DESIGN OF SMART

BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD

OF TECHNOLOGY

SPECIAL STUDY
Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Architecture

Submitted By
UZMA MEKRANI

Under the Supervision of

SADAF FARIDI

Department of Architecture
Zakir Hussain College of Engineering and Technology
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh-202002

2020-2021

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 SELF DECLARATION CERTIFICATE

I, Uzma Mekrani, Department of Architecture, declare that this report entitled

“Design of smart buildings in the world of technology” is my own bonafide work
carried out by me under the supervision of Ar. Sadaf Faridi, and the co-supervision
of (if any)…………………………at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. I certify
that this report has not been submitted by me for any other diploma/degree of this or
any other university.

Date: …………... Signature of Candidate

Uzma Mekrani

Sadaf Faridi Co-supervisor (if any)

External Examiner

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 Table of contents
SELF DECLARATION CERTIFICATE....................................................................................................II
LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................................V
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................VII

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1

1.1. KEYWORDS: SMART BUILDING, INTERNET OF THINGS, BUILDING AUTOMATION

SYSTEM 1
1.2. AIM:...................................................................................................................................................1
1.3. OBJECTIVE:.....................................................................................................................................2
1.4. METHODOLOGY:...........................................................................................................................2
1.5. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS:..........................................................................................................2

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................3

2.1 ORIGIN OF SMART BUILDINGS..................................................................................................3

2.2 CONCEPT OF SMART BUILDINGS..............................................................................................4
2.3 DESIGN OF SMART BUILDINGS..................................................................................................4
2.4 THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY...........................................................4
2.4.1 Project concept phase.........................................................................................5
2.4.2 Project delivery phase.........................................................................................5
2.4.3 Design phase.......................................................................................................6
2.4.4 Construction phase.............................................................................................6
2.5 COMPONENTS OF SMART BUILDING DESIGN:.......................................................................7
2.6 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED IN SMART BUILDINGS:..............................................8
2.7 ADVANCE MATERIALS USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION...........................................9
2.7.1 Concrete............................................................................................................10
2.7.2 Metals................................................................................................................10
2.7.3 Plastics..............................................................................................................11
2.7.4 Ceramics...........................................................................................................11
2.7.5 Glazing..............................................................................................................11
2.7.6 Paints................................................................................................................12
2.8 PHOTOVOLTAICS.........................................................................................................................13
2.9 SMART MATERIALS....................................................................................................................13
2.9.1 Property-changing materials............................................................................14
2.9.2 Energy-exchanging materials...........................................................................16
2.9.3 Bidirectional energy-exchanging materials......................................................17
2.10 USE OF SMART MATERIALS IN BUILDINGS..........................................................................17
2.11 SMART BUILDING ENVOLOPES AND SKIN:..........................................................................19
2.12 SMART WINDOW SYSTEMS:.....................................................................................................22

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 2.12.1 Dynamic glazing systems:.................................................................................26
2.12.2 Energy-generating............................................................................................28
2.13 MANAGEMENTS SYSTEMS:......................................................................................................30
2.13.1 Facility management system.............................................................................30
2.13.2 Building management system............................................................................31
2.14 BASICS SYSTEM INVOLVED IN SMART BUILDINGS...........................................................33
2.15 INTERNET OF THINGS:...............................................................................................................33
2.15.1 Wireless transmitting / receiving system for Iot................................................34
2.15.2 Ethernet.............................................................................................................36
2.16 SMART BUILDINGS MECHANICAL SERVICES......................................................................36
2.16.1 Heating ventilation air conditioner system.......................................................36
2.16.2 Lighting management and control systems.......................................................39
2.16.3 Access control and surveillance systems..........................................................40
2.16.4 Digital signage systems.....................................................................................41
2.16.5 Car parking information systems......................................................................42
2.16.6 Fire alarm and mass notification systems.........................................................43

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 MEMBERS INVOLVED IN DESIGNING OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS (JAMES, 2010).......5
FIGURE 2 MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION (CASINI, SMART BUILDINGS ADVANCED MATERIALS AND

NANOTECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE ENERGY-EFFICIENCY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE,

2016)................................................................................................................................................8
FIGURE 3 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A COATED AND NON-COATED CONCRETE (KOTHARI & DEWALKAR,
2010)..............................................................................................................................................10
FIGURE 4 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL (U.S. ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION, 2021).......................13
FIGURE 5PHASE CHANGE OF MATTER AT VARIES TEMPERATURE (CASINI, 2016)....................................15
FIGURE 6 LUMINOUS PATH CREATED BY MIXING STONE AGGREGATES AND PHOTO LUMINOUS SOLUTION.
........................................................................................................................................................16
FIGURE 7 COOL ROOF (COOL ROOFS AND THE COOL ROOF RATING COUNCIL, 2016)..........................20
FIGURE 8 ONE PANEL OF GREEN WALL (ARCHITIZER EDITORS).............................................................20
FIGURE 9 HYDRO MEMBRANE WORKING (CASINI, 2016).........................................................................21
FIGURE 10 HYDRO CERAMICS (ARCHITIZER EDITORS)..........................................................................21
FIGURE 11 LOW- EMISSION GLAZING SYSTEM (JIMY GLASS, N.D.)...........................................................22
FIGURE 12 SUSPENDED FILM GLAZING SYSTEM (CASINI, 2016)..............................................................22
FIGURE 13 VACUUM INSULATING GLASS (CASINI, 2016)........................................................................22
FIGURE 14 MONOLITHIC AEROGEL INSULATING GLAZING (CASINI, 2016)..............................................23
FIGURE 15 MODES OF DOUBLE SKIN GLAZED FACADE (CASINI, 2016)..................................................23
FIGURE 16 GLAZED DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE, EXTERIOR VIEW, CHICAGO ART INSTITUTE, RPBW,
CHICAGO (CASINI, 2016)................................................................................................................24
FIGURE 17 FIRE RESISTANT GLAZING.......................................................................................................24
FIGURE 18 ETFE TECHNOLOGIES (CASINI, 2016)...................................................................................25
FIGURE 19 SMART WINDOW PRINCIPLE (GLAZETTE, N.D.)......................................................................26
FIGURE 20 DIFFERENT MODES OF SPD GLASS (NEW GLASS TECH, 2021)...............................................27
FIGURE 21 PDLC TECHNOLOGY (GLAZETTE, N.D.).................................................................................27
FIGURE 22 BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND ELECTROCHROMIC GLAZING INTEGRATION (CASINI,
2016)..............................................................................................................................................28
FIGURE 23 SEMITRANSPARENT COLORED AMORPHOUS SILICON THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC GLAZING

(GROUP, 2017)................................................................................................................................28
FIGURE 24 ENERGY GENERATIVE PROCESS OF A BIOADAPTIVE FACADE (ALGAE PANEL) (ENERGY TIPS -
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, N.D.).........................................................................................................29
FIGURE 25 FACILITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (IOT CONNECT , 2021).....................................30
FIGURE 26 BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (HATCHER, THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GOES
DIGITAL WITH POWER OVER ETHERNET, 2020).............................................................................32
FIGURE 27 NETWORK MODEL LAYER.......................................................................................................33
FIGURE 28 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORKS. (BEHRTECH,
2020)..............................................................................................................................................34
FIGURE 29 H.V.A.C SYSTEMS (THOMAS, 2013)......................................................................................37

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FIGURE 30 OCCUPANCY SENSOR (JAMES, 2010)......................................................................................39
FIGURE 31 SMART DIMMERS (WEMO, 2017)...........................................................................................40
FIGURE 32 DIGITAL SIGNAGE (SAMSUNG, 2016).....................................................................................41
FIGURE 34 DIGITAL SIGNAGE FOR CAR PARKING.....................................................................................42
FIGURE 33 SENSORS WITH LIGHT INDICATORS IN PARKING.....................................................................42
FIGURE 35 FIRE ALARM AND MASS NOTIFICATION SYSTEM....................................................................44

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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1PROPERTY CHANGING MATERIALS. (CASINI, 2016)....................................................................15
TABLE 2 ENERGY-EXCHANGING MATERIALS (CASINI, 2016)...................................................................16
TABLE 3 BIDIRECTIONAL ENERGY-EXCHANGE MATERIALS (CASINI, 2016)............................................17
TABLE 4 COMPARISON TABLE FOR VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF IOT (BEHRTECH,
2020)..............................................................................................................................................36

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
A design that combines technology and process to make a safe, healthy, and
convenient environment that promotes efficiency and well-being in its inhabitants.
With immense energy crises in today's world, it has become necessary for architects,
engineers to make buildings highly energy efficient and smart by their functions.
Smart buildings allow owners and operators to have a better idea about the occupant's
needs and behaviors with a goal of improved well-being and productivity while
saving a large amount of operational costs along with increased building efficiency.
Smart buildings can also be viewed as an approach to better identify the relationship
between the occupant and its environment. Smart buildings are a long-term solution to
highly specialized needs that is supported by a strong degree of interaction.

