to increase rotational

speed from a low-speed rotor to a higher speed electrical generator. A usual ratio is about 90:1,

with a rate of 16.7 rpm input from the rotor to 1,500 rpm output for the generator. At the end of

the wind turbine is a rotor that lifts and rotates when the wind blows towards the blades.

22
 Figure 2.3 Generator

(Source: Mabutchi, 2013)

Figure 2.4 Wind turbine

(Source: Electric Energy,2013)

Figure 2.5 Solar panel

(Source: Telegraph, 2014)

23
 Figure 2.6 Exposed view of power generation

(Source Electrical Academia, 2015)

2.3.1.2 Charging Unit

The charging unit consists of three main parts: Battery shown in figure 2.7, charging

ports for the mobile device shown in figure 2.8 and battery indicator shown in figure 2.9. The

battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections

provided to electrical power devices. The mobile device is connected to charging ports to harness

stored electricity or energy produced by the power generation unit and to replenish the battery’s

state of life. The battery indicator is a feature of many electronic devices. In mobile phones, the

battery indicator usually takes the form of a bar graph - the more bars that are showing, the better

the battery's state of charge.

24
 Figure 2.7 Battery

(Source: Ponkee, 2017)

Figure 2.8 Charging ports

(Source: Anker, 2016)

25
 Figure 2.9 Battery indicator

(Source: Power Meter, 2012)

2.3.2 Types of Mobile Device Charging Station

Currently, the most frequently available type mobile device charging stations usually come

in four classifications: Solar Charging Station, Wind Charging Station, Kinetic Manpower

Charging Station, and the mixed type also called Hybrid Charging Station.

2.3.2.1 Solar Powered Charging Station

A solar-powered mobile device charging station is mainly composed of a system of solar

panel and charging unit to produce electricity out of solar energy. Through solar-powered

photovoltaic (PV) panels transform the sunlight into useful energy by adapting photons of light

from the sun causes the exciting electrons in silicon cells. The byproduct electricity can then be

used to supply renewable energy to your mobile devices.

26
 Figure 2.10 Solar Powered Charging Station

(Source: Pure Energy Solar, 2017)

This type of mobile charging station as shown in figure 2.10 is usually suitable for place

solar panels need to be in a location wherein ideally is free from shade. If the country is a

northern hemisphere, and the time of the day is not what is matter to generate electricity, the

panels should face partly in the south at an angle which is determined by your latitude. If the

country in Southern Hemisphere, of course, the panels should face north; on the equator straight

up.

In generating electricity in the afternoon or evening more, lean the panels to the west; In

morning electrons, tilt to the east. Energy generation will get more power from a solar panel axis

that "tracks" the sun during the day.

2.3.2.2 Wind Powered Charging Station

A wind-powered mobile device charging station is mainly composed of wind turbine

technology and charging unit to produce electricity out of solar energy. Wind turbines use the

27
wind to make electricity instead of using electricity to power up mobile devices, as shown in

figure 2.11. In Figure 2.11, the illustration showed a vertical axis wind turbine. Wind spins the

propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, where a generator does the work, which creates

electricity.

Figure 2.11 Wind Powered Charging Station

(Source: WindMaker,2013)

The ideal location for continues wind power generation is a quiet hilltop with a wide-

open stretch. It is the reason why turbines are seldom sited in urban areas. Wind speeds increase

proportionally with height, so it makes sense to place a turbine in significant elevation.

2.3.2.3 Man Powered Charging Station

A Kinetic man-powered mobile device charging station is mainly composed of kinetic

electric producing devices and charging unit to produce electricity out of human kinetic motion.

Which can be derived electrical source daily human activities and works. For example, a pedal-

powered charging station as shown in figure 2.12.

28
 Figure 2.12 Kinetic Man-Powered Charging Stations

(Source: WeWatt, 2014)

The ideal location for the kinetic man-powered charging station is obviously where many

people roam around. A location with a large amount of population to use or interact with the said

apparatus. While humans are incompetent engines converting food into work, this is not the

problem wanted to discuss; people have exercise or do daily works to stay healthy, well-used

energy from humans to operate machinery.

2.3.2.4 Hybrid Powered Charging Station

A Kinetic man-powered mobile device charging station consists of solar –wind, solar-

manpower, and wind-powered combination technology and charging unit to produce electricity

out of these renewable energy sources.

29
 Figure 2.13 Hybrid Mobile Phone Charging Station

(Source: InHabitat, 2014)

As shown in figure 2.13 is a solar and wind combination mobile phone charging station.

This charging station is usually constructed in areas in which one renewable energy source is not

enough to fully charge a particular mobile device.

2.4 AVAILABLE DESIGN OF MOBILE DEVICE CHARGING STATION

2.4.1 Smart Flower Charging Station

Consist of 12 petals, when the sunrise petals are uncluttered, and the solar cells are added

and when the sunset petals are fastened. Brushes are added at the behind of the panels to unsoiled

themselves. It tracks sunlight utilizing the installed solar tracker. The motor is used to function

the movements of solar panel petals.

30
 Figure 2.14 Smart Flower Charging Station

(Source: Smart Flower,2017)

Table 2.5 Specification of Smart Flower Charging Station

(Source: Smart Flower,2017)

Solar Power Wattage 2.50kW

Output (Annual) 4,000 – 6,200kW
Weight 1,690 lbs
Price Php 1,250,000 – Php 1,500,000

2.4.2 Solar Bench Charging Station

Smart Bench Charging Station planned for everyone’s comfort includes studying,

working or just relaxing. A modernize technology will help cities, universities, or business

centers employing smart bench environmentally friendly, and its exclusive design allows people

to charge their mobile devices 24/7.

31
 Figure 2.15 Solar Bench Charging Station

(Source: Pure Solar, 2016)

Table 2.6 Specification of Solar Bench Charging Station

(Source: Pure Solar, 2016)

Solar Power Wattage 1.2kW

Output 1kw
Weight 1,200 lbs
Price Php 575,000 – Php 600, 000

2.4.3 Street Charge Charging Station

Street Charge design offers a safe power for mobile devices in any jam-packed place,

keeping their mobile devices charged. Consists of three solar panels turn renewable energy into a

32
clean energy supply to charge mobile devices, and up to 4 devices can accommodate at the

charging station.

Figure 2.16 Street charge Charging station

(Source: Wired Investor, 2015)

Table 2.7 Specification and Prices

(Source: Wired Investor, 2015)

Solar Power Wattage (3-Pronged fan) 60W (3 x 20W panels)

Output 50W
Weight 820lbs
Price Php 50, 000 – Php 100, 000

2.4.4 Wind Power Mobile Charger

Consist of 6 blades to reduce the possible over speed malfunction and ensure for long

term process, consistent performance, and high reliability. Electromagnetic torque protects and

33
controls the chance to over speed. Mobile devices can plug the unit for charging and can entirely

charge up to 2 hours.

