Slabs

MODULE 4: DESIGN OF SLABS AND STAIRS
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF SLABS AND STAIRS: Introduction to one

way and two way slabs, design of cantilever, simply supported and
continuous slabs. Design of two way slabs for different boundary conditions.
Design of dog legged and open well staircases. Importance of bond,
anchorage length and lap length.
10 Hours L2 and L4 (Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy, RBT level)
SLABS
In reinforced concrete construction, the slab is an extensively used structural
element forming floors and roofs of the buildings. A concrete slab is the plane
element having the depth ‘D’ much smaller than its span and width. It may be
supported by reinforced concrete beams, by masonry walls or directly by columns. It
usually carries uniformly gravity loads acting normal to its surface and transfers the
same to the supports by flexure, shear and torsion. Slabs are classified according to
the system of supports as:
(a) One - way slabs,
(b) Two- way slabs,
(c) Flat slabs supported directly on columns without beams,
(d) Circular and non – rectangular slabs, and
(e) Grid or waffles slabs.
One – way Slabs:

Slabs supported only on two opposite sides by rigid supports as shown in fig
carry load by flexure in the direction perpendicular to the supports. The plane
surface of a predominately uniformly loaded deforms into a cylindrical surface in
which curvature and hence bending moment develops only in one direction. Such
slabs are called One – way slabs .
The slabs supported on all four sides also behave as one – way slabs if the
ly
ratio of longer to shorter spans is greater than two  2. Primary Beam
lx
1000
mm
Secondary Beam
G.RAVINDRA KUMAR. Associate professor, CED, Govt Engg College, Chamarajanagar Page 1 of 102
In the case of simply Distribution

C
supported slab, the nature of rft / Min rft
bending for will be sagging and
parallel to shorter span.
Tension occurs at bottom and
compression occurs at top. T
Tensile rft/
Therefore main reinforcement main rft
is provided at bottom and
parallel to shorter span.
Distribution reinforcement
(Minimum reinforcement) is provided along longer span to take up the shrinkage and
temperature variation.
50 % of A st Dist rft
Effective Depth (d) Depth of slab (D)
S Main rft Ast 0.1Lx Support/wall

≯S/2 Clear span
Cross section along short span
Spacing of main reinforcement
Main rft Ast Cross section along Longer span
D
Ast
Distribution rft Ast,min
Dist rft
PLAN
Distribution
In case of Rft / Min rft/
cantilever slab, Temperature
the nature of rft
bending for will
be hogging and
parallel to span.
Tension occurs at
top and
compression
occurs at bottom.
Therefore main
reinforcement is Tensile Rft /
T
provided at top Main rft
parallel to span.
Distribution C
reinforcement
(Minimum
reinforcement) is
provided
perpendicular to
span to take up the shrinkage and temperature variation.
General Guidelines for slab Thicknesses (P- 37,Cl 23.2.1)

In the case of slabs, whose thickness is very small in comparison with the
depths of beams, the limiting span/depth ratios for slabs upto 10m.
Effective SpanL eff 

Effective depth required (d) 
L 
   Kt
 d  basic
L 
  = 7 for cantilever, 20 for simply supported, 26 for continuous slabs.
 d  basic
Kt depends upon percentage of steel and stress of service load steel and is to
be obtained as per Fig 4 of Page no 38 of IS 456-2000.
But steel stress at service load (fs) cannot be predicted and hence the
modification factor Kt cannot be found.
For, Fe 500 => => fs = 290 N/mm2
Fe 415 => => fs = 240 N/mm2
Fe 250 => => fs = 145 N/mm2 may be used from graph given
in Fig 4 corresponding to percentage of steel required.
Initially Percentage of steel may be assumed as follows:
For,
Fe 250, Pt = 0.5% to 0.9% of steel
Fe 415, Pt = 0.25% to 0.45% of steel
Fe 500, Pt = 0.2% to 0.35% of steel
Depth of slab (D) = Effective depth (d) + Effective cover

Effective cover = Nominal clear cover + dia of bar/2
Nominal clear cover (P – 46, Cl: 26.4.2, Table – 16)

Nominal cover can be chosen from Table – 16 based on the Exposure
condition to Environment and Fire Resistance given in Table – 16A,
Maximum dia of bar: (P- 48, cl: 26.5.2.2)

The diameter of reinforcing bars shall not exceed one eight of the total
thickness of the slab.
1
Dia of bar   D
8
Effective span for simply supported slab:(P-35 Cl: 22.2 c):
The effective span = Clear span + depth of slab/2
Effective span for cantilever slab:(P-34 Cl: 22.2 a):

It is the Least of the following
1) C/C distance b/w bearing (supports) and
2) Clear span + eff depth
Load calculation
1) Self weight of slab = Thickness of slab(m) x density of RCC
2) Live load on slab(If given)
3) Partition loads (if any given)
4) Finishes (Ceiling / Floor Loads)
Total load W = sum of all the above loads
Factored load (Wu) =partial safety factor for loads x W = 1.5 x W
Note: Density of RCC = 25 kN/m2,

As per IS 875,
Finishes and partition loads generally at 1.5 kN/m2
Characteristic imposed load for roof 1.5 kN/m2 with access
1.0kN/m2 without access
For floor slabs
1. 2.0 kN/m2 for residential buildings
2. 3.0 kN/m2 for office buildings
Factored Moment (Mu)

W L2
Mu  u . for simply supported slab
8
WuL2
Mu  . for cantilever slab
2
Check for effective depth (d) can be made of with respect to mulimit
Mu
d   dprov ided
req Qfck b
Q = 0.148 for Fe 250

Q = 0.138 for Fe 415
Q = 0.133 for Fe 500
Or
Mu 
 Mu,lim it
If dreq is greater than dprovided or Mu is greater than Mulimit
Revise the thickness of slab by increasing the depth or by taking higher grade
concrete.
Area of reinforcement (P- 96/2000)

 f y A st 
Mu  0.87f y A st d1  
 bdf ck 
A quadratic equation is obtained in the form of
ax 2  bx  c  0
 b  (b) 2  4  a  c
x  A st 
2a
Two real roots of Ast will be obtained and the lower one is considered for
design purpose and that shall not be less than Ast,min
Minimum flexural reinforcement: (P- 48, cl: 26.5.2.1)

The mild steel reinforcement in either direction in slabs shall not be less than
0.15 percent of the total cross sectional area. However, this value can be reduced to
0.12 percent when high strength deformed bars or welded wire fabric are used.
i.e., Mild steel reinforcement (Fe 250 grade steel)

0.15
A st ,min  0.15%bD   1000  D
100
HYSD steel reinforcement (Fe 415 or Fe 500)

0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  D
100
The above minimum percentage of steel specified in code is provided based
on shrinkage and temperature effects and not on strength.
Spacing of reinforcing bars: (P- 46, cl: 26.3.3(b)(1) &(2))

a st Area of one bar selected
Spacing of bar =  1000   1000
A st A st
Spacing for Main reinforcement: P – 46 Cl: 26.3.3 (b) (1)

The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement bars shall not be
more than three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is
smaller. i.e.,
It is the least of the following
i. 3xd
ii. 300mm
iii. Calculated spacing
Spacing for Distribution reinforcement: P – 46 Cl: 26.3.3 (b) (2)

The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against
shrinkage and temperature shall not be more than five times the effective depth of a
solid slab or 450 mm whichever is smaller. i.e.,
It is the least of the following
i. 5xd
ii. 450 mm
iii. Calculated spacing
Check for deflection: (Empirical calculation)
L  L 
          Kt  Kc  Kf
 d  provided  d  Permissibl e
L 
   Page - 37, Cl : 23.2.1
 d  basic
  1, if span is less than 10m
10
  if span is greater than 10m.
span
Modification factor for tension (Kt) is obtained from fig 4, page 38, for the
percentage of steel provided.
For singly reinforced beam Modification factor for compression rft and Reduction
factor for flanged section is taken as unity.
K c  Modification factor for Compression reinforcem ent  1.
K f  Modification or reduction factor for flanged sections  1.
Steel stress of service loads is calculated for the formula
Area of cross section of steel required
f s  0.58f y
Area of cross section of steel provided
L  L 
If    
The design of beam is safe for limit state of serviceability.
Cantilever chajja:
Problem:®
Design a cantilever chajja beyond a 230 mm x 230 mm lintel. The chajja projection
is 1.0m. The live load on the chajja is 750 N/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Chajja is designed as One – way slab.
Assuming bearing = 230 mm
Dia of bar = 10 mm, clear cover = 15 mm
Thickness of slab: (P-37/2000)

Span
Effective depth (d) =
7  modification factor
2
For fy = 415 N/mm and assuming 0.3% steel and referring the fig 4 of IS 456-
2000, page No 38, for fs = 240 N/mm2.
Modification factor kt = 1.5
1000
Effective depth (d)   95.23mm
7  1.5
Overall depth (D) = 95.23 + 15+ 10/2 = 115.23 mm Say 120 mm
Effective depth provided (d) = 120 – 15 - 5 = 100 mm
Effective span: P -34, Cl: 22.2 (c): Least of the following

1) Clear span + Eff depth/2 = 1.0 + 0.12/2 = 1.06 m
Therefore effective span (leff) = 1.06 m.
Load calculation
1) Self weight of slab = 0.12 x 25 = 3.00kN / m2
2) Live load = 0.75kN / m2
3) Assuming finish = 0.50kN / m2
W  4.25kN / m 2
Factored load (Wu) = 1.5  4.25  6.375kN / m2 Say 6.5 kN/m2

WuL2 6.5  1.06 2
Mu    3.65kN  m.
2 2
Check for effective depth (d)

Mu 3.65  10 6
d  =  36.37mm < 100 mm
req 0.138 f ck b 0.138  20  1000
Safe,
Area of reinforcement (P-96/2000)

 f y A st 
Mu  0.87 f y A st d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  415 
3.65  10 6  0.87  415  A st  100 1  
 20  1000  100 
3.65  10 6  36.105  10 3 A st  7.49 A 2st
 36.105  10 3  (36.105  10 3 ) 2  4  7.49  3.65  10 6
A st 
2  7.49
A st  4717.20mm 2 , A st  103.30mm 2
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  100  120mm 2
100
 A st  A st ,min
provide Min Ast for rft
a st
Spacing of 10 mm dia bar =  1000
A st
 10 
2
 4  1000  654 .50mm.

120
Max. Spacing: Least of the following
1) 3d = 3 x 100 = 300 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 654.5 mm
Provide #10 @ 300 mm c/c.
Distribution reinforcement:
A st ,min  120mm 2
 8 
2
Spacing of 8 mm dia bar = 4  1000  418.90mm.

120
1) 5d = 5 x 100 = 500 mm
2) 450 mm
3) 418.90 mm
Provide Provide #8 @ 400 mm c/c.
Check for deflection:
L  L 
       Kt  Kc  Kf
L 
   7
 d  basic
K t  Modification factor for tension reinforcement.
K c  Modification factor for Compression reinforcement  1.

fs  0.58f y
Ast req = 120 mm2

 10 
2
A st ,prov  4  1000  261.80mm 2

300
120
fs  0.58  415   110.33 N/mm2
261.80
100 A st 100  261.80
% of steel    0.26%
bd 1000  100
Modification Factor (K t ) - Page 38 Fig 4 K t for 0.26 % tension rft  2.0
L  1060 L 
    10.6     7  2  1.0  1.0  14
 d  provided 100  d  Permissibl e
Safe
Therefore the design of slab is safe for limit state of serviceability.
The thickness of slab may be reduced to 80 mm at free end.
Anchorage length:
0.87f y  0.87  415  10
Ld    470.12mm say 500 mm
4 bd 4  1.2  1.6
#10 @ 300c/c
#8 @ 400c/c
230 1000
80 mm
205
230
180
120
115
Anchorage
length 500
Problem:
A cantilever chajja projects from a beam 230 mm wide and 300 mm deep.
Design live load is 1.5 kN/m2 and 0.5 kN/m point load at the free end. If the clear
projection is 1.2m, design the chajja, assuming M20 grade concrete and Fe 250
reinforcement.
Monday, August 27, 2001 7:15:23 PM

DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
Problem:®
A simply supported floor slab measures 3 m x 7 m. It is subjected to floor
finish of 1.0 kN/m2, ceiling plaster of 0.3 kN/m2 and partition wall load of 1.0 kN/m2.
The live load on the floor is 3.0 kN/m2. Design the slab using Fe 415 steel. Sketch
the reinforcement details. The slab is located in moderate exposure condition and
requires fire resistance of 1 hr. Use appropriate concrete grade load and cover to
reinforcement.
Solution: Given
Size of slab = 3 m x 7m,
Floor finish = 1.0 kN/m2,
Ceiling plaster = 0.3 kN/m2
Partition wall load = 1.0 kN/m2.
Live load on the floor = 3.0 kN/m2.
Grade of steel = Fe 415, fy = 415 N/mm2.
Assuming,
Grade of concrete = M20, fck = 20 N/mm2.
Bearing = 300 mm
Ly 7
   2.33  2 The slab is designed as One - way slab
Lx 3
Effective Span
20  mf
For fy = 415 N/mm2 and assuming 0.4 % steel and referring the fig 4 of IS 456-
2000, page No 38, for fs = 240 N/mm2.
3300
20  1.3
Nominal cover P- 46, Cl: 26.4
Clear cover for moderate exposure = 30 mm
And for 1 hour fire resistance = 20 mm
Nominal cover = Maximum of the above two values = 30 mm
Assuming dia of bar = 10 mm

