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Published in IET Electric Power Applications
Received on 23rd April 2010
Revised on 19th January 2011
doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2010.0114

ISSN 1751-8660

Improved lumped parameter model for transformer

fast transient simulations
Y. Yang1 Z-J. Wang1 X. Cai1 Z.D. Wang2
1
State Key Laboratory of Power Systems at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084,
People’s Republic of China
2
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
E-mail: zhongdong.wang@manchester.ac.uk

Abstract: To accurately simulate fast transient phenomena in transformer windings, a turn-to-turn-based multiple transmission
line (MTL) model is regarded as the best approach because it is valid in a wide frequency range and capable to describe
discontinuity of capacitive coupling among the turns of a non-uniform winding. However this MTL modelling approach also
means that a series of large dimensional equations characterised by fully coupled admittance matrices need to be numerically
dealt with, when simulating a winding typically having thousands of turns. In this study an improved lumped Resistor-
Inductor-Capacitor (RLC) model is presented, which has lower computational complexity than but almost equal accuracy to
the MTL model. Firstly, both the MTL and conventional lumped RLC model were compared and it was concluded that the
conventional lumped RLC model is only valid in the frequency range below 2 MHz. Secondly, an improved lumped RLC
model was derived in which a negative-value capacitive branch is added in parallel with the inductive branch to compensate
the decrease of susceptance with the increase of frequency. Both numerical analysis and laboratory measurements were
conducted on large power transformer windings, and it is confirmed that the valid frequency range of the improved lumped
RLC model can be extended to about 4 MHz with no significant increase of computational cost.

1 Introduction However, since the MTL equations are a combination of

The interaction between transformers and their connected
power system networks and the resulting electrical transient
phenomena have caused great concern of electrical power
utilities and transformer manufacturers [1 – 3]. As a result,
CIGRE initiated a new Working Group (A2/C4.39) in 2008
to assess different types of electrical transient interaction
between transformers and other components in the power
systems, and transformer modelling is one of the key issues
in the scope of work.
Fast transients can be initiated by switching operations,
short circuit faults, electromagnetic pulses etc. Transients
not only can result in an uneven voltage distribution but
also might excite a local electromagnetic resonance in a
winding, and excessive transient overvoltages can bring
damages to transformer insulation. To simulate fast
transients in large power transformer windings, the
transformer model must be accurate in the concerned
frequency range and should also avoid being
overcomplicated so that it can be solved numerically with
sufficient accuracy.
Multi-transmission line (MTL) models have generally
been adopted as the best approach for wide-frequency-range
modelling when simulations are conducted to study very
fast transient overvoltage (VFTO) distribution [4 – 10] or
partial discharge travelling [11] in transformer windings.
the non-linear functions in the frequency domain or a
combination of the time-delayed functions in the time
domain, the computational cost is exceedingly high,
especially when large Extra High Voltage (EHV) and Ultra
High Voltage (UHV) power transformer windings are
considered. If the unequal lengths of the turns are also
taken into consideration, the solution of the MTL equations
will become even more complex.
Conventional lumped RLC models achieved by
subdividing the windings into units on coil- or turn basis
have been successfully used in analysing natural
frequencies [12] and simulating lightning impulse transients
[13 – 16], switching transients [17] and local oscillations
[18] in windings. Since the complexity for solving the
lumped RLC model is much lower than the MTL model,
the RLC model can be easily applied to a large-scale
winding with many turns. On the other hand, the RLC
model is less discretised than the MTL model and hence
the valid frequency range is decreased. Indeed, Hassan
Hosseini et al. [4] pointed out that the RLC model should
only be used for fast transient overvoltage studies in the
frequency range of 10 kHz – 1 MHz.
Besides the MTL and the RLC models, there were also
some researches on multiple-step models [5, 8, 9, 13] and
combined or hybrid models [5, 8– 10, 19, 20]. However,
the questions when applying these models still remain