Figure 2.17 Wind Power Mobile Charger

(Source: Wind Farmer, 2017)

Table 2.8 Specification of Wind Power Mobile Charger

(Source: Wind Farmer, 2017)

Output 5kW
Rated Rotary 150 rpm
Weight 220.5 lbs
Price Php 78, 750 - Php 87,000

2.4.5 Portable Charging Device

Consists of pedals and transform kinetic energy into electricity. Charging the mobile

device with two outlets and directly charge mobile devices through leg power using the pedal.

The design is for low electronic mobile devices. The dual purposed charger gives power and also

capable of the daily workout.

34
 Figure 2.18 Portable Charging Device

(Source: Newatlas, 2016)

Table 2.9 Specification of Portable Charging Device

(Source: Newatlas, 2016)

Output 20W
Weight 4 lbs
Size 4.5 x 4.5 x 8.5 inches
Price Php 7,500 – Php 9, 000

2.5 RELATED STUDIES

2.5.1 Aerodynamic Design of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blades

All the factors affecting the design of a horizontal axis wind turbine blades are needed to

analyze and then install in the program to be used by the user.

The aerodynamic design of horizontal-axis wind turbine blades was investigated, and a

user interface computer program called a BLADE DESIGN PROGRAM was written for the use

35
of its outputs in further studies. All the studies on HAWT blade design were presented on a user

interface computer program written on a program called “VisualBasic”. The user of the blade

design program gives the required power output, the number of blades, the blade profile, and the

design wind velocity as input, and the program gives the design power coefficient, design tip-

speed ratio, and rotor diameter as output. In addition to that, blade geometries are listed. Three-

dimensional views of the blade (the blade model) were what the program does lastly after

exported to AUTOCAD.

2.5.2 Small-scale Wind Energy Portable Turbine (SWEPT)

The primary objective of the study is to develop a reliable numerical model to design an

efficient SWEPT. A small-scale wind energy portable turbine (SWEPT) to be designed and

fabricated, which operates near the ground level where wind speed is below 5 m/s.

All the tests were conducted using the Subsonic Open Jet Wind Tunnel facility accessible

in the Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering at Virginia Tech. The tunnel is 0.7 m

long, blower type, open circuit wind tunnel, which is known for its high-quality flow. It is

powered by a 30hp BC-SW size 365 Twin City centrifugal fan.

The output voltage profiles of the generator at various loading conditions and a constant

wind speed of 3.2 m/s. It can be noted that the waveforms are practically sinusoidal. An increase

in the load resistance increases both amplitudes as well as the frequency of the voltage signal.

2.5.3 Design of a Vertical–Axis Wind Turbine

The purpose of this study is to specify the minimum design requirements for wind

turbines to ensure the engineering integrity of the turbine. It is not intended to be used as a

complete specification or instruction manual but to provide the engineering and technical

36
requirements to guarantee the safety of the structural, mechanical, electrical, and control systems.

The standard can be used for any size wind turbine but is not intended for the design of offshore

turbines; small wind turbines.

During the experimentation of the project, aerodynamic and structural analysis was

carried out on the desired turbine design. These analyses concluded that the turbine will be able

to produce the target power output and that the structural and mechanical design of a VAWT of

this size that complies with the relevant standard is feasible using conventional materials. Based

on the parameters computed from aerodynamic modeling, a preliminary economic analysis was

conducted, which shows that a turbine of this design will be economically viable.

2.5.4 Solar Powered Cell Phone Charging Station

This study is focused on the progress of a mobile device charging station that is merely

operated through solar power employing a solar cell that is attached to the charging station

through a backup storage battery. The device is mainly aimed for commercial use since it can

require a specific fee for a specified period to charge a mobile phone. However, in the case of

calamities, the charging station can be used as a backup charging station in the happening of

prolonged power outages. Since the machine is a standalone system, it can charge a mobile

device as long as there is sunlight. Even during night time, the device can still charge the phone

as long as the battery still has power.

The main thrust of this study is to develop a mobile device charging station that is power-

driven through solar energy. Specifically, this study aimed to achieve the following objectives:

1) Determine a solar panel that is suitable for providing power for a mobile device charging

station. 2) Design circuits and their equivalent interfaces that can safely offer to charge power for

37
mobile devices. 3) Determine a suitable timing system for providing mobile device charging

services. 4) Determine the acceptability of the device based on the following: a) Physical

features; b) Cost; c) Durability; d) Operation.

2.5.5 Design and Implementation of Solar Powered Mobile Phone Charging Station for

Public Places

A solar-powered mobile device charging station is proposed in this paper. The proposed

system can be installed in any public places like market, bus stops and other shopping places or

the places where people gather to charge their mobile phones. The system is designed in such a

way that any mobile phone can be charged. The hardware of the proposed mobile phone

charging station is implemented and tested.

The energy generated by the PV module is stored in a battery that is connected to the PV

Module through a charge controller. The charge controller acts as a maximum power extractor

and as a voltage regulator for the battery. A vertical pole is used to mount the PV panel, and a

box is planned with suitable ventilation to keep the battery and the regulator circuit securely.

The solar-powered mobile device charging system with battery and charging adapter for

different mobile devices can be mounted in various places like bus stops, parks, junctions, etc.

for public usage. Thus, the user can charge the mobile phone by directly plugging it into the

system. The hardware of the proposed system is implemented and tested.

2.5.6 Solar Powered Charging Station

38
 The objective of this project is to investigate the problem of providing an outside power

source for charging devices in an environmentally friendly way to help reduce the demand for

power from other methods.

The benefit of consuming an advanced voltage output at the solar panel is that lesser wire

sizes can be used to transfer the electric power from the solar panel array to the charge controller

& batteries. This project was initially calculated utilizing two 12 volts, 100 Watts solar panels.

This solar station idea came from students; no industry sponsor was tangled in the

thought process of the planning.

2.5.7 Design of a Portable Hand Crank Generating System to Power Remote Off-Grid

Communities

Advanced countries have become adapted to having access to an electric grid, and it is

taken for granted that electrical power is existing at any time. However, this is not the case in

many remote villages in developing countries where insufficient infrastructure has left many

people short of primary energy supply. To address this necessity, a portable hand crank

generating system is planned in this study to enhancement alternative energy sources such as

photovoltaic cells and wind power systems. An axial flux permanent magnet generator has been

designed to provide a 5OW output and occupy a small space with a limited mass. A mechanical

transmission system is also established to drive the generator with two belt drive stages and a

hand crank. Finally, a conceptual prototype system is presented to illustrate its applicability.

The concept of a portable hand crank generating system has been successfully evaluated,

and a final design has been proposed as a secondary power source that could improve the quality

39
of living for isolated and off-grid communities. FEA simulations and mechanical calculations

confirm the accomplishment of the design objective.