1.1. Keywords: Smart building, Internet of things, Building automation

system

1. Smart building: a structure that uses technologies to exchange knowledge

about what is going on in the structure between devices in order to improve the
building's efficiency
2. Internet of things: It is “a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction”[ CITATION iot21 \l 16393 ].
3. Building automation system: “A building automation system is an
intelligent system of both hardware and software, connecting heating, venting and air
conditioning system (HVAC), lighting, security, and other systems to communicate
on a single platform”[CITATION Wha19 \l 16393 ].

1.2. AIM:
This study aims to document the various aspects of designing a smart building and the
technology involved in making building convenient and sustainable and providing an
optimum experience for the end-users.

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1.3. OBJECTIVE:
1. To study the concept of a smart building, its design process, material, and
technology being used in smart buildings.
2. To document the various components of smart buildings, along with different
types of smart building envelopes and glazing.
3. To explore the different management systems involved in smart buildings.

1.4. METHODOLOGY:
The data related to my study of smart building design shall be collected from only
secondary sources. The literature from the books, research papers, online market
survey, and other relevant blogs.

1.5. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS:

1. This study focuses on the smart building and its designing process, material
and technology, but will not cover the programming of the console and also
study about the external information technology shall not be incorporated in
the study.
2. The study will include all the details about the services. And document various
active and passive building envelopes glazing and shading techniques
incorporated in smart buildings but this study shall not cover the economic
factor.
3. The study shall not be limited to any typology of building or to any particular
region.

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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ORIGIN OF SMART BUILDINGS

Smart buildings, or the initial idea of the concept, originated in the early 1980s. In
1984, a New York Times article described real estate developers creating “a new
generation of buildings that almost think for themselves called intelligent buildings.”
Such a building was defined as, “a marriage of two technologies old-fashioned
building management and Telecommunications”[CITATION Jam10 \l 16393 ].
In the early 1980s, many technology trends were emerging. Amongst those was the
U.S. telecommunications industry which was undergoing deregulation and along with
the development of new companies, products, services, and innovations entered the
telecom marketplace. After this was another major trend that was slightly distinct, was
the development of the personal computer industry. This era also initiated a strong
connection between real estate developers and technology. This presented a chance
for building owners to try to sell facilities within their properties and increase their
business value. "Shared tenant facilities" was the name given to this new business
concept. In the shared tenant services, building owner owned a hefty
telecommunication system and then leased out those telecommunication services to
each tenant. A lot of real estate developers proffered such shared services but it
wasn’t successful due to a lack of profit, information, and skills in
telecommunications. However, this was seen as the first time when we saw
technology coming together with the building.
In the next few decades, it was witnessed with great advancement in technology
systems in buildings, including audiovisual systems, structured cabling systems,
building automation controllers with direct digital control (DDC), conditioned space
for network equipment, video surveillance access, control systems, and many others.
In 1994, guidelines for building construction documents were released, the
Construction Specifications Institute’s Master Format, contained 16 divisions, with
hardly any specifications regarding technology. “Division 17” was used by Engineers
and designers for the specification of technology-related systems. Division 17 was not
a formal addition to the specification divisions but was used to specify the materials
and equipment which were not present in the other 16 divisions. In that period
technology wasn’t used as an integral part of the design but as an afterthought or an

10
addition to the main building design. Further, the Master format[ CITATION Jam10 \l
16393 ].

2.2 CONCEPT OF SMART BUILDINGS

Smart buildings don't seem to be almost about putting in and operative technology or
technology advancements. Technology and also the systems in buildings are simply
enabled, a system to an end. The technology permits us to control the building's
additional economy, to improve the efficiency of building construction, to supply
productive and healthy areas for the visitors and occupants, to offer a secure
environment, to create a more energy-efficient and safe climate, as well as to
distinguish.

2.3 DESIGN OF SMART BUILDINGS

Decades ago, when centralized HVAC systems started to be manufactured, they
required space for various components like piping, ducts, and various equipment like
the chiller plant which had a significant impact on the basics of building design. Other
Technology, telecommunications, management systems, audio/visual, and security
systems are having an identical impact on the design method today. Like various
building design disciplines, technology contains several systems and elements that
require to be tightly coordinated with other design professionals in the team and
integrate into their designs. Thus, integrating technology in the building has a major
impact on our design process.

2.4 THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

In 2010 James said the process of planning, designing, constructing, and dealing with
construction is complex. Most buildings are specific structures designed for particular
functions, budgets, physical conditions, transport methods, owner requirements,
regulations, schedule constraints, and other influences. The wide variety of people or
corporations collaborating in the design and construction of a building is significant.
It includes the owner's team, which can comprise the owner or the client, a facility
manager, and the tenants or those occupying the building; the design team, which may
be comprised of architects, engineers, and consultants; the construction team created
of a general contractor, subcontractors, and a supplier's team that may embrace
distributors, manufacturers, and product representatives. With such a range of
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potential project influences and restrictions and a multitude of participants, there
needs to be a technique as to however the requirements of the owner may be exactly
communicated to the designers additionally as how the designers can accurately
communicate their design to those constructing the facility. This method consists of
the subsequent major phases: project conception, project delivery, design,
bidding/negotiating/purchasing, and construction.

2.4.1 Project concept phase

This is the phase the owner’s needs and requirements are identified. Then a building
site is carefully chosen and a preliminary budget and schedule are established. This
stage typically includes the engineers, architects, facility programmers, and the
user/owner building construction foundations are often laid without a thorough
examination of building technology systems.

2.4.2 Project delivery phase

This is the phase in which the owner decides on contractual relationships among all
participants to get the building from concept to completion. Common delivery
strategies include design-bid-build, design-negotiate-build design-build, construction
management, and owner-build (Figure 1). Though those concerned in building
technology systems don't participate in choosing the delivery method for the building
it's necessary to know however the building is being “delivered” as this can affect the
link one needs to the design team, the owner, and also the construction company.

12

Figure 1 Members involved in designing of building technology systems (James, 2010)

 2.4.3 Design phase
When the owner’s conceptual design and programming are complete and also the
contractual relationships among all parties are established, this is when the detailed
design of the building begins. The planning can proceed through a two- or three-stage
method. The three-stage process consists of schematic design, design development,
and construction documents. The two-stage process includes preliminary design and
final design, And the construction documents are a separate step. It's generally
throughout this phase that a designer of building technology systems interacts and
collaborates with the architects and other technical design professionals.

2.4.4 Construction phase

This phase involves the entire team i.e., the owner, architect/engineer team,
consultants, product representatives, and other authorities who have power over the
construction and among others. The integrated building technology system designer
ensures that the systems that are installed follow the specifications, drawings, and
contract. And through review of all the documents including the schedules, drawings,
specifications, etc. In the final stages of construction, the technology designer and
contractor possibly be with the client’s information technology (IT) department to
ensure the transfer of services and equipment to the facilities. “coordination
drawings” help in the coordination between the designers and traders that may be
prepared by the contractor and given to the designer. These drawings contain the
coordination of all trades’ installations of the diverse systems or equipment that are to
be installed or may have been installed.

2.4.4.1 Documents required for construction phase

Construction documents are a set of documents prepared by the architect and
engineers to coordinate with the other professionals on the site. These documents are
important to manufacturers, contractors, and designers of integrated building systems.
These documents comprise of drawing (plan, elevation, section), specification.
1. SPECIFICATIONS
The specification is standardized which makes it easy to use and avoids the chances of
error in the work. They compile all the written documents from each engineering
department (civil, mechanical, electrical).
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 2. DRAWINGS
On the other hand, drawings provide detailed information about the design which is
necessary to convey the design intent of the system. They provide information
regarding the position, relations, dimensions, and detail. These drawings are prepared
by an architect and other disciplines like civil, telecommunication, structural and
electrical.
3. MATERIAL SUBMITAL
These documents are provided with the drawing for detail information about
the materials.
4. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL
These are post construction documents provided to the client or the building users. To

refer for maintenance purpose in the future. Also, in case of trouble shooting and any

turbulences these documents provide a detailed specification about each components

of the machine and contact details of the retailer or supplier of that particular

component.