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unanswered on how to introduce the electromagnetic Let
coupling between sub-models or at the turn-ends of the disc
coils and how to guarantee the consistency of the  
sL
electromagnetic field conditions at those boundaries. Y1 = P tanh W −1
2 (6)
The objective of this paper focuses on developing a model
−1 −1
with less complexity and higher validity of frequency to meet Y2 = P sinh (sL) W
the requirements of modelling core-type EHV and UHV
power transformers for fast transient simulations. The
Then, (5) can be rewritten as
model development and its parameter calculations are based
on transformer design parameters instead of measurement 
data of the already built transformers [21] so that the I S = Y 1 U S + Y 2 (U S − U R )
proposed model and corresponding algorithm can be used I R = Y 1 U R + Y 2 (U R − U S ) (7)
during transformer design stage. In contrast to the shell-
form transformers and the core-type distribution The p-type equivalent circuit of (7) in the frequency domain
transformers, the core-type EHV and UHV power is given in Fig. 1.
transformers have more complex grade-insulated winding
structures that is a combination of inter-shielded disc coils
or interleaved disc coils and plain disc coils. Hence, the 2.2 Two-port expressions of RLC model
subdivision of a winding can only be implemented either
on coil basis or on turn basis. It is the general expectation The two-port equivalent circuit of the turn-based lumped
that any model developed should be able to represent the RLC model for a winding is shown in Fig. 2 and its
EHV and UHV transformer windings with a valid equations are shown in (8), where L, R, C and G are the
frequency range up to several MHz. inductance, resistance, capacitance and conductance N × N
matrices, which are calculated on turn basis. R is a matrix
with only non-zero diagonal element, whereas L, C and G
2 Comparison of turn-based MTL model are full matrices because of the mutual coupling among the
and RLC model turns. If the average length of the turns is transformed to
the ‘unit length’, say 1 m (leaving the actual length out to
2.1 Two-port expressions of MTL model be treated as a constant separately), then the matrices of L,
R, C and G become the same in (1) and (8)
The equations of turn-basis MTL model in the frequency
domain can be written as ⎧
⎪ 1
⎨ I S = (G + sC)U S + (R + sL)−1 (U S − U R )
⎧ 2 (8)
⎪ dU ⎪
⎩ I = 1 (G + sC)U + (R + sL)−1 (U − U )
⎨ = −(sL + R) I = −ZI R R R S
dx (1) 2
⎪
⎩ dI = −(sC + G) U = −Y U
dx 2.3 Comparison between two models

where U, I are the voltage and current vectors, L, R, C and The coefficients of (7) and (8) are compared in Table 1.
G are the ‘unit-length’ inductance, resistance, capacitance In fact, if |sL| ≪ 1, then we have
and conductance N × N matrices, where N is the number of
turns in a winding. coth(sL) ≃ (sL)−1 + 0.5sL or coth(sL) − sinh−1 (sL)
Let P and W be the phase-mode transformation matrices = tanh(0.5sL) ≃ 0.5sL (9)
of I and V, respectively, and they satisfy

W −1 ZY W = P −1 YZP = s2 L2 (2)

sL = P −1 Y W = W −1 ZP (3)

W T P = PT W = L (4)
Fig. 1 p-type equivalent circuit of MTL model
where L = diag(l1 , . . . , lj , . . . , lN ), lj is the inverse of jth
mode velocity and s is the complex frequency.
An expression of two-port equations can be obtained from
(1) as

I S = P coth(sL) W −1 U S − P sinh−1 (sL) W −1 U R
(5)
I R = −P sinh−1 (sL) W −1 U S + P coth(sL) W −1 U R

where IS and US are the current vector and the voltage vector
at the sending end and IR and UR are the current vector
and the voltage vectors at the receiving end of the turn, Fig. 2 Equivalent two-port circuit of conventional turn-based
respectively. lumped RLC model