2.5.8 Kinetic Powered Phone Battery Charger

The study suggests a design of a kinetic powered mobile device charger based on the

principle of conservation of energy. The electrical energy is produced by a direct current (DC)

motor. When the DC motor is rotated reversely, it can generate electrical energy. A hand crank

with suitable gear train arrangement is castoff to reverse rotate the DC motor. Based on this

principle, a prototype of a portable kinetic powered charger has been designed and fabricated.

Using the prototype charger, a flat phone battery can be sufficiently recharged within a few

minutes for a short call to be made. This is particularly useful in emergencies.

Several possible designs of a kinetic battery charger were initially investigated, including

designs involving the use of piezoelectric material and a bicycle dynamo. These were found to be

problematical, leading to the final choice of a DC motor with a suitably designed gear train to

provide the required output power. Some difficulties were encountered to obtain very accurate

gear train movement due to an alignment problem, but these were overcome, resulting in a

prototype battery charger that performs as expected.

2.5.9 Treadle Power Charging Station

This technical project study attempts to design a prototype of a treadle-powered charger

that would charge a smartphone by using human power. The conceptualization of the current

study is based on the idea that phone batteries nowadays drain quickly and a person’s need to use

their phones in places without a conventional power source. In present times, technology

powered by electricity is considered a basic need for humans.

40
 The most considerable power produced by the treadle-powered charger is approximately

3 watts. As such, the treadle-powered charger is slower compared to the regular charger. It also

needs more force in continuing the generator shaft’s rotation. Despite this, the treadle-powered

charger is fast enough to charge a smartphone in unprecedented situations. With human power as

its source of energy, it is an environment-friendly device.

2.5.10 Low-Cost Tri- Energy Charging Station (Solar, Wave, And Wind)

This study aims to develop a low-cost energy lamp post energy converter that will

harness solar, wave, and wind energy into usable electrical energy.

After the final assembly of the prototype, it is prepared for the temporary installation of

the site. The data and results will be gathered while doing a series of testing. And testing of

components; testing of solar panel with the charge controller, testing the output of wave energy

converter, testing the output of the wind turbine, and charging test.

The final output of the project is 220Vac. The dc power that is extracted from the "Tri-

Energy Converter" s used to charge a 60 Ampere hour battery. The 12Vdc supply of the battery

is connected to the power inverter and stepped up into a higher voltage of 220 Vac that can be

used for small appliances and charging dry cell and cell phone batteries.

2.6 CONCLUSION

Over the related literature, the study decided to designed technology which is deduced

from the most efficient material available and compatible devices to the given location. Solar

energy is heating the conversion of electricity, based on related studies the polycrystalline solar

panel is most recommended for portable or station type charging stations because it’s more

41
efficient and low-cost. Also, solar panels should be facing south because the Philippines are

located in the northern hemisphere to gather more sunlight with the day time.

Wind power is blowing around the globe and creates new opportunities for electric

generation. Vertical axis wind turbine is said to be more efficient than horizontal axis wind

turbine. Indeed, the vertical axis turbine would be a Savonius vertical wind turbine to be

suggested in the study, specifically with the medium to low-velocity input vertical axis turbine.

Kinetic man-powered energy is helping people daily living much comfortable and economical.

Based on research on the kinetic man-powered device compatible in BPSU is the treadle which

makes students a convenient way of adding more electricity through work.

Lastly, the study is about a charging station composed of the power generation unit and

charging unit. The final design is to be made of polycrystalline solar panel, Savonius type of

low-velocity wind turbine, and a treadle electric generator for the power generation unit. While,

for the charging unit is based on a recent study that is composed of charging port, battery and

battery indicator. The following components used would be guidelines to produce a more

productive and efficient hybrid prototype. By adding more renewable energy will to result in

quality performance.

42
 CHAPTER 3
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 SOLAR POWERED GENERATION

Due to the increased desire for more renewable sources of energy in recent years, solar

power has seen increasing popularity. The Earth receives an abundant supply of solar energy

from the sun. The sun provides enough energy in one minute to produce the earth's energy

consumption for one year. In one day, it provides much energy than our current population

would consume in 27 years. The quantity of solar radiation striking the planet over three days is

the same as the energy stored in all fossil energy sources. The Sun delivers more than adequate

energy to satisfy global energy requirements. Solar energy could be a free, inexhaustible

resource, nonetheless harnessing it is a relatively new idea.

3.1.1 Photovoltaic Effect

When a photovoltaic cell is exposed to sunlight, a voltage or electric current is produced

through the process called photovoltaic effect. This effect that makes solar panels beneficial, as it

is how the cells within the panel transform sunlight to electrical energy.

The photovoltaic effect happens in solar cells. These solar cells are consisting of two

different kinds of semiconductors, an n-type and a p-type - that are joined together to create a p-n

junction. By joining these two kinds of semiconductors, an electric field is formed in the region

of the junction as electrons move to the positive p-side and holes move to the negative n-side.

This field causes negatively charged particles to move in one direction and positively charged

particles in the other direction. (Boyle, 2004)

43
 Light is composed of photons, which are small bundles of electromagnetic radiation or

energy. These photons can be absorbed by a photovoltaic cell - the type of cell that composes

solar panels. (Mr Solar, 2015) When the light of a suitable wavelength is incident on these cells,

energy from the photon is transferred to an atom of the semiconducting material in the p-n

junction. Accurately, the energy is transferred to the electrons in the material. This reasons the

electrons to hurdle to a higher energy state recognized as the conduction band. This leaves

behind a "hole" in the valence band that the electron jumped up from. This movement of the

electron as a result of added energy creates two charge carriers, an electron-hole pair. (Boyle,

2004)

When unexcited, electrons grasp the semiconducting material composed by forming

bonds with nearby atoms, and thus they cannot transfer. However, in their excited state in the

conduction band, these electrons are free to move through the material. Because of the electric

field that exists as a result of the p-n junction, electrons and holes move in the opposite direction

as expected. Instead of being attracted to the p-side, the freed electron tends to move to the n-

side. This gesture of the electron makes an electric current in the solar cell. Once the electron

moves, there's a "hole" that is left. (Mr Solar, 2015). This hole can also move, but in the opposite

direction to the p-side. It is this process that creates a current in the cell. (Boyle, 2004) A

diagram of this process can be seen in Figure 1.1.

44
 Figure 3.1 Photovoltaic Effect Process

(Source: Energy Education, 2015)

3.1.2 Computation of Energy Produced by Solar panel

All solar panels are being rated by the amount of direct current power they harvest under

standard test conditions. Solar panel output is expressed in units of watts (W) and represents the

panel’s theoretical power production under temperature conditions and ideal sunlight.

Energy produced=w x t (Equation 3.1)

Where: w = Solar panel rating

t = Time the solar panel exposed to sunlight

For example, the rate of the solar panel is 100 watts and it will be left under the sun for

about 5 hours. The energy produced will be around 500 watts hours and it depends on the

efficiency of the solar panels.