2.5 COMPONENTS OF SMART BUILDING DESIGN:

A building is said to be a smart building when its integral services (H.V.A.C,
electrical, etc.), the material used in construction, and also the outer shell (the façade,
windows, glazing, etc.) is smart, that is all the systems are automated and
independent, together makes it a smart building. The term “smart” therefore relates
both to the choice of technological solutions able to optimize the life cycle of the
building in relation to the site of intervention, and to the behavior of the envelope, and
advance material and its technology which is capable of not only offering better
performance compared to a traditional building shell, but also fulfilling new functions
(power generation, light emission, image projection, air purification, self-cleaning
surfaces, ability to self-repair, etc.) in addition to changing its characteristics in
relation to changes in the environment(from transparent to opaque, solid to liquid,
waterproof to permeable, etc.).This adaptive behavior of the skin (environment-
adaptive building shell) may comprise both the macro scale, with the presence of

14
moving mechanical parts, and the micro scale, through a change of physical or
chemical properties of the materials. These can be broadly classified as:
1. Architectural features:
i. Building Construction Material
ii. Building Envelopes
iii. Glazing system and Shading techniques
2. Services:
i. Management systems
ii. Building services

2.6 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED IN SMART BUILDINGS:

Building materials are categorized in different categories depending on its objective
of classification. Advanced materials are those materials that are designed specifically
to have unique or improved material
characteristics (functional or structural)
or environmental characteristics in
contrast to materials widely used to
perform the same tasks, regardless of the
process used. In the construction
industry, the use of advanced materials is
aiding in the decrease in energy demand
and improvements in environment
efficiency over the life of structures, as
Figure 2 Material classification[ CITATION
well as creating major changes Mar \l 16393 ]
throughout the design process,starting at
planning unptill execution. Advanced architectural materials can produce a high-
performance response or dynamic behaviour in response to external stimuli; this is
what smart materials are known for (Figure 2). These new or improved characteristics
are the culmination of a nanoscale (nanomaterials) or larger-scale innovation
operation (micromaterials or macromaterials). The nanometric scale, in particular, has
greater potential for creating new materials and technologies as well as enhancing the
efficiency of existing ones: [ CITATION Mar \l 16393 ].
1. Properties that are improved of the materials are :
o Mechanical resistance
15
o Thermal conductivity
o Insulation properties
o Shock resistance
o Hardness (abrasion resistance)
o Light transmission or reflection
o Thermal radiation reflection
o Surface energy
o Weldability
o Electrical conductivity
o Corrosion & oxidation resistance
o Quick compacting curing time
o Ultraviolet resistance and control
o Water protection
o Photoelectric effect
o Fire behavior
o Energy storage

2. New properties that are introduced are:

o Self-healing
o Biocidal activity
o Air purifying
o Electromagnetic radiation block
o Easy to clean
o Light emission
o Anti-graffiti and anti-stain
o Chromogenism (dynamic glass)
o Scratch resistant
o Thermotropism (Plant Condition Management Software )
o Antireflection
o Real-time structural health monitoring
o Anti-icing and fogging.

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 2.7 ADVANCE MATERIALS USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION:
2.7.1 Concrete
The use of nanotechnology in the concrete industry results in materials with
incomparable mechanical properties and long-term durability, as well as advances in
the building process (ease of combining, rate of settling, workability, etc) as well as a
decrease of carbon dioxide
emissions in production of
cement  by lowering kiln
processing times and
temperature[ CITATION
Hos15 \l 16393 ]. Cement
output emits more than 1.6
billion tons of carbon
globally, accounting for more than 8% of all carbon emissions. Concrete makes up
over two-thirds of renovation
Figure 3 Difference between a coated and non-
and construction disposal, with coated concrete [CITATION Kot \l 16393 ]
just 5% of it being recycled. Nanocomposite concrete can be made impermeable by
adding inorganic solutions that occupy each permeable cavity with nanocrystals while
curing. Also, curing can be faster by adding silicate hydrate nanoparticles which
speed up the water absorption without using energy-intensive techniques like toxic
additives or hot steam. With the addition of TiO2, it becomes photocatalytic, resulting
in increased durability, self-cleaning and air purification, as well as improved fire
behaviour. Anti-stain properties in concrete can be accomplished by nanocoatings
(Figure 3) the surface with SiO2 solutions, which form a nanothin film of glass which
thus prevents moisture from entering the pores and dust or algae from adhering to the
surface [CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ].

2.7.2 Metals
In all metal uses, such as steel, metal tubes, and interior/exterior structures,
nanotechnology strengthens a variety of properties. Special engineering techniques
are used to minimize the crystalline structure of high-performance steel with the most
difficult uses, like bridge supporting cables or prefabricated concrete. The addition of
copper nanoparticles improves corrosion resistance and workability, while the
17
addition of vanadium and molybdenum enhances durability and workability. Steel
used in highly hygienic applications such as healthcare facilities and medical-grade
devices produces an antimicrobial effect when silver or copper nanocoatings are
added. Finally, architectural metal layers can be protected with anti-scratch by
incorporating nanoparticles of aluminum oxide (Al2O3)[ CITATION Mar \l 16393 ].
2.7.3 Plastics
Plastics and polymers may benefit from the incorporation of nano objects or the
deposition of nanocoatings on their surfaces. (Pacheco-Torgal, Diamanti, Nazari,
Goran-Granqvist, & Goran-Granqvist, 2018). Many different types of nanofillers
(silicas, clays, carbon nanotubes, carbon blacks) may be used in polymer
nanocomposites. The modulus of elasticity of polystyrene reinforced with silica
nanoparticles increases, while carbon nanoparticles enhance hardness and tear
tolerance. Nanotubes can be applied to many popular thermoplastics, such as
polycarbonates, to improve compressive and influence strength hardness, flexural
strength, as well as other characteristics. Due to the extreme organic nature of the
polymers and their poor heat resistance, applying nanocoating to plastics is difficult.
Chemically rising zirconia nanoparticles over the surface of the polymeric surface
produced an inexpensive, clear, scratch-resistant coating.

2.7.4 Ceramics
Tiles for both the interior and outside, as well as sanitary ware, are examples of
ceramic materials used in architecture. Nanotechnology has the potential to improve
the reliability and ease of maintenance of both of these applications, as well as
provide them with completely new capabilities. (Pacheco-Torgal, Diamanti, Nazari,
Goran-Granqvist, & Goran-Granqvist, 2018). Ceramic substances can deflect dirt and
fluid by being hydrophilic in nature (coatings with SiO2 nanoparticles which occupy
surface pores and provide a smooth texture) or super hydrophilic and photocatalytic
(coatings with SiO2 nanoparticles ) (TiO2 coating). Antiscratch properties are also
given by SiO2 coatings, which do not reduce shine. Coatings made of nanosilver have
a number of advantages[CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ].
2.7.5 Glazing
Glazing has been one of the areas where nanotechnology is having the greatest
effects, with many nano-enhanced materials now on the market that provide
significantly improved efficiency or entirely new properties. Glass is often used in
18
architecture to produce natural illumination in interiors, and nanotechnology offers
ultra-thin coatings of various functions that do not obstruct visible light clarity
unnecessarily. Nanocoatings, in addition, can improve glass clarity by creating an
antireflective effect (multiple nanosized polymer layers with varying refractive
angles) or by making the surface superhydrophobic, avoiding dirt build-up (nanosilica
coatings). This high levels of clarity allow for full sunshine and, in the case of
building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), increased energy - harvesting efficiency.
Fireproof glazing with SiO2 nanoparticle intumescent interlayers is also possible.
Self-heating glass, obtained by metal or carbon nanotube coatings that make the
surface electrically conductive, can resist glass fogging as well as snow or ice
accumulation. Nanocoatings are commonly used to increase glass thermal
transmittance or filter and retain UV radiation (silicon or metal oxide nanocoatings,
nanoceramic s) out of an energy efficiency standpoint,preventing heat loss in the
winter and extreme heat loads in the summer Dynamic solar control coatings, in
addition to solar safety glazing, are also available that can adjust their clarity to
visible or infrared (IR) radiation, responding passively to light (photochromic glass)
or warmth (thermochromic glass) (thermochromic glass). Thin film coating made up
of many highly miniaturized conductive layers, electrochromic glazing allows for
active dynamic regulation of light and heat transfer.

