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Basebandcom11 3
Basebandcom11 3
Uri Mahlab 1
Communication system
HR(f)
Clock
recovery
network
Tb Timing
(X(t HT(f) (XT(t
Information Pulse Trans
source generator filter
pg (t)
a if d k "1";
For bk=1 Tb
ak
a if d k "0";
For bk=0 Tb
{dk}={1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1}
Tb Timing
(X(t HT(f) (XT(t
Information Pulse Trans
source generator filter
pg (t) pg (t)
For bk=1 Tb Tb
Transmitter
For bk=0 Tb filter Tb
{dk}={1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1}
Tb Timing
(X(t HT(f) (XT(t
Information Pulse Trans
source generator filter
100110
X (t ) a
k
k p g (t kTb )
a
{dk}={1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1}
X (t ) k p g (t kTb )
k
Tb Timing
(X(t HT(f) (XT(t
Information Pulse Trans
100110 source generator filter
Y (t ) Ak pr (t td kTb ) n0 (t )
k
HR(f)
Clock
recovery
network
t
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0
Dr. Uri Mahlab 11
Block diagram of an Binary/M-ary signaling
scheme
Timing
HT(f) (XT(t Hc(f)
(X(t
Information Pulse Trans
channel
source generator filter
+
Channel noise
n(t) +
Y(t) Receiver
Output A/D filter
HR(f)
Clock
recovery
network
Y (t ) Ak pr (t td kTb ) n0 (t )
k
Y (t ) Ak pr (t td kTb ) n0 (t )
k
Yt m
t
t2 t3
t1 tm t
Dr. Uri Mahlab 15
The output of the A/D converter at the sampling time
tm =mTb+td
Y (t ) Ak pr (t td kTb ) n0 (t )
k
Y t m Am A p m k T n t
Km
k r b 0 m
Yt m
t2 t3
t1 Dr. Uri Mahlab tm t
17
Explanation of ISI
Pg(t) HT(f) Hc(f) HR(f)
Pr(t)
Trans Receiver
channel
filter filter
t
t
Fourier
Fourier BandPass Transform
Transform Filter
f f
f f
p g ( 0) 1
Y (t ) Ak pr (t td kTb ) n0 (t )
k Dr. Uri Mahlab 20
Type of Important Parameters Involved In The Design
Of a PAM System
Design of a baseband
binary PAM system
1 for n 0
p r (nTb )
0 for n 0
Doe’s not Uniquely Specify Pr(t) for all
values of t.
1 for n 0
Then p r ( nTb )
0 for n 0
Proof
p r (t) p
r (f ) exp( j2ft )df
( 2 k 1) / 2 Tb
p r ( t ) k
(2k
Dr.
p
1)Uri
r (f ) exp( j2ft )df
/ 2Mahlab
Tb 24
( 2 k 1) / 2Tb
1 / 2 Tb
k
p r ( nTb ) k p r (f ' ) exp( j2f ' nTb )df '
1 / 2 Tb
Tb
1 / 2 Tb
k
p r ( nTb ) (k p r (f )) exp( j2fnT b )df
1 / 2 Tb
Tb
sin( n)
1 / 2 Tb
Y( t m ) A m A k Pr (( m k )Tb ) n 0 ( t m )
k m
1 for n 0
p r (nTb )
0 for n 0
1
sin( n)
p r ( nTb )
n
-2Tb -Tb Tb 2Tb
pr(t)
The smallest values near Tb, 2Tb, … Shape of Pr(f) determines the ease
In such that timing error (Jitter) with which shaping filters can be
will not Cause large ISI realized.
Dr. Uri Mahlab 28
A Pr(f) with a smooth roll - off characteristics is preferable
over one with arbitrarily sharp cut off characteristics.
Pr(f) Pr(f)
Tb , f rb / 2
2 rb rb rb
Pr (f ) Tb cos ( f ), f
4 2 2 2
0, f rb / 2
FT 1 Pr (f )
cos 2t sin rb t
Pr ( t )
1 ( 4 t ) 2 rb t
Dr. Uri Mahlab 30
raised cosine frequency characteristic
HT ,HR
p g ( f ) H T ( f ) H R ( f ) K c Pr ( f ) exp( 2 j 2ftd )
Where td, is the time delay Kc normalizing constant.