45
3.2 WIND-POWERED GENERATION

The wind turbine transforms the energy in the wind into electricity utilizing the

aerodynamic force formed by the rotor blades, which effort similarly to an aeroplane wing or

helicopter rotor blade. When the wind flows across the blade, the air pressure on one side of the

blade decreases as shown in figure 3.2. (Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy,

2016)

Figure 3.2 Exposed view of wind turbine

(Source: Srmoutreach, 2011)

3.2.1 Wind energy conversion

46
 The transformation of the energy of the wind into more beneficial forms can be done

using a rotor fitted with blades or sails. Note that a appropriate location requests to be chosen for

the WECS, rather an open area. Also, some general locations lend themselves far better than

others for WECS as shown in figure 3.3. (Cristi, January 18, 2009)

Figure 3.3 Wind energy conversion system

(Source: Cristi, 2009)

3.2.2 Savonius Wind Turbine

Savonius form rotor is a drag-based wind turbine since it’s the drag module of the

aerodynamic force that controls the Savonius turbine to spin. We can estimate the torque, and

mechanical power output of a Savonius rotor using a simplified model, Figure 3.4. This basic

model, however, disregards the outcome of the rotor on the wind flow features.

47
 Figure 3.4 Simplified model for Savonius Wind turbine.

(source: Reuk, 2015)

Let’s assume that the rotor has mean radius R and it is rotating with an angular speed ω.

The circumferential velocity of the rotor at the mean radius is equal to:

u=ωR (Equation 3.1)

The average relative velocities of the wind ur 1 ∧ur 2 at the first and second rotating drums

are given by following expressions, respectively.

ur 1 =u∞−u (Equation 3.2)

ur 2=u∞ +u (Equation 3.3)

The resulting drag forces D1∧D2on the rotating drums are given as:

1 ρ
D 1=C D 1 a u2r 1 =C D 1 a ¿ (Equation 3.4)
2 2

1 ρ
D 2=C D 2 a u2r 2=C D 2 a ¿ (Equation 3.5)
2 2

48
 Where denotes the projected area of the drums. The aerodynamic torque along the central

axis is going to be designed as:

ρ
τ =D 2−D 1∗R= a u2∞ R ¿ (Equation 3.6)
2

The mechanical power by the turbine can be then determined using the following

equation.

ρ 2
P=τ∗ω=¿ a u Rω ¿ (Equation 3.7)
2 ∞

ρ
P=τ∗ω=¿ ¿
2

(Equation 3.8)

The expression ¿is defined as power coefficient Cρ . It can be noted from equation (1.7)

that the mechanical power produced by a Savonius turbine is directly proportioned to the total

projected area by the rotor and the cube of upstream wind speedu∞ .

3.2.3 Bentz’ Law

Bentz’ law describes the maximum energy that can be mined from the wind by the use of

wind turbine in open current. This law can be derived using principles of conservation of mass

and momentum of the airflow flowing through an idealised "actuator disc" that emulates the

wind turbine. Let’s consider a stream-tube of air stream flowing through the actuator disc, as

shown in Figure 3.5. The stream-tube has upstream wind speed equal to u 1 and cross-sectional

area equal to A1. The actuator disc extracts the kinetic energy of the wind and thus causes it to

slow down to speed u2. Meanwhile, air flowing inside the stream-tube does not get trodden

(presumptuous incompressible flow); the cross-sectional part of the stream-tube must increase to

49
area A2 to accommodate the gentler moving air. Also, due to the static pressure drop (p + - p-)

across the actuator disc, the downstream wind continues to expand till the point where static

pressure of the flow returns to atmospheric level p∞ , and equilibrium is achieved. The far

downstream flow has cross-sectional area A3 and wind speed equal to u3.

Figure 3.5 The stream-tube in place of wind flow over the actuator disc.

(Source: Turbine Knows, 2015)

Let the mass flow rate of the wind flow through the stream-tube is equal toṁ. Using the

continuity equation, we can write:

ṁ= p u1 A 1= p u2 A 2= pu 3 A3 (Equation 3.9)

Where ρdenotes the density of air. The total available wind power at wind speed, passing

through the cross-sectional area equal to the swept area of the actuator disc, is given by:

1 1 1
Pmax = ṁ 2 u21= ( ρ A 2 u1 ) u21= ṁ 2 u 31 (Equation 3.10)
2 2 2

50
 This is the thoroughgoing accessible wind power to the wind turbine. The transforming

power by the wind turbine can be designed as:

1 1 1
pext = ṁ u21− ṁu 31= ( ρ A 2 u2 ) (u21−u 31) (Equation 3.11)
2 2 2

Also, using Bernoulli’s equation, we can write:

1 2 1
ρ̇ u1+ ρ ∞= ρ̇ u22+ p +¿¿ (Equation 3.12)
2 2

1
1 2 −¿= 2 ρ̇ u + p
2 + ¿¿
3 ¿
ρ̇ u + ρ (Equation 3.13)
2 1

From equations (1.27) and (1.28), it can be derived that:

1 2 1 2
−¿= ρ̇u 1 − ρ̇u 1 ¿

ρ
+¿−ρ 2 2
¿ (Equation 3.14)

Using the momentum equation, we know that the net axial thrust F=¿ exerted by the

turbine mounting on the wind flow is equal to its rate of change in momentum.

¿ (Equation 3.15)

Or ¿ (Equation 3.16)

From equations (3.15) and (3.16)

1 1
ρ A 2 u2 ( u 1−u3 )= A 2 ( ρ̇u 21− ρ̇u 23) (Equation 3.17)
2 2

This implies, u2=1 /2(u 1+u 3)

1
ρ A 2 u 2 ) (u1−u3 )(u21−u 31)
ρ MAX 2 (
C ρ= = (Equation 3.18)
ρ EXT 1
ρ A2 u31
2

51
 1
( ρ A2 ) (u 1+u 3)(u21 −u31)
4
C ρ= (Equation 3.19)
1
ρ A2 u31
2

u3
C ρ=(1+ )¿ ) (Equation 3.20)
u1

u3
Let, =y
u1

1
C ρ = ( 1+ y ) (1− y 2) (Equation 3.21)
2

The maximum value of the power coefficient occurs when

dC
=0
ρ
(Equation 3.22)
dy

dC 1 2 1
= ( 1− y ) + ( 1+ y ) (−2 y )
ρ
(Equation 3.23)
dy 2 2

1/2 (1+y) (1-3y) = 0 (Equation 3.24)

u3
Since, y= ≠−1
u1

1
y= (Equation 3.25)
3

This gives the maximum value of the power coefficient as:

1 16
Cρ MAX = (y= ¿= (Equation 3.26)
3 27

52
3.3 KINETIC MAN-POWERED GENERATION

Treadle power is a human-powered system has already been built and tested and would

let people in environments ranging from small settlements to Third World urban slums generate

electricity for LED lighting and cell phone charging. A treadle drive system operates

comfortably in a standing or seated position with two toe or heel end pivoting treadles. A flexible

driveline from each treadle drives a pair of forwarding biased driving rings concentrically

encircling and driving a hollow drive cylinder. Concentrically encircling the cylinder, a driven

ring, in turn, drives a rotating device. A positive engagement clutch between the hollow

cylindrical hub and the driven ring allows the driven ring to be engaged or disengaged from the

drive cylinder. (Stuart M. W. Lindsay, James H. Wagner) Power is produced by forceful up and

down with your foot on a step-action treadle. (Free Play Energy, 2013)

3.3.1 Faraday's Law

Faraday's law of induction is one of the significant ideas of electricity. It appearances at

the way altering magnetic fields can root current to flow in wires. It is a formula/concept that

labels how potential difference (voltage difference) is formed and how much is produced. It's a

vast concept to comprehend that the changing of a magnetic field can generate the voltage as

shown in figure 3.6.