2.7.6 Paints
The  nanoparticles  solution has contributed to the creation of a wide variety of
revolutionary and high-performing nanodispersed materials. Nanodispersions, in
particular, can increase rheology, binding, and viscosity, as well as the action of
paints during use, by adding nanoclays and silica or aluminum nanoparticles. When
exposed to UV rays, photocatalytic paints with scattered TiO2 nanoparticles have a
self-cleaning, antifouling, and airpurifying effect. Many self-cleaning paints take
advantage of the lotus effect, which is exacerbated by a bumpy surface nanopattern
that is small enough to avoid water drops from adhering to it, allowing them to fall
down with dirt particles attached.Antibacterial paints made of nanodispersed silver
particles can improve the health of the interior atmosphere by preventing bacteria and
microorganisms from growing. The addition of silica nanoparticles to translucent
protective paints (clear coats) for furniture and wood will improve scratch and
abrasion resistance without changing the gloss. Furthermore, by layering several
19
polymer nanolayers with various refractive angles on either surface, intriguing color
effects can be accomplished, changing the wavelength and color of light reflected
depending on the user's position (dichroic effect).

2.8 PHOTOVOLTAICS
Third-generation PV solar cells that use nanofilms or Quantum dots for the realization
of organic (polymeric) or multijunction-based versatile structures that deliver high
performance, transparency, incorporation into the building envelope, and, over time,
more competitive production costs are being aided by nanotechnology. Another latest
use of nanotechnology in
the PV industry is CSEM's
technology, which enables
the manufacture of fully
white PV modules (Figure
4) with no visible cells or
contacts, making for
improved esthetic
incorporation in building.
Selective and diffusing
nanotechnological coating
capable of diffusing the
entire visible spectrum of Figure 4 Photovoltaic cell[CITATION USE21 \t \l 16393 ]
solar radiation without
interfering with the propagation of the IR portion, which can be transformed into
electricity by the PV cells underneath. This scattering selective filter is usually made
up of several transparent dielectric layers layered on top of each other with different
refractive indexes.

2.9 SMART MATERIALS

Smart materials are a modern category of highly engineered materials that can sense
external feedback and respond immediately to changing conditions. A change in the
values of the surrounding energy field (change in power, electric, heat, mechanical,
radioactive, chemical, or kinetic energy) causes a chemical reaction, a change in the
molecular or crystalline structure, a change in the voltage ranges, proton absorption,
20
and other phenomena in the substance. discoloration, change in size,  change in the
pattern of stress and deformation, or a shift in refractive index are all examples of
impact. Smart materials have the following characteristics when compared to
conventional materials:
o spontaneity, as they react to stimuli in real time
o transiency, as they respond to a variety of environmental conditions.
o Exterior specificity, as the response is discrete
o predictable boldness, as the response is internal towards the incident causing it.

Smart materials are used in larger types: macrometer, micrometer, and nanometer
(smart nanomaterials). Smart materials' ability to achieve a useful result in response to
stimuli, particularly appealing for use in design and construction, all of which are
distinguished by evolving and complex needs. Both types could be used as sensors
and devices in mobile devices or applications that are specifically embedded into the
structure.“Smart materials are defined by their "smart" behavior, which is defined as a
complex response that involves all of the properties mentioned. However, since the
word "smart" is still somewhat ambiguous, it is often used in generic terms to
describe products or activities that have high or special efficiency and properties, such
as easy-to-clean surfaces or self-healing materials, even though they do not fall under
the "smart materials" category[CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ].

2.9.1 Property-changing materials

This group encompasses materials that react to a stimulus by changing one or more of
their mechanical, chemical, optical, electrical, magnetic, or thermal properties
autonomously and reversibly.   at  present, these materials are used in architecture in a
variety of products and systems, especially in building envelope components, which
can better take advantage of their adaptability to various use conditions.
In particular, property-changing materials are used:
o in transparent closures for dynamic control of solar radiation (chromogenic
materials);
o in closures and internal partitions to increase their thermal inertia (PCMs);

21
o in mortars, paints, or coatings of external and internal surfaces of the building to
achieve a self-cleaning and at the same time atmospheric air-purifying effect
(photocatalytic materials).
As a shape-memory alloy, such as
nitinol (nickel titanium), is
deformed from one shape to
another, the previous formation is
preserved. It would, however,
return to its original form without
any mechanical assistance if heated
to a certain temperature, either
directly or by electric current, as if
it recalled its original
configuration. Internal phase
Figure 5phase change of matter at varies
temperature[CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ] variations in the materials during
deformation and shape-return
phases  create this unusual shape-memory effect (Figure 5). While this process is
normally reversible, some form degradation can occur over time if the bend for long
time.
Environement Impact on
Smart material
stimilui material
Thermochromics Temperature difference
Photochromic UV radiation
Mechanochromics Deformation
Chemochromics Chemical concentration Colour change
Electrochromic Electrical tension
Liquid crystals Electrical tension
Suspended particles Electrical tension
Chemical
Photocatalytic UV radiation
reaction
Thermotropic Temperature difference Phase change
Viscosity
Electrorheological Electrical tension
change
Viscosity
Magnetorheological Magnetic field
change
Shape memory Temperature difference Crystalline
Table 1Property changing materials.[CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ]

22
 2.9.2 Energy-exchanging materials
Smart materials include those capable of converting more or less reversibly an input
energy into another form of energy in accordance with the first law of
thermodynamics. They include PV, luminescent (LED, OLED), piezoelectric,
thermal, pyroelectric, electro strictive, and magneto strictive materials. The main
applications of energy-exchanging materials in construction concern PVs and electro
and photoluminescent materials. PV materials enable the production of electrical
energy by transforming the incident solar radiation (photoelectric effect). PV
technology has reached the third generation of solar cells and boasts decades of
application. Photoluminescent materials are capable of absorbing solar light and
reemitting it at a different wavelength in the visible spectrum. Photoluminescent
materials are widely employed in the fields of interior decoration (phosphorescent or
fluorescent paints) and building materials, such as glass bricks containing
phosphorescent crystals able to glow in the dark. friendly solution of a ready-to-use
photo luminous blended
stone aggregate. Installation
simply requires mixing the
aggregates with a specific
two-part polyurethane resin
binder for three minutes,
and once spread and leveled
the surface is ready for foot
traffic in four hours. The Figure 6 Luminous path created by mixing stone aggregates
and photo luminous solution.
product can only be applied
to a hard substrate such as concrete or tarmac. The result is a natural-looking pathway
in the daytime which transforms into a soft, blue luminescent glow at night (Figure
6).
Smart material Environmental stimuli Impact on material
Electroluminescent Electrical tension
Photoluminescent Radiation Visible light emission
Chemiluminescent Chemical concentration
Thermoluminescent Temperature difference
Photovoltaics Solar radiation Electrical tension
Table 2 Energy-exchanging materials [CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ]

23
 2.9.3 Bidirectional energy-exchanging materials

Smart material Environmental stimuli Impact on material

Piezoelectric Deformation
Thermoelectric Temperature difference Electrical
Pyroelectric Temperature difference tension
Electrochemical Chemical concentration
Electrostrictive Electrical tension
Deformation
Magnetostrictiv
Magnetic field
e

2.10 USE OF SMART MATERIALS IN BUILDINGS

I. Minimize solar radiation transmission:
1. Electrochromic glass
2. Photochromic glass
3. LCD glass
4. Suspended particles device window
Table 3 Bidirectional energy-exchange materials [CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ]

-Dynamic Controlling systems:

5. External radiation sensors (PVs)
6. Interior daylight sensors (PVs)
7. Actuators

II. Controlling the transfer of heat into the building:

1. Thermotropic materials

III. Interior temperature regulation Thermal capability of closures and

enhanced internal partition 
1. Plant Condition Management Software
2. LEDs/OLEDs Photoluminescent materials
3. Thermoelectric materials
4. Optical fiber systems

24
IV. Air quality control:
1. Sensors (Monitoring pollutant agents and Co2 level)
2. Photocatalytic materials (Air purification)

V. Heating ventilation and air conditioning system

1. Pyroelectric materials (Temperature monitoring)
2. Hygrometers (Humidity monitoring)
3. Photoelectric materials (Interior occupancy monitoring)
4. Biosensors (Monitoring of CO2 and pollutant agents)
5. Thermoelectric materials (Heat sources and storage Placement)
6. Plant Condition Management Software (Heat sources and storage
Placement)

VI.  Structural vibration control:

1. Piezoelectric materials (Eulerian buckling control)
2. Magnetorheological materials (Inertial damping control)
3. Electrorheological materials (Inertial damping control)
4. Shape-memory alloys (Inertial damping control)
5. Optical fibers (Stress monitoring)