Overall depth = d + nominal cover + dia of bar /2
10
D  126.92  30   161.92mm Say 180 mm
2
10
Effective depth provided (d)  180 - 30 -  145mm
2
Effective span: Least of the following

1) C/C distance b/w bearing =3.3 m
2) Clear span + eff depth = 3 + 0.145 = 3.145 m
Load calculation
1) Self weight of slab = 0.18x 25 = 4.5kN / m 2

3) Floor finish = 1.00kN / m 2
2
4) Ceiling plastering = 0.30kN / m
2
5) Partition Load = 1.00kN / m
W  9.8kN / m2
Factored load (Wu) = 1.5  9.8  14.7kN / m2 Say 15 kN/m2

W L2 15  3.145 2
Mu  u eff   18.55kN  m.
8 8
Check for effective depth (d):

The section is designed as a balanced section
Mu = Mu,lim
Mu 18.55  10 6
d  =  82mm < 145 mm
req 0.138 f ck b 0.138  20  1000
Safe, but Uneconomical wrt Bending Moment but have to be checked wrt
deflection.
 fA 
Mu  0.87 fy A st d1  y st 
 bdfck 
 A st  415 
18.55  10 6  0.87  415  A st  145 1 
 20  1000  145 
A st  374.40 mm2,
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  180  216mm2
100
A st  374 .40mm 2  A st ,min
a st
A st
 10 
2
 4  1000  209.80mm.
374.40

1) 3d = 3 x145 = 435 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 209.80 mm
Provide 10 mm dia at 200 mm c/c with alternative bars bent at 1/5 to 1/7 of
the span from the support
 8 
2

216
1) 5d = 5 x 145 = 725 mm
2) 450 mm
3) 232.70 mm
Provide #8 @ 230 c/c.

L  L 
       Kt  Kc  Kf
L 
  
 d  basic
fs  0.58f y
2
Ast req = 374.4 mm
 10 
2
A st ,prov  4  1000  392.7mm 2

200
100 A st 100  392.7
% of steel    0.27%
bd 1000  145
374.4
fs  0.58  415   229.4 N/mm2
392.7
Modification Factor (K t ) - Page 38 Fig 4 K t for 0.27% tension rft  1.65
L  3300 L 
    22.78     20  1.65  1.0  1.0  33
Safe
#10 @ 400 c/c Dist rft # 8 @ 230 c/c
Effective Depth (d)= D=180 mm

145mm
230 Main rft 0.3m Support/wall

#10 at 200c/c
≯S/2 Clear span = 3m
200 c/c
Cross section along Longer span

Main rft #10
@200c/c
180mm
Distribution rft #8 at 230 c/c
10 dia @
8 dia @ 200c/c
230 c/c
PLAN
Prob:®
Design a simply supported slab on masonry walls to the following
requirements
1) Clear span = 2.5m
2) Live Load = 3000N / m2
Use M-15 concrete & Fe-250 steel
Solution:
Since only one dimension is given the slab is designed as One – way slab.
Assuming bearing = 200 mm
Effective span = 2.5 + 0.2 = 2.7m
Dia of bar = 10 mm, clear cover = 15 mm
Effective span
20  modification factor
2
For fy = 250 N/mm and assuming 1.0% steel and referring the fig 4 of IS 456-
2000, page No 38, for fs = 145 N/mm2.
2700
20  1.4
Overall depth (D) = 96.42 + 15+ 10/2 = 116.42mm Say 120 mm
Effective depth provided (d) = 120 – 15 - 5 =100 mm

1) C/C distance b/w bearing =2.7m
2) Clear span + eff depth = 2.5 + 0.10 = 2.60 m
Load calculation
3) Assuming 20 mm Th. Floor finish (0.02 x 24) = 0.50kN / m2
W  6.5kN / m2
Factored load (Wu) = 1.5  6.5  9.75kN / m2 Say 10 kN/m2

WuL2 10.0  2.60 2
Mu    8.45kN  m.
8 8
Mu 8.45  10 6
d  =  61.70mm < 100 mm
req 0.148 fck b 0.148  15  1000
Safe,

 f y A st 
Mu  0.87 f y A st d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  250 
8.45  10 6  0.87  250  A st  100 1  
 15  1000  100 
8.45  10 6  21.75  10 3 A st  3.625 A 2st
 21.75  10 3  (21.75  10 3 ) 2  4  3.625  8.45  10 6
A st 
2  3.625
2
A st  5582.43mm , A st  417.60mm2
0.15
A st ,min  0.15%bD   1000  100  150mm 2
100
A st  A st ,min
a st
A st
 10 
2
 4  1000  188.0mm.
417.60
1) 3d = 3 x 100 = 300 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 188.0 mm
Provide # 10 @180 c/c.
 8 
2

150
1) 5d = 5 x 100 = 500 mm
2) 450 mm
3) 335.10 mm
Provide # 8 @320 c/c.

L  L 
       Kt  Kc  Kf
L 
    20
 d  basic
K t  Modification factor for tension reinforcem ent.
K c  Modification factor for Compression reinforcem ent  1.
fs  0.58f y
Ast req = 417.60 mm2
 10 
2
A st ,prov  4  1000  436.33mm 2

180
100 A st 100  436.33
% of steel    0.44%
bd 1000  100
417.60
fs  0.58  250   139 N/mm2
436.33
L  2700 L 
    27     20  2  1.0  1.0  40
Safe
#10 @ 360 c/c Dist rft #8 @ 320 c/c
Effective Depth (d)= D=120 mm

100mm
320 Main rft 0.3m Support/wall

#10 at 180c/c
≯S/2 Clear span =
2.5m
180 c/c
Cross section along Longer span

Main rft #10 @
180c/c
120mm
#10 @
# 8 @ 320 180c/c
Distribution rft #8 at 320 c/c
c/c
PLAN
March / April 2000 – 16 marks

A reinforced concrete slab has an effective span of 5 m and subjected to an all
inclusive uniformly distributed load of 7 KN/m2. Design the slab adopting M-15
concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Problem:
Design a one way slab simply supported given the following data: Span = 4m live
load=2kN/m2, floor finish = 1kN/M2, M15. Concrete and mild steel of Fe250 grade
support = 300mm wide.
Problem:
A hall measuring 3m x 8m is provided with a roof slab 120mm thick which is
supported by brick masonry walls 230mm thick around. The slab is subjected to a
service load of 8 kN/m2 excluding the self-weight of the slab. If the main steel
consists of #10 provided at 150mm c/c, cheek for the adequacy of the slab from
both safety and deflection control criteria, effective cover = 20mm, fy = 415 N/mm2
fck = 20 N/mm2.
Design of Continuous slab:

When the slab is continuous over several spans, negative (i.e., hogging) bending
moment is induced over the intermediate supports and hence reinforcement has to
be provided at the top of the slab portion over the intermediate supports. These
intermediate supports may either be monolithic with the slab, or may be of some
different material such as rolled steel joist etc. Following are some of the basic rules
for design, as per IS : 456-2000 .
1000
mm
1. Effective span: P - 34, Cl: 22.2(b): In the case of continuous slab, if the
width of the support is less than 1/12 of the clear span, the effective span shall be
the distance between centres of supports, or the clear distance between supports
plus the effective depth of the slab, whichever is smaller. If the supports are wider
than 1/12 the clear span or 600 mm, whichever is less, the effective span shall be
taken as under:
(a) For end span with one end fixed and the other continuous, or for
intermediate spans, the effective span shall be the clear span between supports ;
and
(b) For end span with one end free and the other continuous, the effective
span shall be equal to the clear span plus half the effective depth of the slab or the
clear span plus half the width of the continuous support, whichever is less.
Note: In the case of spans with roller or rocker bearings, the effective span
shall always be the distance between the centres of bearings.
2. Limiting stiffness: P - 37, Cl: 23.2.1 The ratio of span to effective

depth should not exceed 26. Modification factor for tension reinforcement will be
extra as per Fig. 4, Page 38.
3. Moment coefficient. Same rules as for continuous beams, given in

clause 22.5, P-35 and table 12, P-36.
4. Reinforcement and its arrangement: The rules for main

reinforcement and transverse/distribution reinforcement are the same as
discussed for simply supported one way slab. However, the Code (IS 456 : 2000)
makes the following recommendations for continuation/curtailment of reinforcement.
(a) Positive moment reinforcement : At least one third the positive moment
reinforcement in simple members and one fourth the positive moment reinforcement
in continuous members shall extend the same face of the member into the member,
to a length equal to Ld/3.
(b) Negative moment reinforcement : At least one third of the total

reinforcement provided for negative moment at the support shall extend beyond the
point of inflexion for a distance not less than the effective depth of the member or
12 dia or one sixteenth of the clear span whichever is greater.
Design of one way continuous slab
Feb 2002 VTU – 20 marks

Design a continuous R.C. slab for a hall 6.5 m wide and 13.5 m long. The
slab is supported on R.C.C. beams, each 240 mm wide which are monolithic. The
ends of the slab are supported on walls, 300 mm wide. Design the slab for a live
load of 2 kN/m2. Assume the weight of the roof finishing equal to 1.5 KN/m2. Use
M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Sketch the details of reinforcement.
Solution: Given :
Live load = 2 KN/m2
Roof finishes = 1.5 KN/m2
Materials :
M20, fck = 20 N/mm2
Fe 415, fy = 415 N/mm2
0.3 m
6.5 m
13.5 m
Assuming no of panels = 5
13.5
Spacing of beam =  2.7m
5
Centre to centre distance b/w walls of shorter span = 6.5 + 0.3 = 6.8m
Size of each panel = 2.7m x 6.8 m
Ly 6.8
  2.51  2 . Since the ratio of Ly/Lx is greater than 2 and the slab is
L x 2.7
continuous over more than two supports, the slab is designed as “one way
continuous slab”.
Thickness of slab (D): P-37, cl 23.2.1(a)

L 2700
Effective depth of Slab(d) =   103.8mm
26 26
Assuming, Effective cover = 25 mm
D= 103.8+25 = 128.8, Say 130 mm
Effective depth d = 130 – 25 = 105 mm
Effective span: [P- 35, Cl: 22.2(b)]

Clear span = 2.7 – 0.24/2 - 0.24/2 = 2.46m
1 2460
 Clear span   205mm
12 12
Width of support = 240 mm > 205 mm
∴ Effective span = clear span = 2.46 m
Load calculation
1) Self weight of slab = 0.13 x 25 = 3.25 KN/m2
2) Finishes = 1.5 KN/ m2
Wd = 4.75 KN/m2
Factored dead load (WFd) = 1.5 x 4.75 = 7.125 KN/ m2

Factored Live load (WFL) = 1.5 x 2 = 3 KN/ m2
Bending Moment Calculation: (P- 36 , Table 12)

1) Span Moments
A B C D E F
WFD L2 WFL L2 WFD L2 WFL L2 WFD L2 WFL L2 WFD L2 WFL L2 WFD L2 WFL L2
    
12 10 16 12 16 12 16 12 12 10
End Span moments of Spans AB & EF =

WFDL2 W L2 7.125  2.46 2 3  2.46 2
 FL    5.41KN  m
12 10 12 10
Interior Span moment of Spans BC, CD & DE =

WFDL2 WFL L2 7.125  2.46 2 3  2.46 2
    4.21KN  m
16 12 16 12
2) Support Moments
W L2 W L2 WFDL2 WFLL2 2 2
2 2   2 2  WFDL  WFLL
WFDL WFLL  FD  FL WFDL 2
W L 2
12 9 W L W L
  10 9   FL  FD  FL 24 20
24 20 B 12 C 9 D 10 E 9 F
A
a) At Support next to the end support (Penultimate support i.e., at B and E)

 WFDL2 WFL L2   7.125  2.46 2 3  2.46 2 
         6.33KN  m
 10 9  10 9 
   
b) At interior Supports (i.e., at C and D)
 WFDL2 WFL L2   7.125  2.46 2 3  2.46 2 
         5.61KN  m
 12 9  12 9 
   
c) At End Supports (i.e., at A and F) M = 50% of end span moments
 WFDL2 WFL L2   7.125  2.46 2 3  2.46 2 
         2.704KN  m
 24 20  24 20 
   
2.70KN  m 6.33KN  m 5.61KN  m 5.61KN  m 6.33KN  m 2.70KN  m

A B C D E F
5.41KN  m 4.21KN  m 4.21KN  m 4.21KN  m 5.41KN  m

Maximum BM = 6.33 KN-m

Mu 6.33  10 6
d    47.89mm  105mm
req 0.138fck b 0.138  20  1000
Safe, but uneconomical.
Calculation of Area of reinforcement