53
 Figure 3.6 Ways of voltage can be generated

(Source: Hyper Physics, 2015)

Faraday's law describes the magnitude of the electromotive force (e.m.f.) generated in a

conductor due to electromagnetic induction. It states that the induced e.m.f. in a conducting

circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage, Φ, with the circuit.

So, for a rate of change of magnetic flux linkage, the average e.m.f. Induced is:

ΔΦ
|ε|=N ∨ (Equation 3.27)
Δt

Any alteration in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will reason a voltage (emf)

to be "induced" in the coil. No matter how the conversion is produced, the voltage will be

produced. The change could be created by altering the magnetic field strength, moving a magnet

toward or away from the coil, affecting the coil into or out of the magnetic field, revolving the

coil proportional to the magnet as shown in figure 3.7.

54
 Figure 3.7 Magnetic field movement near coil or loop

(Source: Electrical4U, 2016)

Figure 3.8 Galvanometer

(Source: About Curcuit, 2014)

Galvanometer, as shown in figure 3.8 is an instrument for measuring a small electrical

current or a function of the current by deflection of a moving coil. The refraction is a mechanical

rotation resulting from forces consequential from the current. The most common kind is the

55
D’Arsonval galvanometer, in which the signifying system contains a light coil of wire suspended

from a metallic ribbon amid the poles of a permanent magnet.

3.3.2 Lenz’s Law

Once an emf is produced by a change in magnetic flux bestowing to Faraday's Law, the

polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the

change which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to

keep the magnetic flux in the loop continual. As shown in figure 3.9 below, if the B field is

cumulative, the induced field acts in obstruction to it. If it is lessening, the induced field acts in

the direction of the functional field to try to keep it constant.

Figure 3.9 Direction of the functional field

(Source: Hyper Physics, 2015)

When the magnetic field “B” is decreasing – as shown in (2) – the induced magnetic field

will again act in opposition to it. But this time ‘in opposition’ means that it is acting to increase

the field – since it is opposing the decreasing rate of change. (Electrical4U)

56
 When a magnet is enthused into a coil of wire, altering the magnetic field and magnetic

flux through the coil, a voltage will be produced in the coil bestowing to Faraday's Law. In the

example shown below, when the magnet is encouraged into the coil, the galvanometer bounces

to the left in response to the expanding field. When the magnet is pulled back out, the

galvanometer refracts to the right in response to the lessening field. The polarity of the induced

emf is such that it produces a present whose magnetic field compete against the change that

produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire continuously performances to

retain the magnetic flux in the loop constant. This appropriate comportment of generated

magnetic fields is abridged in Lenz's Law.

Lenz’s law is built on Faraday’s law of induction. Faraday’s law tells us that an

alternating magnetic field will produce a current in a conductor. Lenz' s law tells us the direction

of this induced current, which opposes the first changing magnetic field which produced it. This

is signified in the formula for Faraday’s law by the negative sign (‘–’).

−d Φ B
ε= (Equation 3.27)
dt

This change in the magnetic field may be caused by changing the magnetic field strength

by moving a magnet towards or away from the coil, or moving the coil into or out of the

magnetic field. In other words, we can say that the magnitude of the EMF induced in the circuit

is proportional to the rate of change of flux.

dΦ
ε ∞= (Equation 3.28)
dt

3.3.3 Lenz’s Law Formula

57
 Lenz’s law states that when an alteration in the magnetic flux produces an EMF rendering

to Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced EMF is such, that it generates an induced current

whose magnetic field contradict the initial alternating magnetic field which produced it.

The negative sign used in Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction designates that the

induced EMF (ε) and the alteration in magnetic flux (δΦB) have contradictory signs. The

formula for Lenz’s law, as shown below:

ϑΦ
ε =−N (Equation 3.29)
ϑt

Where: ε = Induced emf

δΦB = change in magnetic flux

N = No of turns in a coil

3.4 OTHER ENGINEERING PRINCIPLE INVOLVES

3.4.1 Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction is a basic principle of electromagnetism

foreseeing how a magnetic field will interconnect with an electric circuit to create an

electromotive force. This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction. Faraday’s law

states that a current will be persuaded in a conductor which is exposed to a changing magnetic

field. Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the direction of this induced current

will be such that the magnetic field generated by the induced current opposes the initial changing

magnetic field which produced it. Fleming’s right-hand rule can determine the direction of this

current flow. (Electrical4U, 2016)

58
 Faraday’s law of induction clarifies the working principle of transformers, motors,

generators, and inductors. The law is named after Michael Faraday, who experimented with a

magnet and a coil. Faraday discovered how EMF is induced in a coil when the flux was passing

through the coil changes. Likely the concept under the working principle of a working generator,

where generator converts mechanical or chemical energy into electrical energy. (Electrical4U,

2016) By taking the power of motion and turning it into electrical energy by taking electrons

from the external source through an electrical circuit. A generator is fundamentally an electric

motor working in reverse. (Kevin Beck, 2018)

The law conditions that” The rate of change of magnetic flux with Time through the

circuit is equal to the magnitude of the induced EMF in a circuit “. (Laxmi Ashrit, 2017)

∆ ∅M
ε =−N (Equation 3.30)
∆t

Where: N = Number of Loops

∆ ∅M = Change in magnetic flux

∆t =Change in time

ε ¿Induced Voltage

59
Figure 3.10 The rate of change of magnetic flux

(Source: Hyper Physics, 2015)

60
 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

4.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 4.1 Flow Chart of the Study

61
 Figure 4.1 shows what significant processes have been made. The flow chart of the study

was divided into two stages – the initial stage and the final stage. The initial stage covers

Research and Design. Includes gathering relevant information that can help the study. Reviewing

and analyzation of the related literature and collecting some ideas for designing the prototype

consider the location where the prototype is to be placed. After the related study, gathering the

power demand of renewable energy at BPSU and testing the output of solar energy and wind

profile. For gathering wind profiles, the use of an anemometer would be essential and for solar

energy data gathering, testing of the solar panel to what output it can provide utilizing Resource

Mapping. Assessment of the data gathered in resource mapping will be the basis of computation

and design of the prototype. As for the prototype, the computer-aided design was used.