VII. Using renewable sources of energy to generate energy

1. PVs
2. Piezoelectric materials (Conversion of environmental energy into
electric energy)

VII. Optimizing lighting systems

1. PVs (Environment lighting monitoring)
2. Photoelectric materials (Interior daylight monitoring & Interior
occupancy monitoring)
3. Optical fibers
4. Electroluminescent materials (Lighting source placement)

25
 2.11 SMART BUILDING ENVOLOPES AND SKIN:
Since it serves as an urban catalyst and a diffuser of the standard of architecture more
than any other architectural feature, the building envelope has taken a leading role in
the process of formal and technical recognition of architecture. The building envelope
has a major impact on the building's energy and environmental efficiency, as well as
the degree of indoor comfort. It is made up of a complicated set of environmental
constraints and filters that can balance solar radiation, ventilation, and air flows, as
well as transform solar, wind, and mechanical energy to electricity and heat to meet
the building's various energy demands.
A smart building envelope that is, similar to the role of skin on a person's body, helps
it to adapt perfectly to changing environmental conditions in a dynamic manner,
ensuring reliable, continuous, and automated control of all energy and matter flows in
compliance with atmosphere, consumer preferences, and energy economic conditions
in complete coordination with the facilities and technologies. A "smart envelope” are
advance performing and smart design that uses the latest technical solutions, from
both construction and management systems, to provide users with the best conditions
of protection, indoor well-being, along with efficient usage of resources, in relation to
the environment.
1. The kinetic envelope with dynamic approach are usually part of sun filtering,
ventilation and solar energy harvesting mechanisms that can automatically
align, open, or close in response to the need. Via sophisticated revolving
systems, the rotation can also involve the entire structure.
2. Intelligent skin: Environmental stimuli affecting the internal configuration of
materials capable of modifying the optical, electrical, or thermal properties of
their geometry, or converting energy from one shape to another can be detected
by the intelligent skin and can respond in accordance to it exposure. The
building envelope's adaptive behavior may be passive, without any direct user
intervention, or aggressive, with manual or automatic control, even remote
control, or a hybrid of the two.
The combination of sensors, controllers, and actuators in the modules of the building
envelope is necessary for active operating behavior. These changes in building
envelope features might not be in contact with HVAC and lighting systems; in the
kinetic envelope, it is able to change operation automatically in relation to the
materials and energy flows. In case of intelligent skin, it can adjust its performance
26
 automatically in response to the energy and material flows[CITATION Mar \l
16393 ].
1. Cool roofs: It is roof that is built to reflect more solar radiations and
sunlight while absorbing less heat than with a traditional roof. A highly reflective
style of coating, a sheet coating, or highly reflective tiles or shingles may all be used
to create a cool roof. A passive cooling will benefit almost any kind of
building[ CITATION Coo21 \l 16393 ].

Figure 7 Cool Roof [ CITATION Coo16 \l 16393 ]

2. Green walls: A vertical wall that is

partly or entirely covered in foliage is
known as a green wall. The backbone of
every green wall is a carefully designed
and implemented growing medium. Green
walls are also widely referred to as living
walls, vertical gardens and eco walls.
Green walls are coming with sensors.
When plants are not sufficiently watering Figure 8 One panel of Green
or seem to be dead, these sensors offer wall[ CITATION Arc21 \l 16393 ]

real-time alerts. Sensors also show where

the problem is arising in the wall system[ CITATION Arc21 \l 16393 ]

27
3. Environment-adaptive skin facades: Passive adaptive facades, or structures
that can change their structure without an external control system or electricity, are
another objective of smart insulation technology. Smart materials are typically used in
the devices, and can change their structure in response to external changes in the
environment including
ambient temperature,
solar
radiation. SABER
(self-activated
building envelope
regulation), facade
device, thermo
bimetal ventilation
system skin, passive
modular insulation, or
Figure 9 Hydro membrane working[CITATION Mar \t \l
air humidity (water- 16393 ]
reacting facade, Hydro membrane). Evaporative surface systems are constructed of
materials that can store large amounts of water and release it as vapor, removing heat
from the envelope and reducing energy consumption and reducing the temperature
inside the building[CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ].
Types of Environmental Adaptive Skin façade are:
1. SABER breathing façade
2. Passive deployable
insulation
3. Thermobimetal
4. Water-reacting façade
5. Cool bricks
6. TiO2 photocatalyst
evaporative shell
7. Hydromembrane
8. Hydroceramic Figure 10 Hydro Ceramics [ CITATION Arc21 \l
2.12 SMART WINDOW 16393 ]

SYSTEMS:
Advanced insulation glazing:
28
 1. Advanced low-emission glazing
2. S u s p e n d e d

Figure 11 low- emission glazing system [ CITATION jim \l 16393 ]

made of polymeric films rather than

glass. In comparison to triple- or
quadruple-glazed windows, which also
need strengthened frames and may
have size limits for the same purpose,
suspended films may be useful in
having greater cavities for improved
thermal transmittance without adding
additional weight[CITATION Mar \t \l
16393 ]. Figure 12 Suspended film glazing system[CITATION
Mar \t \l 16393 ]

3. Vacuum insulating glass: In

Asia, vacuum insulating glass (VIG)
is made up of two glass panes
divided by a small cavity of 0.2
mm (Fig. 9). Heat flows due
to conduction and convection are
totally blocked by the void or the
vacuum within the
Figure 13 Vacuum insulating glass[CITATION Mar \t \l
cavity[CITATION Mar \t \l
16393 ]
16393 ].

4. Monolithic aerogel
insulating glazing: Evacuated
29
monolithic aerogel insulating glazing represents a step
forward in the science of vacuum insulating glass
(Fig. 10). Glass pane layers are divided by a cavity in
these windows, and consist of monolithic slab of
aerogel[CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ].

5. Glazed double-skin facades: A double glass

enclosure (double-skin facades) consists of two separate
glazed panels divided by air cavity whose thickness ranging from 10cm - 120 cm, and
is typically used to house solar shading systems[CITATION Cas09 \t \l 16393 ].
Triple-glazed or quadruple windows are often advised in harsh climates (Figure 16).
Internal glazing is made up of an a hinged or sliding
window frame that can be opened or closed of

Figure 15 Glazed double-skin

façade, exterior view, Chicago
Art Institute, RPBW,
Chicago[CITATION Mar \t \l

Figure 16 Modes of Double Skin glazed Facade[CITATION Mar \t \l 16393

]

insulating glass that allows for natural ventilation as well as repair and maintenance

30
 accessibility to the cavity. The exterior wall is normally made up of individual slabs
or suspended glazing (with punctual or mullion and transom fixing), and is typically
made up of a single pane of low-iron extra-clear glass to ensure optimum clarity.
Blinds or louvers act as active shading devices where as thin sun screen as passive
shading device shading devices that may be used to shade the cavity from the inside
or outside[CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ].

6. Fire-resistant glazing
It is normally made up of two
or more toughened glass panes
joined together with an
intumescent glue-based
interlayer to keep its integrity in
the event of a burn (Figure 17)
As the first layer of glass facing
Figure 17 Fire resistant glazing
the fire breaks, exposing the
intumescent interlayer underneath, the intumescent interlayer responds by forming an
opaque, heat-insulating barrier to protect other panes and resist fire spread while
reducing rise in temperature across the partition. Generally, a 3mm glass has a fire
protection of 20 hours at 1000° Celsius[CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ].

7. ETFE transparent closures

31
Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) is a composite material that can be used instead
of glass for translucent closures (ETFE). Designers will use techniques to create
innovative technology solutions that combine design and resilience. it is used in the

Figure 18 ETFE Technologies [CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ]

design of roofs or translucent facades of housing, industrial, or commercial structures,
recreational, school, and medical care, libraries, railway stations, ports, zoos, and
botanical gardens as sheets and as inflated air cushions.   Two or more layers of ETFE
are typically welded together creating "air cushions" in a variety of forms to install,
including aluminum frames, tensile frameworks, and roof components. The overall
mass provided for a roof structure using ETFE as the translucent system part is up to
seven times less than the mass required for a comparable glass structure. The ability
to print graphic motifs, adjust the surface characteristics and colors, and laminate. The
ability to print graphic motifs, change the surface properties or colors, or laminate
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or light strips in each layer of the skin makes for

32
fascinating visual solutions, like multimedia solutions. Surfaces can be equipped to
absorb image, video, or coloring effects projection; each surface can be configured to
relay, mirror, or diffuse images, using the membrane shell as a visual screen. Finally,
the combination of ETFE with photovoltaic systems for energy generation is
particularly intriguing. Photovoltaic cells are usually laminated on sheet substrates
using a continuous deposition technique. The effect is solar cells with exceptional
lightness and resilience that, when encased in ETFE membranes, have a technology
that is both stable and long-lasting. Pass diodes bind each cell, allowing the
components to generate power even though they are partly obscured. 
2.12.1 Dynamic glazing systems:
2.1.1.1 Passive dynamic glazing system
o Photochromic glazing
o Thermochromic glazing

2.1.1.2 Active dynamic glazing

Suspended particle devices smart glazing:
This type of smart Glass is the only dimmable glass technology that allows
individuals to quickly and accurately change the level of darkness and light. It makes
for excellent light and solar control,
which improves customer convenience
and interior security. Suspended
particle devices, Smart materials,
windows, skylights, doors, walls,
roofs, and other surfaces are available
in both glass and lightweight
polycarbonate. Its laminated glazing
achieves a special balance between
sustainability and
security[ CITATION New21 \l Figure 19 Smart Window principle[ CITATION gla \l
16393 ]
16393 ].