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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2011 doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2010.0114
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Table 1 Comparison of parameters in (7) and (8) and the coefficients for the RLC model are
Y1 Y2
Y11 = P[(sL)−1 + 0.5sL] W −1 , Y12 = −P(sL)−1 W −1
21 21 21
MTL model P tanh(0.5sL)W P sinh (sL)W
(15)
RLC model 0.5(G + sC) (R + sL)21

From (14) and (15), the relative error made by using the RLC
model to approximate the MTL model can be estimated by
and
coth(sl) − [(sl)−1 + 0.5 sl]

err1 = (16)
sinh−1 (sL) ≃ (sL)−1 (10) coth(sl)

sinh−1 (sl) − (sl)−1
In this case, using (3), Y1 and Y2 in (6) approximate to
err2 = (17)
sinh−1 (sl)
Y1 = P tanh(0.5 sL) W −1 ≃ 0.5 sP LW −1
Let s ¼ jv, note that sinh21(sl ) ¼ 2jsin21(vl ) and
= 0.5 (sC + G) (11) coth(sl ) ¼ 2jcot(vl), then take lmax of the windings
given in Table 2, the err1 and err2 defined in (16) and (17)
are shown in Figs. 3a and b.
Y2 = P sinh−1 (sL) W −1 ≃ s−1 PL−1 W −1 It is clearly seen that since the diameter of Winding 1 is the
= (sL + R)−1 (12) smallest among the three windings, its turn-based RLC model
is a very good approximation to the MTL model for the
frequencies up to 4 MHz. However, the err1 and err2 at
Equations (11) and (12) show that the turn-based RLC model around 2 MHz for both Windings 2 and 3 become
is equivalent to the turn-based MTL model under the considerably large. This clearly demonstrates that the
condition of |sL| ≪ 1. Since the diagonal elements of L
represent the inverse of mode velocity or the transmission
time along a line of 1 m length, the condition of |sL| ≪ 1
hence implies that the shorter the line length, the higher
frequency the RLC model is valid for.
Table 2 shows the calculated minimum and maximum
diagonal elements in L of three typical windings. Winding
1 is an air-core winding with its average diameter of
0.523 m; Winding 2 is the HV winding of an EHV power
transformer, which has an average diameter of 1.83 m; and
Winding 3 is the HV winding of a UHV power transformer,
which has an average diameter of 2.57 m. The numbers of
turns for the three windings are 394, 506 and 940,
respectively. These three typical windings are to be used
throughout this paper for both model derivations and model
validations.
Using the condition of vlmax ≤ 1 and the lmax of Winding
3, we can obtain that f ≤ 3 MHz. This means that the valid
frequency range is within 3 MHz, in the case that Winding
3 is modelled by the RLC model on turn-to-turn basis.
Since the transient response is determined by all l, using
lmax to estimate the valid frequency range of the RLC
model is reasonable and sufficient.
Both (7) and (8) can be written in the same form as


I S = Y11 U S + Y12 U R
(13)
I R = Y12 U S + Y11 U R

where the coefficients for the MTL model in (13) are

Y11 = P coth(sL) W −1 , Y12 = −P sinh−1 (sL) W −1 (14)

Table 2 Minimum and maximum value of l

Winding 1 2 3

lmin/1028
0.2692 1.020 1.247 Fig. 3 Relative error of item of RLC to MTL model
lmax/1028 2.194 5.169 5.289 a Y11 – err1(f)
b Y12 – err2(f)