The final stage is composed of fabrication, experimentation, and analysis of results.

Selection of the materials for three renewable energy (solar, wind, and kinetic energy),

Polycrystalline solar panel was used for solar energy, Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) for

wind energy, and treadle generator for kinetic energy. The fabrication process started at the base

of the mobile device charging station to build a great foundation to stand the pole. After building

the foundation, wiring is assembled in line to connect the three components that save energy to

the generator to produce electricity for mobile devices and installed all the components needed

for the prototype. When the prototype is ready, the efficiency of three renewable energy will be

tested.

62
4.2 PROTOTYPE DESIGN

4.2.1 Design Parameter and Requirements

Resource mapping is an important parameter in the calculation of design parameters. The

design of the prototype will be based on gathered data through resource mapping to know the

capacity of the solar panel that will be used, to identify if wind profile on the campus can be a

power source.

4.2.1.1 Resource Mapping

Resource mapping, similarly called asset mapping, is the procedure of identifying

valuable data community and developing plans for mobilizing the said resources. (Vistacampus,

2019) Also, resource mapping is an important phase for considering the dimension and design of

the project prototype. This discusses the presently available data for power demand and supply in

the environment and how this data is significant to the study.

In this study matters the power demand of Mobile device present in BPSU, the mobile

battery capacity of latest models is averaging about 3000 milliampere – hour (mAh). Knowing

that current population of mobile device users in BPSU is above 6000 mostly students. While,

power supply are electricity and renewable energies that provides power need by the

environment or community specifically in presence of solar power, wind power and kinetic man-

powered generation. The present supply will dictate the run for the final project prototype design

and specification.

4.2.1.2 Solar power resource mapping

63
 To identify the solar power generation in Bataan Peninsula State University. The study

will conduct a solar panel testing to know the presently available data solar energy generation.

Due to the data gathered by this testing, the capacity and size of the solar panel would be

deduced. The design of the solar panel to be used would be based on the result of this testing.

4.2.1.3 Wind profiling

The wind power also needs to be identified to distinguish the type, span, and size of the

wind turbine to be used. A method to gather data about the present in BPSU is the use of an

anemometer as shown in figure 4.2, which measures the surroundings' wind velocity and

direction. The gathered data will present an appropriate wind turbine for the obtained wind

profile present. This data also decides if its economical and logical to build or use wind turbine

in power generation BPSU.

Figure 4.2 Digital Anemometer

(Source: HoldPeak, 2015)

4.2.1.4 User Requirements

64
 The prototype can help the mobile device user in Bataan Peninsula State University to

access a charging station that is power by renewable energy. This will benefit mobile users that

don’t have power banks, or in case of a blackout, the prototype can be used as an alternative

charging station.

The project will be required to take energy from the sun, wind, man-powered kinetic

energy. Generated by solar panels, wind turbines, and foot treadle and convert the energy to AC

voltage, which will be able to power most mobile devices. Obtaining a power output of 5v and

1amp is the required output to power up a mobile device.

The biggest constraint to this project will be to maximize the solar, wind and kinetic

efficiency to provide the most power to the system that can be generated by the solar panels,

wind turbines, and kinetic mana powered device. The weather must be accounted for when

making all of the calculations for the efficiency and output of the renewable sources.

Ensuring proper safety regulations are met is another constraint dependent upon the

electrical design, but more importantly, is the overall structure of the station. Building and safety

codes must be researched and implemented. A stand-alone structure poses significantly less risk

regarding fire safety when proper precautions are taken during site preparation.

4.2.2 Design Standard or Regulation

The standard regulation in using solar operations issued under Rule 2, Section 8 of

Department Circular No. 2012-11-0009 “Renewable Energy Safety, Health and Environment

Rules and Regulations” states the safety and protection of everyone’s health, property and the

environmental hazards regarding solar operations. There are preliminary rules when using the

solar panels; some are, stop wearing jewelry when you are working due to electric shock, always

65
use proper protection in working with wirings and consult first with your local codes or laws

about standard regulations for solar panel installation.

Wind turbine safety rules issued under section 2(3) “Act 1974: The Health and Safety at

Worker” states that protecting workers from reaching tower parts. Vertical axis wind turbine is

used as the secured alternative source. Fewer maintenance costs and reduces climbing hazards

because the mechanical components closer at ground level.

4.2.3 Design Calculation

4.2.3.1 Demand Power

Through resource mapping, the demand power of an average mobile device is said to be

3000mAh, and the machine can accommodate a maximum of four mobile devices at a time.

Also, according to research 3 hours is the average duration of charging, assuming that the

working hours are 12 hours only.

12 hours
Required supply output = 4 ( 3000 mAh ) (Equation 4.1)
3 hours

= 48 mAh/day x 5 volts

= 240 W-h per day

4.2.3.2 Solar Panel Capacity Calculation

The average sunlight in the Philippines 5 hours and 45 minutes, the solar panel should be

facing south because the Philippines is located in the northern hemisphere, to gather more

sunlight with the day time. This factor helps the calculation of the capacity of solar panels. After

the calculation of the capacity of the required capacity of solar panel, suitable and most efficient

renewable energy can be used. This data shown is used to test the capacity of the solar panel.

66
 Energy output = A x e x sr (Equation 4.2)

Where: A = solar array area (m2)

e = conversion efficiency

sr = solar radiation/time

4.2.3.3 Wind Blade Design Calculation

After knowing the average velocity of the air, proper blade design can be used. If the

solar feature is not enough as the main power source to charge a mobile phone. The use of the

wind turbine would be needed. To decide, the watts should be used as shown, but wind energy

generation is not much dependable because the wind profile in BPSU is not yet determined. Still,

it’s not proven to serve as a support power supply.

1
P=k Cp p AV3 (Equation 4.3)
2

Where: P=¿power output, kilowatts

Cp=¿ is the maximum power coefficient, fluctuating from 0.25 to

0.45, dimension fewer (theoretical maximum = 0.59)

Ρ = Air density, lb/ft3

A = the rotor swept area, ft2 or π D2/4 (D diameter of rotor in ft, (π

= 3.14)

V = Wind speed, mph

67
 k = 0.000133 A is in kilowatt the constant of yield power [i.e., 1

kW = 1.340 horsepower]).

It also depends on the generator that will be used. The next plan, if the output of solar and

wind is still insufficient then using kinetic man-powered energy is to fulfill.

4.2.3.4 Treadle Power Generation Calculation

The treadle-powered charger is a charger intended to be a source of power for mobile

devices. This was based on Faraday’s Law, which statuses that an alteration in the magnetic field

generates an apparent movement of electric current. The hand crank of the hand crank mobile

device charger is changed with the treadle as a source of mechanical power. This was done to

shorten, reduce the difficulty, and space mandatory of the motion used as the basis of mechanical

power. The treadling gesture is used to change reciprocating motion into rotational motion.