Advantages of suspended particle devices Smart windows:

33
o Smart glass, or suspended particle devices, helps buildings to significantly reduce
their energy costs.
o Lighting power that is almost instantaneous.
o Control about the amount of light that is allowed.
o The customer would feel more secure and comfortable.
o A high degree of light propagation without obstructing vision.
o Improving security.
o UV radiation is reduced by 99% without fading the furnishings.
o Save energy.
o Optical characteristics are exceptional.
o Cost-cutting on appliances (HVAC, lighting).
o There are no window decorations, curtains, or sun blinds needed.

o Long-term viability.

Figure 20 Different modes of SPD glass[ CITATION New21 \l 16393 ]

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals device (PDLC)
Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals
device or LCD Privacy Glass is an
electrically powered, switchable
glazing technology which, at the
click of a button, transforms from
translucent to frosted white,
providing 100 percent privacy. The
panels are transparent when driven,
allowing full view and sunshine to
pass through. The vision is totally
blurred while the device is turned
Figure 21 PDLC Technology[ CITATION gla \l
16393 ]
34
off. (Figure 21) PDLC systems are typically used to build interior or exterior
partitions in applications that require privacy, such as store windows, conference
spaces, intensive care areas, bathroom and shower doors, or translucent walls to serve
as temporary projector screens. As an adhesive, bespoke intelligent film, PDLC
devices are also available in rolls can be applied to existing glazing and has WiFi
control built in.
Electrochromic glazing devices
EC glazing uses the properties of certain materials to alter the power from a solar
radiation propagation, reflection, and absorption in response to an externally
adjustable electrical stimulus. The incorporation or extraction of mobile ions from the
EC substrate causes changes in the properties of these elements: when the electric

Figure 22 Building management system and

Electrochromic glazing integration[CITATION Mar
\t \l 16393 ]
field is stimulated, the added ions react, forming compounds that change the color of
the substance.

2.12.2 Energy-generating
Advanced photovoltaic: The various
methods of incorporating
photovoltaic (PV) technology into
the building structure, especially
35
those involving glazed parts, are particularly intriguing because they combine energy
generation, solar radiation safety, daylight management, and color quality. 1 In
addition to the abovementioned glass PV systems, which are made by sandwiching
crystalline cells between two glazed panes, Photovoltaic technologies based on
semitransparent thin films made of inorganic (Figure 23) organic (organic
photovoltaic OPV, dye-sensitized solar cells’ DSSCs) materials, or revolutionary
systems based on microspheres (sola) can now be used to build transparent
closures[CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ].

2.1.1.3 Bioadaptive glazing:

The "bioadaptive facade," which is made up of glazed photobioreactors

(PBRs) that contains microalgae (Figure 24) and can perform as a sunscreen while
still continuously generating the biomass required for the development of biogas to
fuel the building's HVAC and sanitary hot water, is a revolutionary way of integration

Figure 24 Energy generative process of a Bioadaptive facade (algae panel)[ CITATION

Ene21 \l 16393 ]

between the transparent envelope and renewable energy systems. The system could
find application when adjustable brises soleil, as cladding of ambiguous shutdowns,
or explicitly as a glass roof operating as a dynamic screen against radiation from the

36
sun: When the amount of incident solar radiation increases, so does the accumulation
of algae and, as a result, their shading capability. When the incident solar radiation
increases, so does the accumulation of algae and, as a result, their shading
capability[CITATION Mar \t \l 16393 ].

2.13 MANAGEMENTS SYSTEMS:

To manage these smart buildings there are various systems that are installed to
manage, control and maintain the devices. Each device has its own function to
address. The main Systems are classified into 2: Facility management system and the
building management system, further these systems have different sub systems for
serrate tasks. These systems are preprogrammed for their task, for instance a building
has an HVAC system that need maintained twice a year so these systems will be
programmed to send an alert to the owner or the maintenance company prior to the
maintenance date so that the system is checked on time, if the product can be self-
maintained the system will order the machine to do so. Furthermore if the machine
has any breakdown this system will immediately do the troubleshoot and give a
notification about the trouble to the responsible person.
2.13.1 Facility management system:

Figure 25 FACILITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM[ CITATION Avn21 \l 16393 ]

A facility management system (FMS) is a smart building's organizational system that
puts together some of the facility's operations management processes and building
automation systems. The FMS is usually a server-based system of operator
workstations that can be replaced with wireless equipment. Many FMS can also be

37
accessed through the Internet. FMS environments are usually run on a traditional
Ethernet IP network with a standardized cable infrastructure, as well as industry-
standard operating systems and databases. The concept of a facility management
system (FMS) can be perplexing, particularly when compared to a building
management system (BMS). The corporate processes of facilities administration are
the subject of an FMS. It's a platform that helps with service requests, inventory,
acquisition, and asset management. Companies with specialized solutions for facilities
administration processes or companies interested in larger business process items such
as human services, banking, sourcing, and so on typically sell these systems.
The systems that are the part of Facility management systems are :
1. ASSET MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS All required equipment data, such as
names and models, bar codes, location, manufacturer, internal cost center, warranties,
results, and documentation, is managed by an asset management module. 
2. MATERIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Material and service components that
are transferred into and out of inventory, as well as those that are still in inventory, are
tracked by a material management system. It guarantees that the proper inventory
level is preserved.
3. PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT: It helps in automating and optimizes the
vendor resources and equipment procurement operation. Contractors must be pre-
approved for such supplies and facilities. The job order management system, for
example, will automatically delegate a work request, initiating and monitoring the
necessary procurement process.  According to preset repair plans, systems can also
automatically requisition supplies and machinery[ CITATION Jam10 \l 16393 ].

2.13.2 Building management system

The organizational roles of smart building systems, especially life protection and
building automation systems, are the subject of a building management system (BMS)
. These systems can, among other things, automate systems and controls, deliver
information on specific devices or facilities, generate system alarms, and enable
managers to define set points and system routines. A building management system
(BMS) keeps track of, supervises, manages, and reports on smart building
technologies. User authentication, video detection, fire alarms, Heating and air
conditioning control, configurable lights, and electric power management are some
services that this system coordinates.
38
1. Providing information in control buildings such as current status, archived
historical information, summaries, analysis, exhibits, and notes on control and
management functions, among other things.
2. Detection, notification, and management of alarms and other situations
3. Device processes, nodes, computers, and networking networks are both
monitored and reported on for diagnostic purposes.
4. Communicating between specific smart building systems These systems

Figure 26 BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (Hatcher, The Built Environment Goes

Digital with Power over Ethernet, 2020)
Energy Management System: An energy management system (EMS) generates data
on energy use and associated costs with the aim of lowering costs while ensuring a
comfortable environment and safe environment for building occupants. The EMS puts
together and discusses the major electric and energy services, such as HVAC, lighting
control, and power distribution, as part of a smart house. The EMS may be a
standalone program or a device module within an FMS or BMS. An energy
management system (EMS) is a set of software designed to reduce a facility's energy
use and costs.[ CITATION Jam10 \l 16393 ]. This may include the following
programs:
1. Utility bill tracking to keep track of use and costs, as well as comparing expected,
budgeted, and real usage and costs
2. Comparing energy consumption to that of other comparable buildings, a process
known as "benchmarking."
3. Calculating the impact of different lighting options or thermal comfort.

Computerized Maintenance Management Systems

39
Computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS) are comprehensive
software applications for a variety of equipment and materials. The CMMS triggers
an automatically generated work order request for a piece of equipment when certain
maintenance conditions are met.