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conventional lumped RLC model is not capable to model EHV From (23) and (24), we obtain k1 . 0.333 and k2 ,– 0.167.
and UHV transformer windings for fast transient studies. However both inequalities could not simultaneously match
the condition of k1 2 k2 ¼ 0.5. Since k1 should be
3 Improved lumped RLC model determined within 0.333 , k1 , 0.5, hence the inequality
of k2 , – 0.167 will not be used in determining the values
In order to increase the valid frequency range of the lumped of k1 and k2 .
RLC model, the basic idea is to modify the conventional Based on the above considerations, assume the upper limit
lumped RLC model to make it become a more accurate of frequency fu ¼ 5 MHz and take lmax of Winding 3 which
approximation to the MTL model. is the largest winding size being ever found so far, we obtain
Let x ¼ sl, cothx and sinh21x can then be expressed as
x = j2p × 5 × 106 × 5.289 × 10−8 = j1.662
1 1 2 5
coth x = x−1 + x − x3 + x − ··· (18)
3 45 945 Let function f (x) ¼ coth x 2 x 21 ≃ k1x and take 1000
samples in the range of 0 , x , j1.6, the coefficient k1 can
1 7 3 31 5
sinh−1 x = x−1 − x + x − x − ··· (19) be solved by the following equation
6 360 15 120


N
Both (18) and (19) are convergent in the range of 2
min(err{f }) = min [f (xi ) − k1 xi ] and
0 , |x| , p. i=1
With the help of (18) and (19), equations (9) and (10) can
be modified to achieve the goal of making the RLC model a d
N
[f (x ) − k1 xi ]2 = 0
better approximation to the MTL model. Consequently, it is dk1 i=1 1 i
proposed to modify the RLC model through the following
three steps.
we obtain
Firstly, a simpler form of the approximation is assumed as

coth x ≃ x−1 + k1 x SNi=1 [f1 (xi )xi ]

(20) k1 = ≃ 0.375 and k2 = −0.125
SNi=1 x2i
sinh−1 x ≃ x−1 + k2 x (21)
Then the coefficient matrices in (8) are
The approximations in (20) and (21) will guarantee the
 
impedance of the inductive branch and the admittance of 3
the capacitive branch in the improved RLC model to be Y11 = P (sL)−1 + (sL) W −1
38
linearly dependent on the frequency so that the numerical
3
complexity for the improved RLC model will not be = (R + sL)−1 + (G + sC) (25)
increased as compared with the original RLC model. 8
Secondly, the accuracy of the improved RLC model at  
1
the low-frequency range should be kept the same as that Y12 = −P (sL)−1 − (sL) W −1
in the original RLC model. This means one of (9) or (10) 8
should be used as a constraint in determining coefficients 1
k1 and k2 in (20) and (21). As an example, using (9) we = −(R + sL)−1 + (G + sC) (26)
8
obtain
The proposed lumped RLC model determined by (25) and
k1 − k2 = 0.5 (22) (26) is the so-called ‘improved lumped RLC model’ in this
paper. Equations (25) and (26) can also be written as
Equation (22) shows that if k1  0.5, then k2  0.
Thirdly, since the imaginary part in R + sL and G + sC is 1 1
much larger than the real part, hence we can replace x by jy in Y1 = (G + sC)Y2 = (R + sL)−1 − (G + sC) (27)
2 8
(18) and (19) and have
Comparing the newly derived Y1 and Y2 with the ones of the
−1 1 1 2 original lumped RLC model shown in Table 1, the improved
coth(jy) = (jy) + (jy) − (jy)3 + (jy)5 + · · · lumped RLC model can be represented by the circuit shown
3 45 945 
1 1 3 2 5 in Fig. 4, where there is an additional negative-value
−1
= (jy) + j y + y + y + ··· capacitive branch in parallel to the inductive branch
3 45 945
connected between the two ends of the turn.
1
. (jy)−1 + jy (23) Following the comparative benchmark developed in
3 Section 2, the relative errors defined in (16) and (17) were
found when using the original and the improved RLC
1 7 31 models to approximate the MTL model for Winding 3. The
sinh−1 (jy) = (jy)−1 − (jy) + (jy)3 − (jy)5 − · · · comparison between the original lumped RLC model
6 360 15 120 
1 7 3 31 5 described by (8) and the improved lumped RLC model
−1
= (jy) − j y + y + y + ··· described by (25) and (26) is shown in Figs. 5a and b. It is
6 360 15 120 clearly seen that the improved lumped RLC model has
1
, (jy)−1 − jy (24) significantly lower relative errors in the whole observing
6 frequency range of 0 –4 MHz.