1) For span Moments
a) For span AB and EF (Mu = 5.41 KN-m)
 f y A st 
Mu  0.87 f y A st d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  415 
5.41  10 6  0.87  415  A st  105 1 
 20  1000  105 
142.73  A st  1.98  10  4 A 2st
 1  (1) 2  4  1.98  10  4  142.73
A st 
2  1.98  10  4
A st  147mm 2 and 4913.73 mm2
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  130  156mm 2
100
A st  A st,min  Provide A st  A st,min  156 mm 2
a st
A st
 12 
2
4   1000  724.98mm.
156
1) 3d = 3 x 105 = 315 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 724.98 mm
Provide #12 at 300 c/c .
b) For Interior spans BC, CD & DE (Mu = 5.41 KN-m):

 f y A st 
Mu  0.87 f y A st d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  415 
4.21  10 6  0.87  415  A st  105 1 
 20  1000  105 
111.05  A st  1.98  10  4 A 2st
 1  (1) 2  4  1.98  10  4  111.05
A st 
2  1.98  10  4
A st  113.60mm 2 and 4947.13 mm2
A st  A st,min  Provide A st  A st,min  156 mm 2
a st
A st
 12 
2
 4  1000  724.98mm.
156
1) 3d = 3 x 105 = 315 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 724.98 mm
2) For Support Moments:
a) At Penultimate supports B & E (Mu = 6.33 KN-m):
 f y A st 
Mu  0.87 f y A st d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  415 
6.33  10 6  0.87  415  A st  105 1  
 20  1000  105 
166.97  A st  1.98  10 4 A 2st

 1  (1) 2  4  1.98  10  4  166.97
A st 
2  1.98  10  4
A st  172.88 mm 2  A st,min  156 mm 2
 Provide A st  172.88 mm 2
a st
A st
 12 
2
4   1000  654.20mm.
172.88
1) 3d = 3 x 105 = 315 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 654.20 mm
b) At Interior supports C & D (Mu = 5.61KN-m):

 f y A st 
Mu  0.87 f y A st d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  415 
5.61  10 6  0.87  415  A st  105 1  
 20  1000  105 
147.98  A st  1.98  10 4 A 2st
 1  (1) 2  4  1.98  10  4  147.98
A st 
2  1.98  10  4
A st  152.58 mm 2  A st,min  156 mm 2

 Provide A st  156 mm2
a st
A st
 12 
2
4 
 1000  724.98mm.
156
Max. Spacing (Cl 26.3.3, P – 46): It is the Least of the following
1) 3d = 3 x 105 = 315 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 724.98 mm
c) At End supports A & F (Mu = 2.704 KN-m):
 f y A st 
Mu  0.87 f y A st d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  415 
2.704  10 6  0.87  415  A st  105 1  
 20  1000  105 
71.33  A st  1.98  10 4 A 2st
 1  (1) 2  4  1.98  10  4  71.33
A st 
2  1.98  10  4
A st  72.36 mm 2  A st,min  156 mm 2
 Provide A st  156 mm2

a st
A st
 12 
2
4 
 1000  724.98mm.
156
1) 3d = 3 x 105 = 315 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 724.98 mm
Provide # 12 mm at 300 c/c .
Distribution Reinforcement:
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  130  156mm 2
100
a st
A st
 8 
2
 4  1000  322.21mm.
156

1) 3d = 3 x 105 = 315 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 322.21 mm
# 8 @ 300 c/c
0.1l 0.3l 0.3l
0.1l
0.1l 0.1l
#12 @ 300 c/c # 12 @ 300 c/c # 12 @ 300 c/c # 12 @ 300 c/c
2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m
P-119, Design of RCC, M.L. Gambir
A hall in a building is to be provided a floor consisting of a continuous slab cast monolithically with simply supported 300 mm wide
beams spaced 3.6 mc/c as shown in fig. the clear span of the beam is 10.0m. The floor is to be supported live, and partition loads
of 3.0KN/m2 and 1.35KN/m2, respectively, at the service state. The load due to finishes may be considered 0.65KN/m 2. Design the
slab, if M20 concrete mix and HYSD steel of grade Fe415 are to be used.
Monday, August 27, 2001 8:11:23 PM

TWO WAY SLABS
The reinforced concrete slabs supported on all four sides on beams or walls
having the ratio of long span to short span less than or equal to 2 are called as slabs
spanning in two directions or referred as two way slabs. The structural action in such
slabs is two way. The loads are carried by the slab along short span and long span
both. The deflection and bending moments in a two way slab are considerably
reduced as compared to those in a one way slab. Thus, a thinner slab can carry the
same load when supported on all the four edges. These slabs resist bending moment
along both the spans. These slabs have reinforcement in two perpendicular
directions parallel to the supporting edges. The reinforcement (steel) in directions is
considered as main steel. In a square slab, the two way action in each direction. In
long narrow slabs, where the length is greater than twice the breadth, the two way
action effectively reduces to one way action in the direction of the short span
although the end beams do carry some slab load. These slabs are frequently used
specially in large, continuous monolithic floor systems.
The yield line theory or any other acceptable method may be used for the
analysis and design of two way slab.
The slabs spanning in two directions are classified in two categories (i) Simply
supported slabs and (ii) Restrained slab.
Simply supported slabs/ Corners are not held down/corners are free to
lift/ slab is not restrained:
The corners
of simply supported
slab are not
prevented from
lifting. The corners
remain to free lift.
These slabs do not
have adequate Slab
provisions to resist
torsion at corners.
Such slabs are
commonly used in
single storey
Depth of
buildings, where the Slab
supporting walls do
not cause any
fixidity.
Wall
Normally, the
bending moment in
the short span will
be more than the
bending moment on
the long span, and
hence the slab
thickness will be
determined on the basis of MB. However, reinforcement in the short span is placed
below the reinforcement in the long span. As per IS 456 : 2000 minimum total
thickness of slab should satisfy the stiffness requirements.
Alternate bars can be bent up at 1/7th span from the centre of the supports,
in each direction.
If both the spans are equal (for square slab), the effective depth should be
taken up to the centre of the top layer of reinforcement.
The maximum moments per unit width for the short span and for the long
span are calculated from the following expressions:
M x   x w ul2x
M y   y w ul2x
Where, Wu = Factored (design) uniformly distributed load per unit area.
Lx = length of short span.
Mx and My = Bending Moments on the strips of unit width of spanning
along short span lx and long span ly respectively.
 x &  y  Co-efficients for calculating bending moments.
It is worth to note that the coefficients are derived from Grashoff – Rankine
formulae, which are based on the equality of deflections of two strips of the slabs,
(one each along the directions parallel to the supporting edges) at the middle at the
intersection.
50 % of A st x
extends to
support
A st y
50 % of A st x
0.1lx extends to within
0.1lx of support 5500
4000
Ast along shorter

direction
Ast along longer
LY
direction
LX
50 % of A st Main rft
S Main rft 0.1lx

≯S/2
Problem:®
A slab over a room is 4.75 m x 4.75 m. the edges of the slab are simply
supported and the corners are not held down. The live load on the slab is
3kN / m 2 . The slab has a bearing of 250 mm on the supporting walls. Design the
slab. Use M-20 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Solution:
Bearing = 250 mm
Assuming, Dia of bar = 10 mm dia in both the direction
Clear cover = 15 mm to the lower layers of bar.
C/C distance b/w bearing = 4.75 + 0.25 = 5.0 m.
Thickness of slab: (P- 39/2000)
Effective Span 4900

Overall depth (D) =   175mm Say 180
35  0.8 38  0.8
mm
Effective depth (d’) to center of the upper rft =
d d` D
10
180  15  10   150mm
2
1) C/C distance b/w bearing = 5.0 m
2) Clear span + eff depth = 4.75 + 0.15 = 4.9 m
Therefore effective span (leff) = 4.9 m  L x  L y
Load calculation
1) Dead load = 0.18 x 25 = 4.5kN / m 2
3). Floor finish (assumed) = 0.50KN / m 2
W  8.0kN / m2
Factored load (Wu) = 1.5  8.0  12.0kN / m 2
Factored Moment (Mu) (P-91/2000) (Table_27)

M x  M y   x w uL2x   y w uL2x
Ly 4.9
r  1
Lx 4.9
 x   y  0.062
 M x  M y  0.062  12.0  4.9 2  17.86kN  m
Mu,lim it  0.138 f ck bd 2  0.138  20  1000  150 2  62.1  10 6 N  mm.  62.1kN  m.
Mu  Mu,lim it
Safe
Mu 17.86  10 6
d  =  80.44mm < 150 mm
req 0.138 fck b 0.138  20  1000
Safe, but Uneconomical.
Thickness of slab can be revised
10
D  80.44  15  10   110.44mm Say D =120 mm.
2
10
dprov  120  15  10   90mm
2
 A st  415 
17.86  10 6  0.87  415  A st  90 1  
 20  1000  90 
17.86  10 6  32.50  10 3 A st  7.50 A 2st
7.50 A 2st  32.50  10 3 A st  17.86  10 6  0
 32.5  10 3  (32.50  10 3 ) 2  4  7.5  17.86  10 6

A st 
2  7.5
A st  3688mm2 , A st  646mm 2
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  120  144mm2
100
A st  A st ,min
a st
A st
 10 
2
 4  1000  121.60mm.
646
1) 3d = 3 x 90 = 270 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 121.60 mm
Provide #10 @ 120 c/c both ways with alternative bars bent at 1/5 to 1/7 of
span from support.
# 10 @ 120c/c
#10 @ 120c/c
#10 @ 120 c/c
4.75 m
#10 @ 120c/c
LY = 4.9 m
120
LX = 4.9 m
PLAN
# 10 @ 240c/c # 10 @ 120c/c
0.75
# 10 @ 120c/c
Lx/7
4.75 m
C/S of slab
2000/march/april-16 marks(B.U)
Problem:®
7b) Design a simply supported R.C slab for a room having inside dimension of
5m x 7m The supporting walls are 300mm th. The D.L on the slab may be taken as
1.5KN / m2 and the L.L may be taken as 2.5KN / m2 . Assume M-15 concrete and
Fe - 250 steel.
Solution:
ly 7
  1.4  2 and simply supported
lx 5
Therefore the slab is designed as two-way slab
Bearing = 300 mm
Clear cover = 15 mm
C/C distance b/w bearing for shorter span = 5 + 0.3 = 5.3 m.
Thickness of slab: (P -39/2000)

Shorter span 5300
Overall depth (D) =   151.43mm Say 160mm
35 35
Effective depth to center of short span (dx) =
10
160  15   140mm dx dy D
2
Effective depth to center of long span (d y ) =
10
160  15  10   130mm
2
Effective span for shorter direction L x  : Least of the following

2) Clear span + eff depth (d) = 5 + 0.14 = 5.14 m
Therefore effective span l x = 5.14 m.
 
Effective span for longer direction l y : Least of the following
Therefore effective span l y = 7.13 m.
Load calculation :
2) D.L on slab = 1.5kN / m2
4) Floor finish (assumed) = 1.0kN / m2
W  9.0kN / m 2
Factored load (Wu) = 1.5  9  13.5kN / m 2
Factored Moment (Mu) (P-91/2000) (Table_27)
Shorter span(Mx )  α x w ul2x
Longer span(My )  α y w ul2x .
Ly 7.13
r   1.39  1.4
Lx 5.14
 x  0.099
 y  0.051
 M x  0.099  13.5  5.14 2  35.30kN  m
M y  0.051  13.5  5.14 2  18.20kN  m
Mu,lim it  0.148 f ck bd 2  0.148  15  1000  140 2  43.512  10 6 N  mm.  43.512kN  m
M x & M y  Mu,lim it
Safe
Mx 35.3  10 6
d  =  126.10mm < 140 mm
req 0.148 fck b 0.148  15  1000
Safe.
Area of reinforcement along shorter direction (P-96/2000)
 f y A st 
M x  0.87 f y A st d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  250 
35.3  10 6  0.87  250  A st  140 1  
 15  1000  140 
35.3  10 6  30.45  10 3 A st  3.625 A 2st
3.625 A 2st  30.45  10 3 A st  35.3  10 6  0
 30.45  10 3  (30.45  10 3 ) 2  4  3.625  35.3  10 6

A st 
2  3.625
A st  1389mm 2 and 7011mm 2
0.15
A st ,min  0.15%bD   1000  160  240mm 2
100
A st  A st ,min
a st
A st
 10 
2
 4  1000  56.54mm.
1389
1) 3d = 3 x 140 = 420 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 56.54 mm
Area of reinforcement along longer direction (P-96/2000)

 f y A st 
M y  0.87 f y A st d1  
 bdfck 
 A st  250 
18.20  10 6  0.87  250  Ast  130 1  
 15  1000  130 
18.20  10 6  28.30  10 3 A st  3.625 A 2st
 28.30  10 3  (28.30  10 3 ) 2  4  3.625  18.20  10 6
A st   707.20mm 2 , 7100 mm 2
2  3.625
a st
A st
 10 
2
 4  1000  111.1mm.
707.20
1) 3d’ = 3 x 130 = 390 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 111.11 mm
160
# 10 @ 110c/c
# 10 @ 50 c/c
LY = 7.13
# 10 @ 110c/c
# 10 @ 50 c/c
LX= 5.14
10 @ 50 c/c # 10 @ 110c/c
0.15lx
10 dia @ 50 c/c
AUGUST 2001 ( -10 MARKS)