2.14 BASICS SYSTEM INVOLVED IN SMART BUILDINGS.

Sinopoli James in his book “ Smart
Building Systems for Architects,
Owners, and Builders” stated that
Open and standard networking
networks are used to construct
smart buildings. System
incorporation entails physically
and mechanically connecting the
various building structures. The
physical component comprises the
cabling, room or area,
environmental controls, electricity,
and infrastructure support, cable
paths. The functional factor applies
to interoperation capability, which
ensures that integrated systems Figure 27 Network model layer
offer functions that no single device
can provide. The Open System Interconnection product depicts seven network layers.
Each layer of the system is responsible for a separate part of the network's
communications connection. To complete the connection, data travels from the lowest
layer to the highest layer at the intended receiver.  Open protocols are commonly
used by the system.

2.15 INTERNET OF THINGS:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of things or computers that uses software,
monitors, electronics, and communications to allow physical objects to share
information. Human intervention is not needed for this mechanism to work. The
40
Internet of Things (IoT), also known as the Internet of All or the Industrial Internet, is
a modern technological concept imagined as a vast network of interconnected
computers and computers (Lee & Lee, 2015). The Internet of Things is widely
regarded as among the most important fields of future technologies, and it is attracting
significant interest from a variety of industries. When connected devices can
collaborate with one another and interact with vendor-managed inventory networks,
customer support systems, business intelligence software, and business analytics, the
true utility of the IoT for businesses can be completely understood. Smart buildings,
which use the Internet of Things (IoT) to link building operations, make tasks like
monitoring building temperature, protection, and maintenance easier to manage
through mobile devices and computers[ CITATION Sem20 \l 16393 ].

Figure 28 Graphic representation of various types of Wireless networks. [ CITATION

Beh20 \l 16393 ]

2.15.1 Wireless transmitting / receiving system for Iot

Wireless connectivity is just a substitute for cabled connectivity. Wireless does not
and technically cannot provide the theoretical bandwidth of a physical cable
connection. However, wireless can provide mobility and is an excellent option for
connectivity in older buildings where pathways for cable may not be available. The
wireless technologies probably most useful for smart buildings technology systems
include Wi-Fi and an emerging technology, Zigbee, Lan Etc. The six most common
types of IoT wireless technologies are:

41
1. Wi-Fi : In delivering high-throughput data transmission for both business and
personal use. However, in the IoT vacuum, the technology's main shortcomings in
terms of coverage, scalability, and power usage make it much less popular. Wi-Fi
is often not a viable option for vast networks of power IoT sensors, particularly in
industrial IoT and smart building scenarios, due to its high energy demands.
Instead, it refers to attaching items that can be easily plugged into a power socket,
such as smart home devices, digital signs, and surveillance cameras.
2. Low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) :  This family of technologies is
purpose-built to serve vast IoT networks spreading across massive commercial and
industrial networks by delivering long-range connectivity on lightweight,
inexpensive batteries that last for years. LPWANs can attach almost any form of
IoT sensor, allowing for a wide range of applications, including asset management
environmental management, and facilities management, as well as occupancy
identification and supplies monitoring. LPWANs, on the other hand, can only
transmit small chunks of data at a slow pace, making them more suited to
applications that don't need a lot of bandwidth or aren't time-sensitive.
3. Cellular (3G/4G/5G): Cellular networks, which are well-established in the
consumer smartphone industry, provide secure wireless connectivity that supports
a variety of phone calls and video streaming applications. On the negative hand,
they have very high operating costs and fuel needs. Although cellular networks are
not suitable for the variety of Iot systems based on power sensors, they are
appropriate for specialized use cases like connected vehicles or asset tracking in
logistics and distribution.
4. BLUETOOTH AND BLE: It's a short-range networking technology with a strong
customer following. It was designed to share data between user devices on a point-
to-point or point-to-multipoint (up to 7 data node) basis. Bluetooth Low-Energy
(BLE) was later launched to solve small-scale Consumer IoT devices, and it was
optimized for power consumption. BLE-enabled computers are usually used in
combination with electronic devices, such as smartphones, and act as a gateway for
data transmission to the cloud. It's widely used in health and medical wearable
devices, and other Smart Home systems (such as door locks), where data can be
sent to and visualized on smartphones [ CITATION Beh20 \l 16393 ].
5. ZIGBEE: Similar to the WIFI or Bluetooth are Zigbee and Z-wave, these are
wireless connectivity standards that help in automatic. These are generally low
42
 data rate networks. It is particularly useful for sensors and control devices in
building automation systems in a smart building where very small amounts of
information or data are being transmitted. This includes on/off switches,
open/closed devices, thermostats, and motor controls. The maximum speed of
Zigbee devices varies between 192 and 250 Kbps. The maximum distance varies
between 20 and 50 meters[ CITATION Jam10 \l 16393 ].
6. RFID : Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that
sends tiny quantities of data from an RFID tag to a reader over a short distance
using radio waves. Technology has aided a significant transformation in retail and
logistics up to this stage. Businesses can monitor their inventory and properties in
real time by adding RFID tags to a variety of goods and equipment, allowing for
easier stock and distribution preparation as well as improved supply chain
management. RFID remains embedded in the retail market, allowing modern IoT
technologies such as smart shelves, self-checkout, and smart mirrors, in addition
to increasing IoT adoption [ CITATION Beh20 \l 16393 ].

2.15.2 Ethern
et
Ethernet is most
often used
source of Local
Area
Network today.
It is a hybrid

Table 4 Comparison table for various technology in different fields of Iot [ CITATION
Beh20 \l 16393 ]

power and data communications architecture that addresses smart building

networking, power distribution, transmission line, and temperature control
requirements[CITATION Joh201 \t \l 16393 ].

2.16 SMART BUILDINGS MECHANICAL SERVICES

43
 2.16.1 Heating ventilation air conditioner system
“HVAC systems control the temperature, humidity, airflow, and overall air
quality”[ CITATION Jam10 \l 16393 ]. A conventional system that carries in outside
air, combines it with supply air or exiting the system, filters it, heats or cools it to the
required temperatures, and distributes it across the house. The HVAC system not only
makes the building's occupants happy, clean, and liveable, but it also regulates a
significant proportion of the buildings’ energy use and costs. The HVAC system must
adapt to a number of conditions both inside and outside the building to maintain the
building's air quality while enhancing its operations and associated energy usage
(including time of day, weather, various areas within a building, and its occupancy)
[ CITATION Var13 \l 16393 ].
COMPONENTS OF HVAC:

Figure 29 H.V.A.C systems (Thomas, 2013)

1. Chillers & Boilers
2. Air terminal units (ATUs)
5. Air-handling units (AHUs)
6. Cooling towers
HVAC CONTROL SYSTEMS

44
The HVAC system should be able to control the variable conditions of the system and
its parts. Sensors that are integrated with the building automation system are being
used in smart HVAC. These sensors gather information about the conditions of the
area. Other advanced HVAC device enables you to fine-tune temperature, humidity,
and air flow in different zones (based on sensor data) to maximize comfort while
lowering energy use. Here are some of the features:
o Thermal sensors: Thermal sensors are strategically positioned in your area
that will detect changes in conditions in each zone. A cramped meeting space, for
instance, can quickly become hot, while a spacious office environment with high
ceilings can quickly become cold (since warm air rises and people are closer to the
floor). The information is used by the HVAC system to respond to changing
conditions during the day or week.
o CO2 sensors: According to a study by Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
says that the CO2 levels above a certain point in a building may have a significant
negative effect on thought and decision-making. CO2 sensors detect Carbon
dioxide in a room, which may rise to unacceptably high levels as occupancy rises.
A smart HVAC system can enhance the amount of fresh air supplied to the room
until the threshold is achieved. This technology has the potential to have a positive
effect on employee happiness.
o Occupancy sensors: Occupancy sensors are beneficial in workplace settings (like
most) where use is not consistent all of the time. Mobile workers are
mostly leaving desks and meeting rooms vacant, with up to 60% of them being
empty. Meanwhile, the room is heating or cooling that isn't occupied. Occupancy
sensors detect the presence of individuals actually using individual spaces inside a
workplace (typically by sensing motion). This information can be used to change
temperatures depending on actual consumption, saving you money and energy.
Although your HVAC system absorbs 40 to 70 percent of the energy used in your
building, lighting is also a huge expense. This percentage may be as high as 25%.
Occupancy sensors not only power a smart HVAC system, but they also control
illumination, minimizing lighting costs even further.
o Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV): Based on the inputs from occupancy
sensors, this HVAC technology allows for fine-tuning of building conditions. As
usage levels fall below design-based occupancy thresholds, this specialized

45
 ventilation equipment reduces the exterior intake air, which consumes less
electricity.
o Variable speed fans: Conventional HVAC fan motors only have one speed
setting: maximum blast. Depending on occupancy levels or current conditions,
variable speed motors may change fan speeds to acceptable levels. Established
single-speed fans can be adapted through variable speed drive systems
[ CITATION Mor21 \l 16393 ].