∆∅
EMF=−N (Equation 4.4)
∆t

Where: EMF = Electromotive force

N = no. of turns of coil

∆∅ = change in magnetic flux

∆t = change in time

4.2.3.5 Battery Capacity Specification

68
 The capacity of the battery will be computed based on the demand power per day of

charging station. Battery capacity will also be based on the output of the resource mapping that

will conduct. The battery should be design to build up higher wattages for the charging station.

To calculate the minimum battery capacity, take the watt-hour per day and multiply on how

many days’ worth of energy wants to be stored in the battery. Therefore, multiply by 2 and

convert the kilowatt-hour result into amp-hour by dividing by the battery voltage.

4.2.3.6 Prototype Dimensions

To calculate the parameters of the base of the machine, the size of the components inside

are needed to consider. The height of the base to the table is based on the standard and average

compatibility of the users, usually a student of 5-6 feet in height. The height of the base of the

prototype is about 3-4 feet, also the pole measure about 5-6 feet base on the related studies. The

overall height of the prototype is about 10-12 feet.

4.2.3.7 Simplified Wiring Diagram

As shown in figure 4.3, The three components of the power generation unit that harness

or gather energy will be the solar panel, wind turbine and treadle generator. Then the output of

all the power generation components will go through the charge controller to regulate the voltage

and can be used for charging mobile devices. When the charging station is on hold and not

occupied, the power will be stored on the battery.

69
 Figure 4.3 Prototype Simplified Wiring Diagram

4.2.4 Design option/Initial design

4.2.4.1 Initial Design

Designing the machine prototype needs a profound understanding and devising. It also

takes motivation and consideration to make sure that the machine will work effectively.

70
 Figure 4.4 Initial Design

Savonius turbines are one of the simplest turbines. Aerodynamically, they are drag-type

devices, consisting of two or three scoops. Watching down on the rotor from overhead, a two-

scoop mechanism would look like an "S" form in cross-section. Because of the curving, the

scoops experience less drag when moving in contradiction of the wind than when affecting the

wind. The difference drag causes the Savonius turbine to rotate. Because they are drag-type

mechanisms, Savonius turbines excerpt much fewer of the wind's energy than further similarly-

sized lift-type turbines. Abundant of the swept zone of a Savonius rotor may be nearby the

ground if it has a minor mount without a lengthy post, construction the overall energy abstraction

less effective due to the lesser wind speeds found at lesser heights. (Dino Handzic 2010)

71
 Polycrystalline solar panels are not as effective as monocrystalline solar panels, but

polycrystalline modules are much economical. Polycrystalline solar modules are, therefore, the

most commonly connected modules. Characteristic is the crystal construction, which permits the

polycrystalline solar modules of the photovoltaic system to reproduce sturdily when bare to

sunlight. The efficacy of polycrystalline solar panels nowadays is around 15 percent. This leaves

polycrystalline modules in arrears the monocrystalline solar cells, which attain module efficacies

of about 19 percent. This is balanced by the expressively lesser production costs and the

significantly lesser energy requirements. (EnergyFiv July 3, 2018)

Foot treadle will serve as a backup source of energy in case there is insufficient power

source from solar and wind power.

4.2.4.2 Design Option

4.2.4.2.1 Design Option 1

The first design option has the same foundation and body. As shown in Figure 4.5 the

machine is consisting of solar panels, treadle generator, and wind turbine. The difference

between option 1 and the initial design is the wind turbine to be tested an improved Savonius

vertical wind turbine.

72
 Figure 4.5 Design Option 1

4.2.4.2.2 Design Option 2

Figure 4.6 below shows that the second design option is only consisting of the hybrid

design of the solar panel and a treadle generator removing the wind turbine component. Made up

of the same foundation and body of the initial design.

73
 Figure 4.6 Design Option 2

4.2.4.2.3 Design Option 3

The third and last design option illustrated in figure 4.7 is made of the same foundation

and body as the initial design, which is the hybrid component is only the improved wind turbine

and treadle generator removing the solar panel component.

74
 Figure 4.7 Design Option 3

4.2.5 Design Evaluation

The design aims the goal of the study to fabricate or produce a machine that can charge

mobile devices. Also, the designed components based on the resource mapping test results

capacity requirement. The testing and out design by components give actual data for determining

the most effective or reliable renewable energy among wind, solar, and kinetic man-powered

energy sources in the Bataan Peninsula State University. The design also produces a voltage of

5volts and 1 amp as standard for charging an average of 3000 milliampere - hour mobile device.

The prototype is to determine if the final design is a hybrid of wind, solar, and kinetic man-

powered energy compatible to the study that can be a reference for a more efficient device.

75
4.2.6 Final Proposed Design

The final proposed design is not yet specified because resource mapping is not yet been

started. The data will be gathered in the resource mapping will drastically affect the design of the

prototype.

4.3 FABRICATION PROCEDURES

The fabrication procedure is the most refined phase of the study, wherein effort, time, and

energy are required to build an efficient and precise project prototype. Indeed, the output power

of the project will vary and depend on the performance of each component of the prototype.

The first phase of the fabrication procedure is sourcing and gathering the primary

materials needed to run the prototype. The primary materials are Savonius vertical wind turbine,

Polycrystalline Solar panel and treadle generator components, which acts as the power

generating material of the machine.

The next phase is building the foundation and pole to the pre-make charging station. The

base or foundation would be made of plywood or steel plates where the treadle is also embedded.

The steel plate would be under the process of Welding to put together a much concrete

foundation. Welding is a construction or sculptural procedure that joins materials, typically

metals or thermoplastics, by means of high heat to melt the parts composed and permitting them

to cool, causing fusion.

The installment phase would be done after building the pole, which is made a steel pole.

The pole would be weld to the base of the prototype. In the installment phase, the primary power

generating units will be added to the machine. Wind turbines and the solar panels would be made

76
attachable or not permanently fixed. While the treadle generator would be fixed at the bottom

part of the foundation. The next phase would be the assembly of the power generating and

charging a unit of the prototype as well as the wirings.

The wind turbine would assemble at the top of the pole about 9-12 ft high in total. Then,

a pole bracket would be bolted for the attachment of the solar panel. In the conjunction of the

pole and the base, the port and the battery indicatory would be placed. Then, the battery, charge

controller, inverter, dc generator, mechanism of the treadle and other electric wiring is located

inside the base of the machine.

After assembling all the parts of the machine, the last phase of the fabrication procedure

is the testing of the project prototype. This includes testing the capability and capacity of each

component of gaining or producing electrical output and a required output for Charging a mobile

phone of 5V and 1amp.