A room is of size 3m x 4.5m and walls are built with 250 mm thick brick work. It is
covered with a simply supported slab which has to take an imposed characteristic
load of 2 KN/m2. Design the slab and sketch the layout of reinforcement.
March / April 2000 – 16 marks

Design a simply supported RC slab for a room having inside dimensions of 3 m x 6
m. the supporting walls are 300 mm thick. The DL on the slab may be taken as 1.5
KN/m2 and a live load may be taken as 2.5 KN/m2. Assume M15 concrete and Fe 250
steel.
TYPE -11
Restrained slab/ Corners are held down/corners are not free to lift/
corners are subjected to torsion:
When the corners of

the slab are prevented
from lifting, then it is
known as restrained slabs.
This case may arise in the
following cases. Slab
1. Slab is supported on four
edges by beam and slab
and beams are cast at the
same time. Depth of
2. Slab is supported on four Beam
Depth
edges by wall. Super of Slab
structure walls are over at
the same time.
Depth
Bea of web
m
Wall
Slab
Depth
of Slab
Wall
Maximum Bending Moment (Mu) (P -91/2000) (Table_27)

Shorter  span(M x )   x w ul2x
Longer  span(M y )   y w ul2x
Where  x and  y are coefficients given in Table 27
w = Total design load per unit area
Lx and Ly = Lengths of shorter span and long span respectively.
Depending on the various edge supports, the restrained slabs have been classified in
nine categories.
Case No Type of panel and moments considered

1 Interior panels
2 One short edge discontinuous
3 One long edge discontinuous
4 Two adjacent edges discontinuous
5 Two short edges discontinuous
6 Two long edges discontinuous
7 Three edges discontinuous (one long edge continuous)
8 Three edges discontinuous (one short edge
continuous)
9 Four edges discontinuous
ly
lx Case No 4 Case No 3 Case No 6
Case No 2 Case No2
Case No 2 Case No 1 Case No 8
Case No4
Case No 2
Case No 5
Case No 9
Case No 7
SLAB SIMPLY SUPPORTED ON THE FOUR EDGES WITH CORNERS HELD

DOWN AND CARRYING U.D.L. Such a case arises when the slab is built into
brick walls or when they are cast monolithically into thin beam, provided the slab is
not continuous over its edges. The exact analysis of such a slab, based on theory of
elasticity, is difficult and complicated. We shall discuss in brief the following three
methods of analysis of such slabs:
1. Pigeaud’s method 2. Marcus’s method 3. I.S. Code method.
EDGE STRIP lx/8
MIDDLE STRIP 3lx/4
EDGE STRIP lx/8
ly
STRIPS PARALLEL TO LONG SPAN
MIDDLE STRIP
EDGE STRIP
EDGE STRIP
lx
ly/8 3ly/4 ly/8

STRIPS PARALLEL TO SHORT SPAN
Tension reinforcement for two way edge supported slabs:

The reinforcement in restrained slab is provided near the bottom face or top
face depending upon whether the bending moment is positive or negative. The
reinforcement extends to within the specified distance depending upon the edges of
slab are continuous or discontinuous, IS 456 – 2000
(i) Reinforcement for positive bending moment for the middle strip:
The tension reinforcement provided at mid span in the middle strip for
positive bending moment shall extend in the lower part of the slab ( viz., near
bottom face of slab) within 0.25l of a continuous edges or 0.15 l of a discontinuous
edges.
Mid span 0.25l

0.15l reinforcement of
middle strip
(ii) Reinforcement for negative bending moment over continuous edge:

The negative bending moment develops over the continuous edge of a
middle. For the negative bending moments, the reinforcement provided in the
upper part (viz., near the top face) of the slab. This reinforcement (100%) extends a
distance of 0.15l from the support on one side and 0.15l from the support on the
other side as shown in fig. 50 % of this very reinforcement extends a distance 0.3l
from the support one side and 0.3l from the support on the other side.
Two –way restrained slabs: Arrangement of strips and directions of reinforcement.
BEAM
S
LY / 8
EDGE STRIP
EDGE STRIP
EDGE STRIP
Ly
MIDDLE STRIP
LY / 8
EDGE STRIP
BEAM
S
LX / 8 LX / 8
Lx Direction of reinforcement
Note : Bars in the edge strip should be of the same length and diameter as those in
middle strip but the pitch may be increased to give the minimum
reinforcement permitted.
0.1L1 0.5As 0.5As2 0.3L1 0.3L2

1
0.15L1 0.15L2
As2
0.25L1 0.25L2
≤ 0.5As S As1
S 1
0.15L1
L2
L1
MIDDLE STRIP WITH BENT UP BARS
0.1L1 0.5As 0.5As2 0.3L1 0.3L2

1
0.15L1 0.15L2
As2
0.25L1 0.25L2
≤ 0.5As S As1
S 1
0.15L1
L2
L1
MIDDLE STRIP WITH STRAIGHT BARS
LX / 5
LX / 8
LX / 5
0.15 LX
¾ LX
0.15 LY
0.15 LY
0.15 LX
LX / 5
LX / 8
LX / 5 BOTTOM PLAN
¾ LY
LY / 8 LY / 8
LX / 5
LX / 8
LX / 5
0.1 LX
0.1 LY
0.1 LY
¾ LX
TOP PLAN
0.1 LX
LX / 5
LX / 8
LX / 5 ¾ LY
LY / 8 LY / 8
Torsion in Two-Way Slabs (P -90, Cl: D - 1.8 , D -1.9 &, D -1.10 )

In practice, however, corners are usually prevented from lifting up (by wall
loads from above, or by monolithic edge beams framing into columns); such slabs
are said to be torsionally restrained.
Torsional reinforcement shall be provided at any corner where the slab is

simply supported on both edges meeting at the corner. It shall consist of top and
bottom reinforcement, each with layers of bars placed parallel to the sides of the
slab and extending from the edges a minimum distance of one-fifth of the slab. The
area of reinforcement in each of these four layers shall be ¾ of the area required for
the maximum span moment in a slab.
Torsional reinforcement equal to half of ¾ of the area required for the
maximum span moment in a slab shall be provided at a corner contained by edges
over only one of which the slab is continuous.
Torsional reinforcement need not be provided at any corner contained by
edges over both of which the slab is continuous.
July / Aug 2002 – 14 marks: 

Design a two way slab for a room 5.5 x 4 m if the superimposed load is 5
KN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. The slab is simply supported and
corners held down.
Solution:
L y 5.5
  1.375  2 and The slab is simply supported and the corners
Lx 4
are held down
Bearing = 300 mm
Clear cover = 15 mm
Ly/8 3Ly/4 Ly/8

Lx/8
EDGE STRIP
EDGE STRIP
EDGE STRIP
MIDDLE STRIP 3Lx/4

Lx
EDGE STRIP Lx/8
Ly
STRIPS PARALLEL TO LONG SPAN

For Hysd bars
span 4000
Overall depth (D) =   142.86mm Say 150mm
35  0.8 35  0.8
10
Effective depth to center of short span (d) = 150  15   130mm
2
10
Effective depth to center of long span (d ) = 150  15  10   120mm
2
Effective span for shorter direction l x  : Least of the following

Effective span for longer direction l y : Least of the following 
1) C/C distance b/w bearing = 5.5+0.3= 5.8 m
2) Clear span + eff depth (d) = 5.5 + 0.12 = 5.62 m
Therefore effective span l y = 5.62 m.
Load calculation :
1) Self weight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75KN / m 2
2) Live load = 5.0KN / m 2
3) Floor finish (assume) = 0.5KN / m2
W  9.25KN / m 2
Factored load (Wu) = 1.5  9.25  13.875KN / m2 Say 14 KN/m2
Factored Moment (Mu) Case 9, Table – 26 – P 91
Shorter  span (Mx )   x w uL2x
Longer  span (My )   y w uL2x Ly
x
Ly5.62 Lx
r   1.36
Lx 4.13 1.3 0.079
1.36 ?
0.06  0.006 1.4 0.085
 x  0.079   0.083
0.1 0.1 0.006
 y  0.056 0.06 ?
 M x  0.083  14  4.13 2  19.82KN  m

M y  0.056  14  4.13 2  13.37KN  m
Mu,lim it  0.138 f ck bd 2  0.138  20  1000  130 2
Mu,lim it  46.64  10 6 N  mm.  46.64KN  m.
Safe
Mx 19.82  10 6
d  =  84.74mm < 130 mm
req 0.138 f ck b 0.138  20  1000
Safe.
Area of reinforcement for shorter direction in the middle strip (P-

96/2000)
 f y A st  x 
M x  0.87 f y A st  x d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  x  415 
19.82  10 6  0.87  415  A st  x  130 1  
 20  1000  130 
19.82  10 6  46.94  10 3 A st  x  7.50 A 2st
7.50 A 2st  x  46.94  10 3 A st  x  19.82  10 6  0
 46.94  10 3  (46.94  10 3 ) 2  4  7.50  19.82  10 6
A st  x 
2  7.50
2
A st  x  455.40mm
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  150  180mm 2
100
A st x  A st ,min
a st
A st
 10 
2
4 
 1000  172 .46mm.
455.40
1) 3d = 3 x 130 = 390 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 172.46 mm
Provide # 10 @ 170 c/c.
Area of reinforcement for longer direction in the middle strip (96/2000)
 f y A st  y 
M x  0.87 f y A st  y d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  y  415 
13.37  10 6  0.87  415  A st  y  120 1  
 20  1000  120 
13.37  10 6  43.33  10 3 A st  y  7.50 A 2st  y
7.50 A 2st  y  43.33  10 3 A st  y  13.37  10 6  0
 43.33  10 3  (43.33  10 3 ) 2  4  7.50  13.37  10 6

A st  y 
2  7.50
A st  y  327.08mm 2 A st  y  A st ,min
a st
A st
 10 
2
4 
 1000  240.12mm.
327 .08
1) 3d’ = 3 x 120 = 360 mm
2)300 mm
3) 240.12 mm
Provide # 10 @ 230 c/c.
Area of reinforcement in Edge Strip:
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  150  180mm 2
100
a st
A st
 8 
2
 4  1000  279.25mm.
180

1) 5d = 5 x 130 = 650 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 279.25 mm
Provide # 8 @ 270 c/c.
Torsional Reinforcement at corners:

Area of rft in each layer of 4 layers at corners for an area of Lx/5 x Lx/5 =
3 3
 A st  x   455.4  341.55mm 2
4 4
a st
A st
 8 
2
4  1000  147.20mm.
341.55
Provide 8 mm dia at 140 c/c in 2 perpendicular direction at top and 2 perpendicular
direction bottom at corners
# 8 @ 140 c/c
# 8 @ 270 c/c
LX / 5
LX / 8
LX / 5
0.15 LX
# 10 @ 170 c/c
#8 @ 270 c/c
# 10 @ 230 c/c
¾ LX
0.15 LY
0.15 LY
0.15 LX
LX / 5
LX / 8
LX / 5 BOTTOM PLAN
¾ LY
LY / 8 LY / 8
# 8 @ 140 c/c
LX / 5
# 10 @ 170 c/c
LX / 8
LX / 5
0.1 LX
0.1 LY
0.1 LY
# 10 @ 230 c/c
¾ LX
TOP PLAN
0.1 LX
LX / 5
LX / 8
LX / 5 ¾ LY
LY / 8 LY / 8
Problem:
Design an interior panel of 2-way slab 5 m x 5m using IS code method . The
corners are prevented from lifting. Live load = 3000 N/m2. Adopt M20 and Fe 415.
Ly 5
 1 2
Lx 5
1Therefore the slab is designed as two-way slab
Bearing = 300 mm
Clear cover = 20 mm d

span 5000
Effective depth (d) =   178.60mm Say 200mm
35  0.8 35  0.8 ,
12
Effective depth to center of top reinforcement (d) = 200  20  12   162mm
2
Effective span (L ): Least of the following

x
Load calculation :
1) Self weight of slab = 0.2 x 25 = 5.0KN / m2
2) Live load = 3.0KN / m 2
3) Floor finish (assumed) = 1.0KN / m2
W  9.0KN / m 2
Factored load (Wu) = 1.5  9.0  13.5KN / m2
Factored Moment (Mu) (P-141/1978/91/2000) (Table_27)

Longer  span (My )   y w uL2x
Ly 5.162
r   1.0
Lx 5.162
 x   y  0.032 continuous edge

 x   y  0.024 Mid span
Positive moments at mid span

 M x  M y  0.024  13.5  5.162 2  8.63KN  m
Negative moments at continuous edge
M x  M y  0.032  13.5  5.162 2  11.51KN  m
Design moment = 11.51 kN – m.

Mx 11.51  10 6
d  =  64.57mm  162mm
req 0.138 f ck b 0.138  20  1000
Safe.
Area of reinforcement at mid span (P-96/2000)

 f y A st 
M x  0.87 f y A st d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  415 
8.63  10 6  0.87  415  A st  162 1  
 20  1000  162 
A st  150.44mm 2
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  200  240mm 2
100
Provide min Ast
a st
A st
 12 
2
4  1000  471 .23mm.


