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College of Physicians
Internal Medicine Meeting 2021: Virtual Experience
Annals Articles that Should Influence Practice: Diagnosis and
Treatment of Alzheimer Disease
Faculty and Disclosure Information
Anita Palepu, MD, MPH, MACP
Nothing to Disclose.
Clinical questions to be addressed:
1. Become aware of recent studies with implications for internal medicine practice, research, and
education.
Posted Date: March 29, 2021
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Annals Articles
Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer Disease
Anita Palepu, MD, MPH, FRCPC, MACP
Disclosure of Financial Relationships
Anita Palepu, MD, MPH, MACP
Associate Editor, Annals of Internal Medicine
Narrative vs. Systematic Reviews
Narrative Reviews Systematic Reviews*
Question broad focused
Sources and Search not pre‐specified, can be biased, pre‐specified, comprehensive,
impossible to replicate reproducible
• Electronic bibliographic databases (from inception to November 2019) and systematic
review bibliographies were searched
• English‐language, controlled observational studies in older adults that evaluated the
accuracy of brief cognitive tests for distinguishing clinical Alzheimer‐type Dementia
(CATD) from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or normal cognition as defined by
established diagnostic criteria. Studies with low or medium risk of bias (ROB) were
analyzed. 5
Brief Cognitive Tests for CATD and normal cognition
Cognitive Tests Median Sensitivity Median Specificity
(Number of studies)
Clock‐drawing test 0.79 0.88
(8)
MMSE 0.88 0.94
(7)
MOCA 0.94 0.94
(2)
Brief Alzheimer Screen 0.92 0.97
(1)
Delayed recall (memory) 0.89 0.94
(5)
Category fluency (language) 0.92 0.89
(9)
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Numerous brief cognitive tests accurately distinguish CATD from normal cognition in
older adults
• Less accurate in distinguishing CATD from MCI or mild CATD from normal cognition
These tests alone are insufficient to diagnose CATD
• Those with greater impairment may be less burdensome to objectively document cognitive
impairment
• Those with less impairment may help identify those whom further diagnostic evaluation is
likely to identify CATD
Case finding is still the recommended approach
• USPTF 2020 concludes there is insufficient evidence to assess the benefits and harms of
screening cognitive impairments in asymptomatic older adults
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• To summarize evidence on biomarker accuracy for classifying AD in older adults
with dementia
• Electronic bibliographic databases (searched from January 2012 to November
2019 for brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] tests and from inception to
November 2019 for blood tests), ClinicalTrials.gov (inception to November 2019),
and systematic review bibliographies
• English‐language studies evaluating the accuracy of brain imaging, CSF testing, or
blood tests for distinguishing neuropathologically defined AD from non‐AD
among older adults with dementia. Studies with low or medium risk of bias were
analyzed.
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Key Message
Amyloid PET, FDG PET and MRI are highly sensitive for neuropathological AD
• Studies were methodologically heterogeneous and clinical applicability is uncertain
These imaging biomarkers and CSF test combinations may add accuracy to clinical
evaluation and require further study
Highly relevant if disease‐modifying treatments for AD and related non‐AD
dementias become available
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Main Results
55 studies reported on non‐BPSD outcomes and 12 reporting on BPSD outcomes analyzed
Cholinesterase inhibitors across all CATD severity (low strength evidence)
• Small improvement in cognition
• None to minimal improvement in function
• No difference in at least moderate improvement in global clinical impression
• Increased withdrawal to due AE
In moderate to severe CATD (low to insufficient strength evidence)
• Those on cholinesterase inhibitor with add‐on memantine inconsistently improved cognition and
global clinical impression but not function
Insufficient evidence regarding prescription drugs such as antidepressants and antipsychotics
for BPSD and about supplements for all outcomes 12
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• Uncertain clinical importance
Cholinesterase inhibitor slightly reduced reported functional decline
• Uncertain clinical importance
Evidence was mostly insufficient on drug treatment of BPSD and on supplements
for all outcomes
• Future BPSD trials should compare benefits and harms of drug treatment with non‐
drug treatment strategies
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Thank you for your attention!
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