4.4 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND PROCEDURES

4.4.1 Experimental Design

The experimental design would use reliability evaluation testing. The power source

components would be tested in two kinds of independent factors, which are the duration of

power generation and probability indices of each component. The power source components

such as solar panel wind turbine and treadle generator would be tested overtime to come up with

more reliable and accurate data. The data of the power output of each component would be

related to power demand. Power sources are solar power, wind power; kinetic man-powered

77
energy is also tested if the components are used as 25%, 50% and 100% of the required power

demand shown in table 4.1

Table 4.1independent Factors in experimental design

Duration Power source Probability indices of

Power Demand

Solar Panel 25%

12 hour a day Wind Turbine 50%

Treadle Generator 100%

Responses to these factors are power output regards to the time of the day, current,

voltage, and power output as Watts. The experiment to the principle of systematic everyday basis

and repetitive testing to increase statistical precision and minimize the effect of extraneous

factors like mechanical fatigue and losses, weather changes, temperature changes and other

external forces. The historical background of every component of the power source is used to

arrange the runs to a comparable method obtained the results and responses of components. To

know which is preferable using on the specific grounds of BPSU. The historical background

would be represented by line graphs interrelated vertically to power output and horizontally to

every hour of the day the component is charging.

4.4.2 Testing Procedures

78
 The recording each time the rotor obtains maximum and minimum outputs is limited

about every hour of the day. A test of wind turbines tested to be in every hour with the same

place the whole day. For solar panel testing, the solar panel would let collect from a photovoltaic

system to generate electricity over a day in which data of solar power generation is collected per

hour. Also, for the treadle generator is tested for about a day probably not continuously operated.

Assuming that the actual events or students' activities every day. All the following testing is

conducted on the grounds of BPSU. A day is assumed as 12 hours because, in BPSU, the school

hour or working hours is average as 12 hours. The output per hour of the day would be relative to

the power demand per day which is gathered through resource mapping. A digital multi tester is

used to measure voltage and current, while the said components are obtained through resulted

data. The results determine if the components are reliable or compatible in BPSU and if the final

design should be wind turbine only, solar panel only, kinetic man-powered, or hybrid varieties of

the following sources.

The power output data gathered through the given test and procedure would over the cost

of each component used. Then testing of charging a mobile device will be conducted assuming

the average charging time to be 3hrs. Also, the output is to be converted as required of 5 volts

and 1 ampere. The power generated is always stored in battery first before becoming an output in

the USB port hubs.

4.5 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

79
 Through the data gathered and compared, it would be easier to determine if the power

demand is suppliable by the power output of the prototype. If the prototype needs to adjust the

power demand by reducing the maximum USB hubs or usage of hybrid of each component is

essential. To fill in the demand for mobile device charging needed at BPSU. The power supply

is to be generated using a Savonius vertical wind turbine is a maximum power output of 180 W

and an angular velocity of 20 radian/ s or190 revolutions per minute. Solar meters allow

displaying energy production data of real-time PV. The estimated the solar panel is producing

1.5 kWh per day. The electrical power out would be measure through voltage generated over the

capita cost of each component. The electrical voltage output would be measured through a

voltmeter or digital multimeter.

4.6 PROJECT COST

The project has a limited budget to vary the costs of materials, devices, testing, labor

expenses, and other expenses. All the expenditures incurred are grouped and tabulated as shown

in Table 4.2

Table 4.2 Estimated Project Cost

Unit
Description Quantity Unit Price Amount (Php)
Material Expenses
Mechanical Components
Galvanized Iron
Sheet       690.00
Steel Plate 10 kgs 20/kg 200.00
Cement       230.00
Pole       1,222.00
Nuts and Bolts 16 pcs 15/pcs 296.00
Washers 10 pcs 1/pcs 10.00
Flat bar       278.00

80
 Angle bar       322.00
Tools and Auxiliaries
Welding rod       250.00
Electric tape       41.00
Electrical Components
Wire (6.1 mm)       20.00
gram
Magnetic wires
3.5 s 100.00/g 350.00
Male and Female
wire connector       65.00
USB hub 4 port 2 pcs 89/pcs 178.00
Battery indicator       175.00
Charge Controller       600.00
DC generator 2 pcs 1400/pc 2,800.00
Battery       6,000.00
Aesthetic
Paint       380.00
Utility Brush 2 pcs 35/pcs 70.00
Paint Thinner       35.00
Labor Expenses
Fabrication        
Repairs        
Other
Transportation        
Printing        
Main Components
Savonius Vertical
Wind Turbine        
100W
Polycrystalline
Solar Panel       3,459.00
Treadle wheel        
Treadle pad        
TOTAL       17,671.00
GRAND TOTAL        

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87
 APPENDIX A

DETAILED DESIGNS

As shown Figure A – 1 is a detailed Isometric view of the Mobile Device Charging

Station powered by renewable energy. Through vertical wind turbine, Solar Panel and Treadle

generator.

Figure A-1. Isometric view of the whole initial prototype.

88
 The size of solar panel, length of span of wind turbine and the amount of treadle in the

generator is to be known after the resource mapping for more detailed sizes of the main parts.

Also, the table to be used and pole is dependent to the actual place in BPSU.

Figure A-2. Orthographic views, Front view of the equipment.

As shown in the figure above the length on the based and the pole of the equipment is

still tentative due to not yet specified size of main parts. The surrounding of the placement of the

equipment also affects the length and height of the prototype.

89
 Figure A-3. Orthographic views side view of the
equipment.

Figure A-4. Orthographic views, top view of the equipment.

90
 Figure A-5. Isometric view of Design option 1

This machine is consisting of solar panels, treadle generator, and wind turbine. The

difference between option 1 and the initial design is the wind turbine to be tested an improved

Savonius vertical wind turbine.

Figure A-6. Isometric view of Design option 2

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 As illustrated in figure above a hybrid design of the solar panel and a treadle generator

removing the wind turbine component. Made up of the same foundation and body of the initial

design.

Figure A-7. Isometric view of Design option 3

The third and last design option is made of the same foundation and body as the initial

design, which is the hybrid component is only the improved wind turbine and treadle generator

removing the solar panel component.

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 APPENDIX B

DATA SHEETS

Data sheet for reliability testing result tested over 12 hour a day using different

components such as wind turbine, solar panel and treadle generator for wind power, solar power

and kinetic man-power, respectively.

Table B-1. Reliability testing data sheet for Renewable energy source in BPSU

Wind Solar Kinetic

Time
Power Power Manpower
Hour 1
Hour 2
Hour 3
Hour 4
Hour 5
Hour 6
Hour 7
Hour 8
Hour 9
Hour 10
Hour 11
Hour 12

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 APPENDIX C

STANDARDS/REGULATION/DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

As the Republic Act No. 9513, also known as the “Renewable Energy Act of 2008” was

signed on 15 December 2008 stated the way for faster and more aggressive development of the

country’s renewable energy resources. The current legislation the first and overall renewable-

energy law in Southeast Asia and cover the Philippines to capture a part advantage in harnessing

renewable-energy development worldwide.

Table H-1. Demand & Supply indices for every Renewable energy source

25% 50% !00%

Wind Turbine
Solar Panel
Treadle Generator

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