240
1) 3d = 3 x 162 = 486 mm
4) 300 mm
3) 471.23 mm
Provide # 12 @ 300 c/c.
Area of reinforcement at the continuous edge
 f y A st 
M x  0.87 f y A st d1  
 bdf ck 
 A st  415 
11.51  10 6  0.87  415  A st  162 1  
 20  1000  162 
A st  202.01mm 2
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  200  240mm 2
100
provide min Ast
a st
A st
 12 
2
4 
 1000  471 .23mm.
240
Maximum Spacing: Least of the following
1) 3d = 3 x 162 = 486 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 471.23 mm
Provide # 12 @ 300 c/c.
Note: No torsional reinforcement is provided at corners, as the edges are

continuous all-round.
0.3 LY
0.15 LY
0.15 LY
0.25 LY
LY / 8
0.3 LY
0.25 LX 0.25 LX
LX / 5
0.3 LX 0.15 LX
LY = 5.3m
0.3 LX
0.15 LX
0.15 LX
¾ Ly
0.3 LY
LY / 8
0.15 LY
0.15 LY
¾ LX
LX / 8
0.3 LY
LX / 8
LX = 5.3m
PROBLEM: 
Design a slab for a class room of dimension 4 m x 6 m (supported on all
the four edges) with two adjacent edges discontinuous. Live load = 3kN/m 2. Floor
finish = 1kN/m2, Bearing = 300 mm. Use M20 grade concrete and Fe 500 grade
steel.
Solution:
Ly 6
  1.5  2 and The slab is supported on all the four edges and with
Lx 4
two adjacent edges discontinuous.
Bearing = 300 mm
Clear cover = 15 mm
Discontinuous edge
Ly/8 3Ly/4 Ly/8

Lx/8
EDGE STRIP
EDGE STRIP
EDGE STRIP
MIDDLE STRIP 3Lx/4
Lx
EDGE STRIP Lx/8
Ly
STRIPS PARALLEL TO LONG SPAN Continuous edge

For Hysd bars dX
dy
span 4000
Overall depth (D) =   142.86mm
35  0.8 35  0.8
Say 150mm
10
Effective depth to center of short span (dx) = 150  15   130mm
2
10
Effective depth to center of long span (dy) = 150  15  10   120mm
2
Effective span for shorter direction (LX): Least of the following

1. C/C distance b/w bearing = 4.3 m
2. Clear span + Eff depth (d) = 4 + 0.13 = 4.13 m
Therefore, Effective span (LX) = 4.13 m.
Effective span for longer direction (LY): Least of the following

1. C/C distance b/w bearing = 6.0 + 0.3 = 6.3 m
2. Clear span + Eff depth (d) = 6.0 + 0.12 = 6.12 m
Therefore, Effective span (LY): = 6.12 m.
Load calculation :
2) Live load = 3.0KN / m2
3) Floor finish = 1.0KN / m2
W  7.75KN / m2
Factored load (Wu) = 1.5  7.75  11.625 KN / m2 Say 12 KN/m2
Factored Moment (Mu) (P -91/2000) (Table_27)

6 Ly
 x and  y depends on r   1.5 
Lx 4
Two adjacent Edges discontinuous: Case 4, Table – 26 – P 91
Negative moment at continuous edge
 ve  x  0.075 and  ve  y  0.047
Positive moment at mid – span:
 ve  x  0.056 and  ve  y  0.035
Shorter span:
 ve Mx   ve  x w uL2x  0.056  12  4.13 2  11.46 kN  m
 ve Mx   ve  x w uL2x  0.075  12  4.13 2  15.35 kN  m
Longer span:
 ve My   ve  y w uL2x  0.035  12  4.13 2  7.16 kN  m
 ve My  ve  y w uL2x  0.047  12  4.13 2  9.62 kN  m
Mu,lim it  0.133fck bd 2x  0.133  20  1000  130 2
Mu,lim it  44.95  10 6 N  mm.  44.95KN  m.
Safe
Maximum BM  ve M x  15.35  10 6
d    75.96mm  130mm Safe.
req 0.133fck b 0.133  20  1000

96/2000)
 f y A st  x 
M x  0.87 f y A st  x d x 1  
 bd x fck 
 A st  x  500 
11.46  10 6  0.87  500  A st  x  130 1 
 20  1000  130 
A st x  211.23 mm2
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  150  180mm 2
100
10 
2
a st 4
Spacing of 10 mm dia bar =  1000   1000  371.82mm.
A st 211.23

1) 3d = 3 x 130 = 390 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 371.82 mm
Provide # 10 @ 300 c/c.
Area of reinforcement for shorter direction at continuous edge:

 f y A st  x 
M x  0.87 f y A st  x d x 1  
 bd x fck 
 A st  x  500 
15.35  10 6  0.87  500  A st  x  130 1 
 20  1000  130 
A st x  287.32 mm2
10 
2
a st 4
A st 287.32

1) 3d = 3 x 130 = 390 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 273.35 mm
Provide # 10 @ 260 c/c.
Area of reinforcement for longer direction in the middle strip:
 f y A st  y 
M x  0.87 f y A st  y d y 1  
 bd y fck 
 A st  y  500 
7.16  10 6  0.87  500  A st  y  120 1  
 1000  120  20 
A st  y  141.33mm2
 A st  y  A st ,min , Provide min rft of 180 mm2
a st
A st
10 
2
 4  1000  436.33mm.
180
1) 3dy = 3 x 120 = 360 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 436.33 mm
Provide # 10 @ 300 c/c.
Area of reinforcement for Longer direction at continuous edge:
 f y A st  y 
M x  0.87 f y A st  y d y 1  
 A st  y  500 
9.62  10 6  0.87  500  A st  y  120 1  
 1000  120  20 
A st  y  192mm2 A st  y  A st ,min
a st
A st
10 
2
 4  1000  409.06mm.
192
1) 3dy = 3 x 120 = 360 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 409.06 mm
Provide # 10 @ 300 c/c.

0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  150  180mm 2
100
a st
A st
 8 
2
4  1000  279.25mm.

180
1) 5dx = 5 x 130 = 650 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 279.25 mm
Torsional Reinforcement at corners:

3 3
 A st x   211.43  158.57mm2
4 4
a st
A st
8
2
 4  1000  316.99mm.
158.57
Provide 8 mm dia at 300 c/c in 2 perpendicular direction at top and 2

perpendicular direction bottom at corners

L  L 
       Kt  Kc  Kf
L 
  
 d  basic
fs  0.58f y
10 
2
A st ,prov  4  1000  261.80mm 2

300
100 A st 100  261.8
% of steel    0.20%
bd x 1000  130
211.23
fs  0.58  500   233.98 N/mm2
261.8
L  4130 L 
    31.77     20  1.68  1.0  1.0  33.60
 d  prov ided 130  d  Permissible
Safe
# 8 @ 140 c/c
LY / 8 ¾ LY LY / 8
LX / 5 # 10 @ 300 c/c # 8 @ 270 c/c 1720
0.1L X
LX / 8
LX / 5
860
0.15 LX
0.3 L Y 0.15 L Y
# 10 @ 300 c/c
0.15 L Y 0.3 L Y
¾ LX
0.15 LY #10 @ 300 c/c
0.25 LY
0.25 LX
# 10 @ 300 c/c
0.3 L X
0.15 L X
LX / 5
LX / 8
0.15 L X
LX / 5
PLAN
0.3 L X
# 10 @ 260 c/c No Torsional rft

# 8 @ 280 c/c
860
Problem: Jan / Feb 2004 (BU/ Y2K sem scheme):

Design a slab for an office building. The slab measuring 3.5 m x 5.25 m is
continuous on three sides and discontinuous on 5.25 m side. The slab is subjected in
addition to self weight to loads of floor finish = 1.5 kN/m2, ceiling plaster = 0.3
kN/m2, partition wall load = 1kN/m2 and live load of 4.0 kN/m2. The requirement of
cover to reinforcement is governed by fire resistance of 2 hours. Use M20 concrete
and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Ly 5.25
  1.5  2 and The slab is continuous on three sides and
Lx 3.5
discontinuous on one long side.
Bearing = 300 mm
Nominal Clear cover to meet 2 hour specified period of Fire Resistance = 25 mm
(Table 16 A - Page 47)
Discontinuous edge
Ly/8 3Ly/4 Ly/8

Lx/8
EDGE STRIP
EDGE STRIP
EDGE STRIP
MIDDLE STRIP 3Lx/4

Lx
EDGE STRIP Lx/8
Ly
STRIPS PARALLEL TO LONG SPAN Continuous edge

For Hysd bars
Overall depth (D) = dX
dy
span 3500
  112.18mm
26  modification factor 26  1.2
{modification factor taken for assumed 0.4% steel and fs greater than 240 N/mm2)
Say 150mm
10
Effective depth to center of short span (dx) = 150  25   120mm
2
10
Effective depth to center of long span (dy) = 150  25  10   110mm
2
Effective span for shorter direction (LX): Least of the following

1) C/C distance b/w bearing = 3.5 + 0.3 = 3.8 m
2) Clear span + Eff depth (d) = 3.5 + 0.12 = 3.62 m
Therefore, Effective span (LX) = 3.62 m.
Effective span for longer direction (LY): Least of the following

1. C/C distance b/w bearing = 5.25 + 0.3 = 5.55 m
2. Clear span + Eff depth (d) = 5.25 + 0.11 = 5.36 m
Therefore, Effective span (LY): = 5.36 m.
Load calculation :
2) Live load = 4.0KN / m2
3) Floor finish = 1.5KN / m2
4) Ceiling Plaster = 0.3KN / m2
5) Partition load = 1.0KN / m2
W  10.55KN / m2
Factored load (Wu) = 1.5  10.55  15.825 KN / m2 Say 16 KN/m2
Factored Moment (Mu) (P -91/2000) (Table_27)

Ly
5.25
 x and  y depends on r  
 1.5
Lx 3.5
One Long Edge discontinuous and other three Edges Continuous: Case 3,
Table – 26 – P 91
Negative moment at continuous edge
 ve  x  0.067 and  ve  y  0.037
Positive moment at mid – span:
 ve  x  0.051 and  ve  y  0.028
Shorter span:
 ve M x   ve  x w uL2x  0.051  16  3.62 2  10.69 kN  m
 ve M x   ve  x w uL2x  0.067  16  3.62 2  14.05 kN  m
Longer span:
 ve My   ve  y w uL2x  0.028  16  3.62 2  5.87 kN  m
 ve My   ve  y w uL2x  0.037  16  3.62 2  7.76 kN  m
Mu,lim it  0.138fck bd 2x  0.138  20  1000  120 2
Mu,lim it  39.744  10 6 N  mm.  39.744KN  m.
Safe

Maximum BM  ve M x  14.05  10 6
d    71.35mm  120mm Safe.
req 0.138 fck b 0.138  20  1000

96/2000)
 f y A st  x 
M x  0.87 f y A st  x d x 1  
 bd x fck 
 A st  x  415 
10.69  10 6  0.87  415  A st  x  120 1 
 20  1000  120 
A st x  258.27 mm2
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  150  180mm 2
100
10 
2
a st 4
A st 258.27

1) 3d = 3 x 120 = 360 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 304.10 mm
Provide # 10 @ 300 c/c.
Area of reinforcement for shorter direction at continuous edge:

 f y A st  x 
M x  0.87 f y A st  x d x 1  
 bd x fck 
 A st  x  415 
14.05  10 6  0.87  415  A st  x  120 1 
 20  1000  120 
A st x  344.85 mm2
0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  150  180mm 2
100
10 
2
a st 4
A st 344.85

1) 3d = 3 x 120 = 360 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 227.75 mm
Provide # 10 @ 220 c/c.
Area of reinforcement for longer direction in the middle strip:
 f y A st  y 
M x  0.87 f y A st  y d y 1  
 A st  y  415 
5.87  10 6  0.87  415  A st  y  110 1  
 1000  110  20 
A st  y  152.20mm2
 A st  y  A st ,min , Provide min rft of 180 mm2
a st
A st
10 
2
 4  1000  436.33mm.
180
1) 3dy = 3 x 110 = 330 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 436.33 mm
Provide # 10 @ 300 c/c.
Area of reinforcement for Longer direction at continuous edge:
 f y A st  y 
M x  0.87 f y A st  y d y 1  
 A st  y  415 
7.76  10 6  0.87  415  A st  y  110 1  
 1000  110  20 
A st  y  203.20mm2 A st  y  A st ,min
a st
A st
10 
2
 4  1000  386.51mm.
203.20
1) 3dy = 3 x 110 = 330 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 386.51 mm
Provide # 10 @ 300 c/c.