2.16.2 Lighting management and control systems

Lighting is an important part of a building's facilities, and with developments in smart
building technologies, energy efficiency through lighting management have become
more and more important. Building Automation Software (BAS) allows facility
management to program lighting schedules. Dedicated lighting controls programs also
allow for dimming and "daylight harvesting," which involves shutting off lights near
windows when the outside light level is sufficient. These are the most common
methods for managing lighting in buildings to save electricity, but lighting's function
in a smart building doesn't have to stop there. IoT platforms have lighting sensors,
allowing the building to detect occupancy trends and become more alert. This new
lighting control system includes a small sensor that can be installed along with
the light fixtures and other applications. Motion, power consumption, ambient light,
and temperature are all monitored by that sensors. Any light in the building that
consist a sensor collects data and aids building management systems in their decision-
making. Motion data can also reveal how often a room is occupied, frequently
used routes of the house, as well as how the ambient
temperature and lighting strategies change during the day
[CITATION Joh20 \t \l 16393 ].
o Scheduling: A control system may have a predetermined
schedule when lights are turned on and turned off.

o Occupancy sensors: Occupancy sensors, also known as

motion sensors, are small instruments that detect the availability of individuals
within its range. Occupancy sensors, do not work on a time schedule like scheduling
controls, instead, they monitor whether a room is occupied. Figure 30
Occupancy sensor
[ CITATION
Jam10 \l 16393 ]
46
o Daylight—A control system incorporates use of natural daylight as much as
possible to reduce the need for and reduce the cost for lighting areas. It's also known
as daylight harvesting

o Window coatings: “Spectrally selective” glass coatings, which are optimized

for hot climates and high levels of solar radiation, operate by actively filtering out
heat-producing frequencies while reducing visible light loss.

o Light sensors: More natural light is being incorporated into spaces. The
change of daylight from morning to evening, as well as from one area of the
building to another, may, however, cause havoc with the HVAC system. As an
outcome, bright spaces become excessively hot, while places with less natural light
become excessively cold. Ambient light sensors sense luminance in a room and
configure smart HVAC and lighting accordingly.[ CITATION Mor21 \l 16393 ]

o Smart Dimmers: A dimmer helps you to control the number of lumens that
each bulb emits rather than the maximum power of each bulb. Stand-alone dimmers
are commonly used to provide status markers, analog
inputs for occupancy sensors, diagnostics, and the ability
to customize responses for a variety of lighting fixtures.
Dimmers can be used in particular environments, such as
locations of audio-visual displays, or they can be used
across the whole facility to manage vast buildings. Smart
dimmers are now being used that can be controlled by
our smart phones of voice command machines like
Alexa, Google Home, Amazon echo, most of these Figure 31 Smart dimmers
[ CITATION sdim \l 16393 ]
devices use the Zigbee technology for communicating
with the smart dimmers but some don’t use ZigBee technology and only depend on
WIFI.

47
 2.16.3 Access control and surveillance systems
The basic or typical building access control system operates so that a person presents
a card to a card reader or finger on the finger print scanner for any door and based on
the information on the card or the finger impression and the system parameters for
that person, door, and facility, the system either unlocks the door to allow the person
to pass through or refuses entry. Similar processes apply to other areas in a facility
where access needs to be controlled such as parking gates and elevators. These
devices have now become more critical in supplying building occupancy details to
other building systems, such as illumination and Ventilation, where demand for
lighting or HVAC is based on or synchronized with building occupancy.
2.16.3.1 Components of access control systems:
o A central host computer or server
o Control panels or system controllers connected to the host computer
o Peripheral devices such as card readers, finger print scanner, door contacts,
sirens, and sensors connected to the control panels [ CITATION Jam10 \l
16393 ].
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) services, also known as video control systems, are
an essential aspect of a facility's overall safety and life security concept. The larger
plan may include physical and operational aspects of security as well as other security
or life safety systems such as access control and intrusion detection. It's important to
keep in mind that when installing video monitoring devices, important legal
considerations must be taken into account, most notably a person's personal privacy as
well as the sense of security.

2.16.4 Digital signage systems

Video programming distribution is related to but different from audio visual systems.
The best example of enterprise video distribution is cable television where a service
provider is distributing video programming to its customers. Within a building the
video distribution
network is distributing
video and informational
content. Advertisements,
public safety records,

48

Figure 32 Digital signage[ CITATION Sam16 \l 16393 ]

archived instructional programming, live video streams, entertainment, and energy
information are all examples of material that may be rebroadcast by a cable television
network. Digital signage systems can now be seen in a variety of locations, from the
corners of main roads, trains, buses, buildings, shopping centers, and airports. We
can't go anywhere without seeing digital signage players, whether we're driving or
walking. Traditional signage is increasingly being replaced by digital signage because
it can display immersive multimedia material, which traditional signage cannot. An
offline or online digital signage player is available. A hard disk is used with an offline
player, and new material files must be manually copied onto the disk. A digital
display can be received from the network and shown instantly by an online player. It
will even take in bursts of video content and store it. Many service owners can upload
their content to an open digital signage platform, and many companies can use the
cloud service and use the stored data.

2.16.5 Car parking information systems

49
The car parking information system (CPIS)
informs the drivers about the availability of
parking slots on different parking locations.
The availability of parking slots is a highly
time-dependent problem. To cater this
problem the digital signage system along
with Indoor ultra-sonic sensors collect data
from the car parking lots and transmit this Figure 33 Sensors with light indicators
in parking
data through the communication layer to the
processing layer where it is processed. From this processing layer the data of various
parking lots vacancy and occupancy is sent to digital signage system. The availability
of free parking slot will then be visible on the digital signage system which will guide

Figure 34 digital signage for car parking

the driver to the nearest parking aisle and if the aisle is occupied the signage system
(Figure 34) with show 0 available slots thus saving time. The signage system will also
show the number of available parking at the entrance of the parking that shall prevent
unnecessary traffic in the parking lot. Also, the sensor above the parking lot have led
lights turns red if occupied and green if vacant, this provides further vision to the
driver to reach the vacant parking spot easily (Figure 33).

2.16.6 Fire alarm and mass notification systems

A building's main life protection mechanism is a fire alarm system. A properly
installed fire alarm system decreases the risk of injuries or death, as well as damage
caused by fire, smoke, heat, and perhaps other factors. The rules, legislation, and
specifications that govern the design and operation of fire alarm systems are extensive
and precise due to their importance. Life protection and fire alarm services are

50
beginning to use IP-based features and can be combined with other smart systems
integration. The synchronization of other devices is crucial in mitigating the fire's
consequences. 0To encourage evacuation from the fire and building containment, a
fire alarm system will activate contacts with other building automation and security
systems. The key elements of such systems:
o Communicating to the HVAC system to inhibit and absorb smoke, heat Via
dampers and fans and release it outside the building.
o Through opening doors, disabling locked doors, and releasing controlled
exterior doors, the access control system clears a path for building evacuation.
o Close interior doors using the access control mechanism to contain and avoid
the spread of fire and smoke.
o Activating emergency control for the use of the fire alarm system and
associated systems, as well as exit signs and lighting for building exit routes
o Taking control of the elevator and shutting it down or guiding towards the
nearest fire elevator for evacuation. 
The fire alarm system works with and controls its elements, as well as offsite
installations and agencies like the fire department and emergency management. The
parts of a fire alarm system, including those of other systems, are connected using a
network infrastructure and communication protocols. That fire alarm system
containing temperature and smoke sensors could be used to transmit clear information
to fire department.[CITATION Alk18 \l 16393 ].
A modern IoT-based fire alarm system contains two sensors, one of which is triggered
when the temperature increases and the other of which is activated whenever it detects
smoke. The converter converts the signal received at the sensor's output to a digital
signal, which it then transfers to the microcontroller where signal will be sent to the
sprinkler systems whose valves break and pours down water in the particular region to
contain the fire and to other fire extinguishing systems. Whenever this smoke or
temperature approaches a certain value known as the threshold value, the micro
control device is programmed to activate the alarm. They'll begin by sending data to
the Wi-Fi module. The data is then sent to a website, where designated individuals
may take action and take necessary actions to put out the fire.   For recognize the site,
a system ID is used, that is a special identification assigned to this device and that

51
would eventually provide staff with location information when a fire is identified.
[CITATION Mas19 \l 16393 ].

52
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