In order to design optimum filter Ht(f) & Hr(f), we will assume that Pr(f),
Hc(f) and Pg(f) are known.
Portion of a baseband PAM system
Problem definition:
For a given :
•Data Rate - rb
•Transmission power - ST
•Noise power Spectral Density - Gn(f)
•Channel transfer function - Hc(f)
•Raised cosine pulse - Pr(f)
Choose
HT (f ) and HR (f ) minimum of noise effects
Dr. Uri Mahlab 36
Error probability Calculations
At the m-th sampling time the input to the A/D is:
Y( t m ) A m A k Pr (( m k )Tb ) n 0 ( t m )
k m
"1" if Y( t m ) 0
We decide:
"0" if Y( t m ) 0
Dr. Uri Mahlab 38
1
e n 2 / 2 N 0 1
e n A ) 2 / 2 N 0
2N 0 2N 0
y(tm)
0 A
Perror Pr obn b
1
e z ) 2 / 2 N 0
dz
b 2N 0
b
Dr. Uri Mahlab 39
1
e y ( t m ) A ) 2 / 2 N 0 1
e y ( t m ) A ) 2 / 2 N 0
2N 0 2N 0
y(tm)
-A A
Perror Pr obY(t m ) 0 Pr obY(t m ) 0
y(tm)
0
Dr. Uri Mahlab 40
1
e y ( t m ) A ) 2 / 2 N 0 1
e y ( t m ) A ) 2 / 2 N 0
2N 0 2N 0
y(tm)
-A A
VTransmit
Vreceived
Dr. Uri Mahlab 41
exp x / 2 N 0 dx
1
Pe 1 / 2
2
x A 2N 0
exp x 2 / 2 N 0 dx
1
zx / N0
A 2N 0
A
exp z / 2 dz Q
1
Pe
2
2 N
A / N0 0
Qu exp z 2 / 2 dz
1
u 2
Dr. Uri Mahlab 42
Q(u)
Qu
1
exp z 2 / 2 dz
u 2
dz=
u
U
A
exp z / 2dz Q
1
Pe
2
2 N
A / N0 0
Qu exp z / 2dz
1 2
u 2
Dr. Uri Mahlab 43
A
Signal to Noise Ratio
N0
Thus for maximum noise immunity the filter transfer functions HT(f)
and HR(f) must be xhosen to maximize the SNR
2
p g (f ) a p g (f )
G X (f )
2
E ak
Tb Tb
G X (f ) H T (f ) G X (f )
2
A2
P (f )
2
ST H T (f ) df
2
2 g
K c Tb
2
ST K c Tb
A2
P (f )
2
H T (f ) df
2
g
No G
2
n (f ) H R (f ) df
A2 ST Tb
No
Pr (f )
2
G n (f ) H R (f ) df
2
2
df
H c (f ) H R (f )
where Pr (f ) H c (f )H R (f )H T (f )
Or we need to minimize
2
min G n (f ) H R (f ) df
2 Pr (f )
2
df
min
2
H c ( f ) H R ( f )
Dr. Uri Mahlab 47
Using Schwartz’s inequality
2
V (f ) H R (f ) G n
1/ 2
(f )
Pr (f )
W (f )
H R (f ) H c (f )
The filter should have alinear phase response in a total time delay of td
A2 ST Tb
2
N o max Pr (f ) G n (f )
1 / 2
df
H c (f )
A2
Perror Q
N o max
1 for t / 2; Tb
pg (t)
0 elsewhere
Dr. Uri Mahlab 51
5.2.3 Design procedure and Example
H R ( f ) Pr ( f )
1/ 2
We choose K1 (3600)(103 )
p g ( f ) H T ( f ) H c ( f ) H R ( f ) pr ( f )
Dr. Uri Mahlab 54
Plots of Pg(f),Hc(f),HT(f),HR(f),and Pr(f).