0.12
A st ,min  0.12%bD   1000  150  180mm 2
100
a st
A st
 8 
2
4  1000  279.25mm.

180
1) 5dx = 5 x 130 = 650 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 279.25 mm
Torsional Reinforcement at corners adjacent to discontinuous longer edge:

1 3 1 3
  A st  x    258.27  96.85mm2
2 4 2 4
a st
A st
8
2
 4  1000  519.00mm.
96.85
Provide 8 mm dia at 300 c/c in 2 perpendicular directions at top and 2 perpendicular
direction bottom at corners

L  L 
       Kt  Kc  Kf
L 
  
 d  basic
fs  0.58f y
10 
2
A st ,prov  4  1000  261.80mm 2

300
100 A st 100  261.8
% of steel    0.20%
bd x 1000  130
258.27
fs  0.58  415   237.45 N/mm2
261.8
L  3620 L 
    30.17     20  1.68  1.0  1.0  33.60
Safe
LY / 8 # 8 @ 300 c/c
LY / 8 ¾ LY
LX / 5 LX / 5 # 10 @ 300 c/c # 8 @ 270 c/c 1400
0.1L X
LX / 5
LX / 8
700
0.15 LX
0.3 L Y 0.15 L Y 0.3 L Y 0.15 L Y
# 10 @ 300 c/c
0.15 L Y 0.3 L Y 0.15 L Y 0.3 L Y

0.15 LY
¾ LX
#10 @ 300 c/c #10 @ 300 c/c
0.25 LY
0.25 LX
# 10 @ 300 c/c
0.3 L X
0.15 L X
LX / 8
0.15 L X
PLAN
0.3 L X
No Torsional rft
# 10 @ 220 c/c No Torsional rft
Feb 2002 VTU – 20 marks

Design a rectangular slab (supported on its all four edges) over a class
room of size 4.8 m x 6.2m. Two adjacent edges of slab are discontinuous and the
remaining two edges are continuous. A finishing surface of cement concrete of 20
mm shall be provided over the slab. The slab shall be used for a class – room floor.
Use M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel. Sketch the details of reinforcement.
June / July 2004 – 20 marks( BU)

Design a slab of dimension 5 m x 4 m with two adjacent edges discontinuous. Live
load on the slab is 3 KN/m2. Floor finish 1 KN/m2 ceiling plaster 0.25 KN/m2.. Sketch
the details of reinforcement.
MARCH/2001 (I-BATCH V.T.U) -14 MARKS

PROB: 6.b
Design a reinforced concrete slab of size 6 m x 4 m. whose one short edge is
discontinuous and corners are restrained at supports. The slab has to carry a live
load of 3 kN/m2 and floor finish 1.0 kN/m2. Use M-15 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Sketch the details of reinforcement.
Feb / March 2003 – 20 marks (BU)

Design a slab for an enclosure 4 m x 5 m. The super imposed working load on
the slab excluding self weight of slab amounts to 9.0 KN/m2. The slab is continuous
on two long edges and discontinuous on two short edges. Use M20 concrete and Fe
415 steel.
DEC 07 / JAN 08 – 16 marks (VTU)

Design a two way slab for a hall measuring 4m x 6 m to support an imposed
load of 3 KN/m2. The slab is supported on 230 mm walls. All edges are
discontinuous. Sketch the details of steel. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. The
corners are held.
Aug 1997 BU – 20 marks

A RC two way slab with discontinuous edges is to be designed for a room of
6.5 m x 5.5 m. The slab is supported on walls of 400 mm thick. The live load on the
slab is 2.2 KN/m2 and floor finish is 0.5 KN/m2. Design the slab assuming the corners
are prevented from lifting. Adopt M-15 grade concrete and Grade – 1 mild steel.
Sketch the details of reinforcements in the slab.
Sept / Oct 1998 BU – 20 Marks

Design an interior panel of a two way slab 6 m x 5 m using IS code method.
Live load on the slab is 3000 N/m2. Adopt M-15 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade
steel.
P-142, Design of RCC , M.L.Gambhir,

A multi-panel floor slab system supported on 230 mm thick load bearing masonry
walls shown in fig is to carry a live load of 4.0 KN/m2, and floor finish and partition
load of 1.25 KN/m2. Design and detail the floor slab using M20 concrete and HYSD
steel bars of grade Fe 415 for a mild exposure.
5500 5500 5500
230
4000
230
4500
4000
230 230
✍ ☞ Monday, March 30, 2020 2:25:59 AM

STAIR CASE
A Staircase Provides a means of movement from one level to another in a
Structure. It Consists of a number of steps arranged in a series of flights with
landings at suitable intervals to provide comfort, ease and safety. Various
component of the stair are as shown in fig. there is a variety of staircases used in
practice depending on aesthetic and structural considerations. In buildings, the
location, form and type of staircases is governed by architectural and structural
considerations, which include easy accessibility, freedom of movement of circulation,
comfort, proper illumination and ventilation, aesthetics and structural feasibility.
Landing slab
Tread
Wall
Rise
Waste slab
Structural Classification of stair cases:

Depending upon the predominant force component and its direction in the
stair slab while supporting gravity loads, the staircase can be grouped as:
(a) Stair with cantilever steps,
(b) Stair slab spanning transversely or horizontally between stinger beams or
walls,
(c) Stair slab spanning longitudinally, slabless or stair with only risers and
treads, (e) spiral stair case, and (f) helicoidal slab and 3-D or free
standing stair slab.
Stair slab spanning transversely or horizontally:
Wall
Landing slab
Tread
CANTILEVER STAIR CASE
Rise
Waste slab
Slabless Stair
Over
Stinger Beam Stair case hanging
Slab
Reinforcemen
t
Stinger beam
Horizontal spanning Stair

case between walls
Main rft
Walls on
Distribution rft
either side
Effective Span of Stairs

The effective span of stairs without
stringer beams shall be taken as the
following horizontal distances:
a) Where supported at top and
bottom risers by beams
spanning parallel with the
risers, the effective span is the
distance between centre-to-
centre of beams;
Span
b) Where the landing slab spans in the same direction as stairs, they shall be
considered as acting together to form a single span and the span is determined as
the distance centre to centre of the supporting beams or walls, the going being
measured horizontally.
Wall /
Beam
Wall /
Beam
Landin Going Landing
g
Spa
n
c) Where spanning on to edge of a landing slab, which spans parallel with the risers,
a distance equal to going of the stairs plus at each end either half the width of the
landing or one meter, whichever is smaller; would be the effective span.
X Y Span - m
< 1m < 1m G+X+Y
< 1m ≥ 1m G+X+1
≥ 1m < 1m G+1+Y
≥ 1m ≥ 1m G+1+1
Wall/
support
Wall /
support
X Going
X
Y Y
Effective Span
Where flights or landings are embedded into walls for a length of not less
than 110 mm and are designed to span in the direction of the flight, a 150 mm strip
may be deducted from the loaded area and the effective breadth of the section
increased by 75 mm for purposes of design (see Fig.).
110
Loading
150
75
Effective Span
Floor Slab Thickness
Going
Higher floor level
Dog legged Stair
Height of
2nd Flight
Second Flight
Landing Slab
Head Room
Tread
First Flight
Bearing of
wall
Height of
Waist slab 1st Flight
Rise
FLOOR LEVEL
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
Going Landing width

Landing slab
PLAN
Width of stair
wall all-
round
Width of
stair
PROBLEM: 
The main stair of an office building has to be located in a room measuring
3.5m x 5.5 m. the vertical distance b/w the floors is 3.75 m. design the stairs. The
live load on the stairs is 4KN / m2 . Use M-15 concrete and Fe-250 steel.
Solution:
Height b/w the floors = 3.75 m.
Let us design a doglegged stair of 2 flights.
3.75
Height of each flight =  1.875m
2
Assuming,
Rise = 150 mm
1.875
No of rises =  12.5 Say 12
0.15
1.875
Actual rise =  0.15625m = 156.25 mm.
12
No of treads = 12 –1 =11 no’s
Assuming,
Width of tread = 270 mm
Going = No of tread x Width of tread = 11 x 270 = 2970 mm
Width of stair = 1.6 m
930 2970 1600
Width of landing = Width of stair = 1.6 m
Bearing = 300 mm
0.3 1600
Effective horizontal span = 2.97  1.6   4.72m.
2 Landing
Thickness of Waist slab: 300 slab 3500
Assuming,
Thickness = 40 mm / m run 1600
D  40  4.72  188.8mm Say 220 mm
Assuming, 5500
12 mm dia and clear cover = 15 mm.
12
d  220   15  199mm
2
Load calculations
1. Self weight of waist slab = 0.22 x 25 = 5.5KN / m 2
2. Ceiling finishes (0.0125 x 22)  0.3KN / m 2
Load on inclined portion W1   5.8KN / m2
R2  T2 156.25 2  270 2
Load on horizontal portion = W1   5.8   6.7KN / m 2
T 270
R 0.15625  25
D.L of step =  Density   1.95KN / m 2
2 2
2
Top finish = 0.3KN / m
Live load = 4.0KN / m 2
2
Total load = 6.7  1.95  0.3  4.0  12.95KN / m2 Say 13KN / m
Factored load Wu  1.5  13  19.5KN / m 2
WuL2 19.5  4.72 2

Factored moment Mu    54.30KN  m
8 8
Check for effective depth (d) 19.5 kN/m
Mu  Mu,lim it
54.3  10 6  0.148  fckbd2
Mu 54.3  10 6 Leff = 4.72 m
dreq  
0.148  fck b 0.148  15  1000
dreq  156.39mm  dprov ided (199 mm)
Area of reinforcement (Ast)
 A st f y 
Mu  0.87 f y A st d1  

 bdf ck 
 A st  250 
54.3  10 6  0.87  250  A st  199  1  
 1000  199  15 
A st  1424.5mm2
12 
2
Spacing of 12 mm dia bar = 4  1000  79.4mm

1424 .5
1) 3d = 3 x 199 = 597 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 79.4 mm
12 
2
A st ,prov  4  1000  1507.96mm 2

75
A st  0.15%bD
0.15
  1000  220  330mm 2
100
8
2

330
1) 5d = 5 x 199 = 995 mm
2) 450 mm
3) 152.32 mm

L  L  L 
      Kt    20
 d  prov ided  d  Permissible  d basic

fs  0.58f y
Ast prov = 1507.96 mm2
100 A st 100  1507.96

% of steel    0.76%
bd 1000  199
1424.5
fs  0.58  250   136.97N/mm2
1507.96
L  4720 L 
    23.72     20  1.6  32
Safe
Floor Slab Thickness

Going=2970
Height of
2nd Flight
Second Flight 1.875m
Landing Slab
Head Room
Tread
First Flight 270mm
Bearing of
Wall 300th
Height of
Waist slab 1st Flight
Rise=156.25mm 220nn 1.875m
Dist rft #8 @150 c/c FLOOR LEVEL
Main rft #12@ 75 c/c
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
Floor Slab Thickness 200
930 Going=2970 1600
#10 @200 c / c
Tread
270mm
#8 @150 c / c
#12@ 75 c/c
Height of
2nd Flight
Rise=156.25mm 1.875m
Dist rft Landing Slab

#8 @150 c / c
Main rft
#12@ 75 c/c
Sectional Elevation Of Second Flight Second Flight
#8 @150 c / c
Problem:
Design the stairs for the clear dimension of a stair case hall 2.4 x 4.75 m.
The floor to floor ht is 3.52 m. A two flight stair is to be provided for the two floors.
Assume the stairs to be supported on 300 mm thick masonry walls at the outer
edges of the landing, parallel to the risers. Assume live load = 5 kN/m2. Use M20
concrete and Fe 415 steel. Assume mild exposure conditions.
Solution:
Since 2 flights has to be designed, 1125 2500 1125
3.52
2
Assuming,
Rise = 160 mm
2400
Height of flight 1.76
No of rises =   11
Height of rise 0.16
No of treads = 11 –1 =10 no’s
Assuming, 4750
Going = No of tread x Width of tread = 10 x 300 = 2500 mm
2.4
Width of stair =  1.2m
2
Width of landing = Width of stair = 1.2 m
Bearing = 300 mm
0.3 0.3
Effective horizontal span =  1.125  2.5  1.125   5.05m.
2 2
Thickness of waist slab:

Assuming,
Thickness = 50 mm / m run
D  50  5.05  252.5mm Say 250 mm
Assuming,
16 mm dia for main rft and
Clear cover for mild exposure condition = 20 mm. (Table -16, P – 47)
16
d  250   20  222mm
2
Load calculations
1. Self weight of waist slab = 0.25 x 25 = 6.25KN / m2
R2  T2 160 2  250 2
Load on horizontal portion = W1   6.55   7.78KN / m2
T 250
R 0.16  25
2 2
2
Live load = 5.0KN / m2
Total load on going = Load on horizontal portion + DL of step + Top finishes +

Live Load = 7.78  2.0  0.3  5.0  15.08KN / m2
Factored load on going = 1.5 x 15.08 = 22.62 kN/m2.
Total load on Landing slab = Self weight of waist slab + Ceiling finishes + Top
finishes + Live Load = 6.25  0.3  0.3  5.0  11.85KN / m2
Factored load on Landing = 1.5 x 11.85 = 17.78 kN/m2.
17.78 kN/m 22.62 kN/m 17.78 kN/m
1.25 m
1.275 m 2.5 m 1.275m
217.78  1.275   22.62  2.5

Re action   50.94kN
2
Max BM occurs at center
 1.275  1.25
Mu  50.94  1.25  1.275   17.78  1.275    1.25   22.62  1.25   68.16kN  m
 2  2
Mu  Mu,lim it  0.138  fck bd2
Mu 68.16  10 6
dreq    157.15mm  dprov (222)
0.138  f ck b 0.138  20  1000
Safe

 A st fy 
Mu  0.87 fy A st d1  
 bdfck 
 A st  415 
68.16  10 6  0.87  415  A st  222  1  
 1000  222  20 
A st  931.50mm2
16 
2

931.5
1) 3d = 3 x 222 = 666 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 215.85 mm
Provide # 16 @ 200 c/c.
16 
2
A st ,prov  4  1000  1005.31mm 2

200
A st  0.12%bD
0.12
  1000  250  300mm 2
100
10 
2

300
1) 5d = 5 x 222 = 1110 mm
2) 450 mm
3) 261.8 mm
Provide # 10 @ 260 c/c.

L  L 
      Kt
 d  prov ided  d  Permissible
L 
   20
 d  basic
fs  0.58f y
100 A st 100  1005.31

% of steel    0.50%
bd 1000  200
926.18
fs  0.58  415   221.75N/mm2
1005.31
L  5050 L 
    22.75     20  1.3  26
Safe
Floor Slab Thickness 200
1125 Going=2500 1125
#10 @200 c / c
Tread
250mm
#10 @260 c/c
#16 @200 c/c
Height of
Flight=1.76m
Rise=160 mm
Dist rft Landing Slab

#10 @ 260 c/c
Main rft
#16 @ 200 c/c
Sectional Elevation
#10 @260 c/c
Problem:
The overall dimension of a dog-legged stair are as shown in fig. The
landing slabs are supported on the sides perpendicular to the risers. Design
the stair slab. The height b/w the floors is 3.2 m. Provide M-20 grade of the concrete
and HYSD bars of grade Fe-415. The stair is used inside a residential building.
Solution:
Assuming live load = 3 kN/m2.
Since 2 flights has to be designed,
2400
3.2
2
Assuming,
Rise = 160 mm 4750
1.6
No of rises =  10
0.16
No of treads = 10 –1 = 9 no’s
Assuming,
Going (G) = No of tread x Width of tread = 9 x 250 = 2250 mm
2.4
Width of stair =  1.2m
2
4750  2250
Min Width of landing =  1250 > Width of stair = 1.2 m
2
1250 2250 1250

W3 kN/m
2400
4750
X X=0.625 Going Y Y=0.625
Effective span
W2 kN/m
W1 kN/m The landing slab are supported on the sides
Clause 31.1(b)
Where spanning on to the edges of a
3.5 m
landing slab, which spans parallel, with the
risers, a distance equal to the going of the
Effective span (p-98 cl. 32.1.b) stairs plus at each end either half the width
Half the width of landing on one side of the landing or one metre, whichever is
X = 0.5 x 1.25=0625 m smaller.
Half the width of landing on another side
Y = 0.5 x 1.25=0625 m
Effective span = G + X + Y
 2.25  0.625  0.625
 3.5m.
Thickness of waist slab:

Assuming,
D  50  3.5  175mm Say 180 mm
Assuming,
12 mm dia for main rft and Clear cover = 20 mm.
12
d  180   20  154mm
2
Load calculations
R2  T2 160 2  250 2
T 250
R 0.16  25
2 2
Top finish = 0.3KN / m 2
Total load on going = Load on horizontal portion + DL of step + Top finishes + Live
Load = 5.69  2.0  0.3  3.0  10.99KN / m2
Factored load on Landing slab = 1.5 x 8.1 = 12.15 kN/m2.
Design of waist slab:
12.15 kN/m 16.5 kN/ m 12.15 kN/ m
1.125 m
0.625 m 2.25 m 0.625 m
212.15  0.625   16.5  2.25

2
 0.625  1.125 2
Mu  33.75  1.125  0.625   12.15  0.625    1.125   16.5   37.71kN  m
 2  2
Mu  Mu,lim it  0.138  fck bd2
Mu 37.71  10 6
dreq    116.89mm  dprov (154 )
0.138  fck b 0.138  20  1000
Safe

 A st fy 
Mu  0.87 fy A st d1  
 bdfck 
 A st  415 
37.71  10 6  0.87  415  A st  154  1  
 1000  154  20 
A st  755.02mm2
12 
2

755.02
1) 3d = 3 x 154 = 462 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 149.80 mm
Provide # 12 @ 140 c/c.
Nominal rft of # 10 @ 140 c/c is provided art top at the junction of the waist slab
with the landing slab to resist possible ‘negative’ moments.
12 
2
A st ,prov  4  1000  807.84mm 2

140
A st  0.12%bD
0.12
  1000  180  216mm 2
100
8
2

216
1) 5d = 5 x 154 = 770 mm
2) 450 mm
3) 232.71 mm

L  L 
      Kt
L 
   20
 d  basic
fs  0.58f y

100 A st 100  807.84
% of steel    0.52%
bd 1000  154
755.02
fs  0.58  415   224.96N/mm2
807.84
L  3500 L 
    22.72     20  1.4  28
Safe
Design of landing slab:

Effective span = 2.4 m
Factored load on Landing slab = 1.5 x 8.1 = 12.15 kN/m2. 12.15 kN/m

wL2 12.15  2.4 2 2.4 m
Mu    8.748kN  m
8 8

 A st fy 
Mu  0.87 fy A st d1  
 bdfck 
 A st  415 
8.748  10 6  0.87  415  A st  154  1  
 1000  154  20 
A st  160.81mm2  A st ,min  260mm2
Therefore, Provide min reinforcement to landing lab at bottom.
10 
2

260
1) 3d = 3 x 154 = 462 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 302.08 mm
Provide # 10 @ 300 c/c.
Landing = 1250 mm
Tread
250 mm Main rft at bottom
#10 @ 300 c/c
#8 @ 230 c/c
Rise=160
mm Dist rft
#8 @ 230 c/c
Main rft
#12 @ 140 c/c
Waist slab Thickness
Landing = 1250 mm 180 mm
Side wall
Side wall
Problem: 
Design the staircase slab having 10 treads of 300 mm, rise of 150mm and
width of landing slab = 1.5m. The stairs are simply supported on beams provided at
the first riser and at the edge of the upper landing. Width of beam = 300mm.
Assume a finish load of 0.4 kN/m2 and a live load of 4 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and
Fe 500 steel. Assume mild exposure conditions.
Solution:
Width of Landing beams = 300 mm, Width of Landing slab = 1500 mm,
Width of tread = 300 mm, Rise = 150 mm,
Number of steps in the flight = 10.
Live load = 4 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 500 steel
300
Going = 10 x 300 = 3000 mm Landing = 1500 mm
300
Effective Span = c/c of beams
W1 kN/m W2 kN/m
3.15 m 1.35 m
4.5 m
Effective horizontal span:
Width of beam Width of beam

 No of treads  Width of each tread  Landing width 
2 2
300 300
  10  300  1500   4500mm  4.5m.
2 2
Thickness of Waist slab:
Assuming,
D = 50 x 4.5 = 225 mm Say 230
Assuming,
12 mm dia for main rft and
Clear cover for mild exposure condition = 20 mm. (Table -16, P – 47)
12
d  230   20  204mm
2
Load calculations
R2  T2 150 2  300 2
Load on horizontal portion = W1   6.05   6.76KN / m 2
T 300
R 0.15  25
2 2
2
Load = 6.76  1.875  0.4  4.0  13.04KN / m2
Total load on Landing slab = Self weight of waist slab + Ceiling finishes +Top
19.6 kN/m 15.7 kN/m

A
B
3.15 m 1.35 m
RA RB
4.5 m
X=2.21m
Reaction calculation:
Maximum reaction occurs at support A. Taking moment about B
 3.15  1.35
R A  4.5  19.6  3.15  1.35   15.7  1.35 
 2  2
R A  43.31kN
Maximum bending moment occurs at zero shear, Let position of zero shear from
support ‘A’ be ‘x’.
R A  19.6  x  0
43.31
x  2.21m from support A.
19.6
2.21
Max BM  43.31  2.21  19.6  2.21   47.85kN  m
2
Check for effective depth (dreq):

The section is designed as a balanced section , i.e., Mu  Mu,limit  0.133  fck bd2
47.85  10 6  0.133  fck bd 2
Mu 47.85  10 6
dreq    134.12mm  dprov ided (204)
0.133  fck b 0.133  20  1000
Area of reinforcement (Ast):

 A st fy 
Mu  0.87 fy A st d1  
 bdfck 
 A st  500 
47.85  10 6  0.87  500  A st  204  1  
 1000  204  20 
A st  580.51mm2
12 
2

580.51

1) 3d = 3 x 204 = 612 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 194.82 mm
Provide # 12 @ 190 c/c.
12 
2
A st ,prov  4  1000  594.25mm 2

190
A st  0.12%bD
0.12
  1000  230  276mm 2
100
8
2

276
1) 5d = 5 x 204 = 1020 mm
2) 450 mm
3) 186.17 mm

L  L 
      Kt
L 
   20
 d  basic
K t  Modification factor for tension reinforcem ent.

fs  0.58f y
100 A st 100  594.25

% of steel    0.29%
bd 1000  204
580.51
fs  0.58  500   283.30N/mm2
594.25
L  4500 L 
    22.06     20  1.25  25
Safe
Tread
300mm
#8 @ 180 c/c
Main rft
#12 @ 190 c/c
300
Rise=150 mm
Dist rft
#8 @ 180 c/c
#12 @ 190 c/c

Main rft
#12 @ 190 c/c
Waist slab
Thickness 230mm
Going = 10 x 300 = 3000 mm Landing = 1500 mm
300
Effective Span = c/c of beams
Sectional Elevation
Problem: 06 CV 52 – Dec 09 / Jan 2010 – 10 marks

Design one of the flights of a dog legged stairs supported on beams of
300 mm wide. The beams are provided at the end of top and bottom risers. Beams
span parallel with risers. Number of steps in the flight = 10. Rise = 150 mm, tread =
300 mm. Live load = 5 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Width of Landing beams = 300 mm
Landing Slab
Going = 10 x 300 = 3000 mm
Tread Landing Beam

300
300
Rise 150
Landing Beam
300 Effective Span = c/c of beams = 3300 mm
W kN/m
Effective Span = c/c of beams = 3300 mm

Width of beam Width of beam
 No of treads  Width of each tread 
2 2
300 300
  10  300   3300mm  3.3m.
2 2
Assuming,
D  50  3.3  165mm Say 180 mm
Assuming,
Clear cover = 20 mm.
12
d  180   20  154mm
2
Load calculations
1. Self weight of Slab = 0.18 x 25 = 4.5KN / m2
R2  T2 150 2  300 2
T 300
R 0.15  25
D.L of step =  Density   1.875KN / m2
2 2
2
Total load = 6.5  1.875  0.3  5.0  13.675KN / m2
Factored load Wu  1.5  13.675  20.50KN / m2
WuL2 20.5  3.3 2
Factored moment Mu    27.90KN  m
8 8
27.90  10 6  0.138  fck bd 2
29.90  10 6 27.90  10 6
dreq    100.54mm  dprov ided (154 mm)
0.138  fck b 0.138  20  1000
Safe
 A st fy 
Mu  0.87 fy A st d1  

 bdf ck 
 A st  415 
27.90  10 6  0.87  415  A st  154  1  
 1000  154  20 
A st  541.26 mm 2
12 
2

541.26
1) 3d = 3 x 154 = 462 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 208.95 mm
Provide # 12 @ 200 c/c.
12 
2
A st ,prov  4  1000  565.50mm 2

200
A st  0.12%bD
0.12
  1000  180  216mm 2
100
8
2

216
1) 5d = 5 x 154 = 770 mm
2) 450 mm
3) 232.71 mm

L  L 
      Kt
L 
   20
 d  basic
fs  0.58f y
541.26
fs  0.58  415   230.38N/mm2
565.50
100 A st 100  565.50
% of steel    0.37%
bd 1000  154

L  3300 L 
    21.43     20  1.45  29
Safe
Landing Slab #8 @ 230 c/c

Going = 10 x 300 = 3000 mm
Tread Landing Beam

300
300
Main rft
Rise 150 #12 @ 200 c/c
Waist slab
Thickness 180 mm
Dist rft
#8 @ 230 c/c
Landing Beam
300 Effective Span = c/c of beams = 3300 mm
Open well stair

Distribution of Loading on
UP
Stairs
In the case of stairs with open wells,
where spans partly crossing at right
angles occur, the load on areas
common to any two such spans may W
be taken as one half in each
direction as shown in Fig.
UP UP
W/2
W
W/2
UP
Landing
Open well stair
UP
Landing
UP
Problem:
A stair with open well is having steps of size 280mm x 150mm. the
arrangements of stairs is as shown in fig. Design the stairs for a live load of 5 kN/m2.
Use M20 concrete mix and Fe 500 grade steel. Sketch the details of reinforcement.
300 Alround
Quarter
28 wall thickness
spacing
18 27
landing
D 1400
C
17
16
Landing
beam
1400
11
B A
1 1 1400
11 0
1400 2800 1400

Solution:
Assuming, Width of Landing beam = 300 mm
Along AB flight:
Width of beam Width of wall
 No of treads  Width of each tread  Landing slab 
2 2
300 300
  10  2800  1400   4500mm  4.5m.
2 2
Along BC flight:
Width of Wall Width of wall

 Landing slab  No of treads  Width of each tread  Landing slab 
2 2
300 300
  1400  5  280  1400   4500 mm  4.5m.
2 2

Assuming,
D  50  4.5  225mm Say 250 mm
Assuming,
Clear cover = 20 mm, dia of rft = 16 mm.

16
d  250   20  222mm
2
Load calculations
1. Self weight of Slab = 0.25 x 25 = 6.25KN / m2
R2  T2 150 2  280 2
T 280
R 0.15  25
D.L of step =  Density   1.875KN / m2
2 2
Top finish = 0.3KN / m 2
Factored load Wu  1.5  14.605  22KN / m2

Load = 7.43  1.875  0.3  5.0  14.605KN / m2
Factored load on going = 1.5 x 14.605 = 22 kN/m2.
Total load on Landing slab = Self weight of waist slab + Ceiling finishes +Top
Since the slab is spanning in two mutually perpendicular direction, 50% of the
calculated load has to be taken. i.e., = 0.5 x 17.80= 8.9 kN/m2.
Span AB:
22 kN/m 8.9 kN/m
A
B
2.8 +0.15 = 2.95 m 1.4+0.15=1.55 m

RA RB
4.5 m
X=2.21m
Reaction calculation:
Maximum reaction occurs at support A. Taking moment about B
 2.95  1.55
R A  4.5  22  2.95    1.55   8.9  1.55 
 2  2
R A  46.0kN
Maximum bending moment occurs at zero shear, Let position of zero shear from
support ‘A’ be ‘x’.
R A  22  x  0
46
x  2.10m from support A.
22
2.1
Max BM  46  2.1  22  2.1   48.09kN  m
2
Span BC:
8.9 kN/m 22 kN/ m 8.9 kN/ m
0.7 m
1.55 m 1.4 m 1.55 m
28.9  1.55  22  1.4

2
 1.55  0.7 2
Mu  29.2  1.55  0.7   8.9  1.55    0.7   22   39.96kN  m
 2  2
Maximum BM of 48.09 kN –m is taken to check for effective depth.

48.09  10 6  0.133  fck bd 2
48.09  10 6 48.09  10 6
dreq    134.46mm  dprov ided (222 mm)
0.133  fck b 0.133  20  1000
Safe
 A st fy 
Mu  0.87 fy A st d1  

 bdf ck 
 A st  500 
48.09  10 6  0.87  500  A st  222  1  
 1000  222  20 
A st  529.56 mm 2
12 
2

541.26
1) 3d = 3 x 154 = 462 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 208.95 mm
Provide # 12 @ 200 c/c.
12 
2
A st ,prov  4  1000  565.50mm 2

200
A st  0.12%bD
0.12
  1000  180  216mm 2
100
8
2

216
1) 5d = 5 x 154 = 770 mm
2) 450 mm
3) 232.71 mm

L  L 
      Kt
L 
   20
 d  basic
fs  0.58f y
541.26
fs  0.58  415   230.38N/mm2
565.50
100 A st 100  565.50
% of steel    0.37%
bd 1000  154

L  3300 L 
    21.43     20  1.45  29
Safe
Problem:
Fig shows the plan of a stair hall of a public building,
which measures 4.25m x 5.25m. The vertical distance
between the floors is 3.9 m. Design a suitable stair for the
5.25
building.
Solution: Since it is a public building,
4.25
let us fix the width of stair = 1.5m.
Since the width of room is 4.25m, space left between the
two flights = 4.25 - 2 x 1.5 = 1.25m.
This suggests that we can provide an open well-type stairs.
Let the height of risers be 15 cm. keeping two fights,
1 3.9x100
No. of riser in each flights =   13
2 15
No. of treads in each flight =13-1=12
Keeping width of treads =25 cm, and width of landing =1.5 horizontal
Distance required to accommodate these = [25x12]+150=450 cm 4.5 = 0.75m
only which is not sufficient. Also, in public buildings, maximum number of treads in
each flight is limited to 9.
Hence let us provide 6 treads in the landing portion, which can be easily
accommodated in a width= 5x25=125cm, which is equal to the width of well.
Provide 9 treads in each flight.
Thus there will be a total of 9 + 9 + 5 = 23 treads .
The stairs will be of quarter landing type. Total number of risers to accommodate
23 treads in three flights will be =23+3=26.
3.9  100
Height of riser   15cm.
26
Thus the steps will have risers of 15cm and treads of 25cm.Horizontal
space required for 9 treads=25 x 9 = 225cm = 2.25m.
Therefore width of passage left = 5.25 - (1.5 + 2.25) = 1.50
The plan of the stairs is shown in fig.
Quarter
spacing 17 25
landing 1.5
m
15
Landing
beam
1.25m
1
1
9 1 1.5
10
m
1.5 2.25m 1.5

m m
Problem: 06 CV 52 – Dec 09 / Jan 2010 – 10 marks

An open well stair case is to be provided for a stair hall of size 3.25 x 3.25 m.
size of open well at the centre = 1.25 m x 1.25 m. Floor to floor = 3.6 m. Size of
landing at each corner = 1 m x 1 m. thickness of stair hall wall is 230 mm. The stair
slab is embedded in to the wall by 200 mm. the live load on stair = 3 kN/m 2.
Calculate the area of steel required at mid span of flight.
Problem:
Design one of of the flights of stairs of a school building spanning between
landing beams to suit the following data:
Data: Type of staircase:- Waist slab type

Number of steps in flight = 12,
Tread T = 300 mm,
Riser R = 160 mm
Width of landing beams = 400 mm
Materials: M-20 concrete, and Fe 415 HYSD bars.
Problem:
A longitudinal type of stair case spans a distance of 3.75 m centre to centre of
beams. The rise R = 175 mm, tread T = 270 mm. The treads have 15 mm
granolithic finish and consists of 15 steps. Assuming grade 25 concrete and Fe 415
steel, design the staircase for a live load of 5 KN/m2. Assume breadth of staircase as
1.5m.
Development length of bars : The development length is defined as the length of

the bar required on either side of the section under consideration to develop the
required stress in steel at that section through bond. The development length is
given in clause 26.2.1 of Page 24 IS 456-2000.
Development length (Ld)

0.87f y 
Ld  .
4 bd
Bond stress (  bd ):
Bond stress is achieved by the development of

tangential (shear) stress components along the
interface (contact surface) between the reinforcing
bar and the surrounding concrete.
The stress so developed at the interface is called bond stress.
Types of Bond: The bond has two types

a) Flexural Bond: It develops along the length of a bar in order to let the
concrete and steel together.
b) Anchorage Bond: It develops in anchorage zone at the ends of bar in

order to let the concrete and steel act together.
Factors affecting development of Bond stress:

a) Pure adhesion: It is due to gum like property to colloidal materials produced
in concrete during hydration of cement.
b) Frictional Resistance: Due to shrinkage in the concrete, there by gripping
the steel.
c) Mechanical resistance: Due to deformation or twisting of the bar.
The bond resistance of plain bar (mild steel) is due to adhesion and frictional
resistance.
The bond resistance of deformed bars (HYSD) is due to mechanical resistance in

addition to adhesion and frictional resistance.
The value of design bond stress for plain bars in tension is given in Page –43 /2000,
cl 26.2.1.1
Grade of concrete M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 and

above
Design bond stress 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
τbd N/mm2
Page –43 /2000, cl 26.2.1.1

τbd  for plain bars in compression increased by 25%
above
τbd N/mm2
FOR HYSD BARS USED AS TENSION REINFORCEMENT 60% HAS TO BE

INCREASED

above
τbd N/mm2
FOR HYSD BARS USED AS COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT 25% HAS TO

BE INCREASED

above
τbd N/mm2
Development length Factor (k)
0.87 f y 
Ld   k
4 bd
0.87 f y
k
4 bd
For example
For Fe250: Bars in Tension:
0.87f y 0.87  250

Ld    45.31  k
4 bd 4  1.2
For Fe250: Bars in Compression:
0.87 fy 0.87  250

Ld    36.25  k
4 bd 4  1.25  1.2
For Fe 415: Bars in Tension:
0.87f y 0.87  415

Ld    47  k
4 bd 4  1.6  1.2
For Fe 415: Bars in Compression:
0.87 fy 0.87  415

Ld    37.61  k
4 bd 4  1.25  1.6  1.2
For Fe 500: Bars in Tension:
0.87f y 0.87  500

Ld    56.64  k
4 bd 4  1.6  1.2
For Fe 500: Bars in Compression:
0.87 fy 0.87  500

Ld    45.31  k
4 bd 4  1.25  1.6  1.2
Grade of concrete M20 M25

Grade of steel Fe250 Fe415 Fe500 Fe250 Fe415 Fe500
Bars in tension (k) 46 47 57 39 41 49
Bars in compression (k) 37 38 46 31 33 39
Note: Ld value calculated is rounded off to the next number.
Anchorages of bars: (Cl 26.2.2.1)

Generally the bars are to be anchored in concrete by providing hooks at the
ends. Tor steel bars are deformed or cold twisted and the hooks formed by such
bars are large ones, as such hooks are not provided for deformed bars. Deformed
bars are provided with bends of 900 in practice. Bends and hooks shall confirm to IS
2502 – 1963. A bar gives an additional equivalent bond length of 4 Ø for every 450
bend, subjected to a maximum of 16 Ø. In case of bars in compression, hooks

and bends are ineffective and cannot be used as anchorage.
Anchorage value:
Bend – 4 x dia of bar, for each 450 bend subjected to 16Ø
Hooks – 16 x diameter of bar
Lap length / Lap splices:

When the length of bars available in the market is many times smaller than
the length required or when pieces of bars are to be utilized, the bars are required
to be lapped. Lap length will be as follows.
Tension – 2 x Ld or 30 Ø, wherever is greater.
Compression – Ld or 24 Ø, wherever is greater.
Precautions in splicing:
(i) Splicing shall be avoided at a section where stresses in steel are
maximum.
(ii) Not more than half bars shall be spliced at a particular section.
(iii) Lap splicing is not recommended for bars larger than 36 mm.
For such bars welding is recommended.
Ld
Ld

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MODULE 4: DESIGN OF SLABS AND STAIRS

LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF SLABS AND STAIRS: Introduction to one

One – way Slabs:

In the case of simply Distribution

Effective Depth (d) Depth of slab (D)

S Main rft Ast 0.1Lx Support/wall

Cross section along short span

Spacing of main reinforcement

Main rft Ast Cross section along Longer span

General Guidelines for slab Thicknesses (P- 37,Cl 23.2.1)

Effective SpanL eff 

Depth of slab (D) = Effective depth (d) + Effective cover

Nominal clear cover (P – 46, Cl: 26.4.2, Table – 16)

Maximum dia of bar: (P- 48, cl: 26.5.2.2)

Effective span for cantilever slab:(P-34 Cl: 22.2 a):

Factored load (Wu) =partial safety factor for loads x W = 1.5 x W

Note: Density of RCC = 25 kN/m2,

Factored Moment (Mu)

Q = 0.148 for Fe 250

Area of reinforcement (P- 96/2000)

Minimum flexural reinforcement: (P- 48, cl: 26.5.2.1)

i.e., Mild steel reinforcement (Fe 250 grade steel)

HYSD steel reinforcement (Fe 415 or Fe 500)

Spacing of reinforcing bars: (P- 46, cl: 26.3.3(b)(1) &(2))

Spacing for Main reinforcement: P – 46 Cl: 26.3.3 (b) (1)

iii. Calculated spacing

Spacing for Distribution reinforcement: P – 46 Cl: 26.3.3 (b) (2)

Check for deflection: (Empirical calculation)

Thickness of slab: (P-37/2000)

Effective span: P -34, Cl: 22.2 (c): Least of the following

Factored Moment (Mu)

Check for effective depth (d)

Area of reinforcement (P-96/2000)

 4  1000  654 .50mm.

Spacing of 8 mm dia bar = 4  1000  418.90mm.

Area of cross section of steel required

Ast req = 120 mm2

A st ,prov  4  1000  261.80mm 2

The thickness of slab may be reduced to 80 mm at free end.

Monday, August 27, 2001 7:15:23 PM

Assuming dia of bar = 10 mm

Effective span: Least of the following

2) Live load = 3.00kN / m2

Factored Moment (Mu)

Check for effective depth (d):

Max. Spacing: Least of the following

Spacing of 8 mm dia bar = 4  1000  232.70mm.

Check for deflection:

A st ,prov  4  1000  392.7mm 2

#10 @ 400 c/c Dist rft # 8 @ 230 c/c

Effective Depth (d)= D=180 mm

230 Main rft 0.3m Support/wall

Cross section along short span

Cross section along Longer span

Effective span: Least of the following

Factored Moment (Mu)

Area of reinforcement (P-96/2000)

Spacing of 8 mm dia bar = 4  1000  335.10mm.

Check for deflection:

A st ,prov  4  1000  436.33mm 2

Therefore the design of slab is safe for limit state of serviceability.

#10 @ 360 c/c Dist rft #8 @ 320 c/c

Effective Depth (d)= D=120 mm