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Fig. 4 Equivalent two-port circuit of improved turn-based lumped
RLC model
Fig. 5 Comparison between original lumped RLC model and
improved RLC model
a Relative error of item Y11 – err1(f) of RLC to MTL model
b Relative error of item Y12 – err2(f) of RLC to MTL model
Using the MTL model, the original and the improved
lumped RLC models, the voltage transfer functions, H( f ),
at the start of the 10th turn of Winding 3 are calculated,
respectively. The effectiveness of the above newly
developed modelling technique is demonstrated as shown in
Fig. 6. From Fig. 6 it can be seen that when taking the
simulation result from the MTL model as the baseline for
comparison, the differences between the transferred voltage
components at high frequencies ranging from 4 to 5 MHz
are much smaller for the improved RLC model than the
original RLC model.
Using the same values of k1 and k2 , the voltage transfer
functions at the start of 10th turn of Winding 2 calculated
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2011, Vol. 5, Iss. 6, pp. 479– 485
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Fig. 6 Voltage transfer function at 10th turn of Winding 3
Fig. 7 Voltage transfer function at 10th turn of Winding 2
by the MTL model, the original and the improved lumped
RLC models are given in Fig. 7. From Fig. 7 it can be seen
that the voltage transfer produced by the improved lumped
RLC model is very similar to the one produced by the MTL
model, especially at high frequencies ranging from 2 to
5 MHz, whereas the original lumped RLC model produces
large discrepencies at high frequencies when taking the one
produced by the MTL model as the baseline. This exercise
proves that although k1 and k2 are derived based on
Winding 3, they are universally valid for transformer
windings whose sizes are less or equal to Winding 3, which
is the largest winding size used in UHV transformers ever
being found so far.
4 Measurement verification
In order to illustrate the effectiveness of the improved RLC
model for fast transient simulations, comparisons were
made between the calculated and measured voltages in
Winding 1, of which the winding structure details are
shown in Table 3. The applied voltage is generated by an
impulse generator, which has a front time of 100 ns with
some high-frequency damped oscillations. The winding is
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Table 3 Basic data of winding under test
number of discs
number of turns per disc
inner diameter, mm
outer diameter, mm
Height, mm
working turn conductor, mm
shielded turn conductor, mm
working turn insulation thickness, mm
shielded turn insulation thickness, mm
insulation gaps between discs, mm
Fig. 8 Voltage measured and calculated
a Voltage measured and calculated at 3rd disc of Winding 1
b Voltage measured and calculated at 5th disc of Winding 1
modelled on turn-to-turn basis by the improved lumped RLC
model. Figs. 8a and b show the measured and calculated
voltages at the start of the 3rd disc and the 5th disc of
winding, respectively. The solid lines represent the
calculated voltages by the model, and the dotted lines the
measured ones. It can be seen that a good agreement is
achieved between these two results.
5 Conclusions
To simulate fast transient phenomena in transformer
windings, a winding model that is valid for a wide
frequency range up to several MHz is required. In addition,
a numerically less complicated approach is desired. Ideally,
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this wide-frequency less computationally costly model
should also be able to represent not only shell-form
50
transformer windings and core-type distribution transformer
628
windings but also grade-insulated EHV and UHV core-type
500
transformer windings.
546
To create such a useful simulation tool for fast transient
855
analysis, an improved turn-based lumped RLC model is
1.8 × 11.8
proposed in this paper. By comparing the conventional
1.18 × 11.8
turn-based lumped RLC model with the MTL model, it is
0.95
concluded that conventional RLC models can only be valid
1.35
in the frequency range up to 2 MHz for large power
4–6
transformer windings. Deriving from the two-port
expression of MTL model, the lumped RLC model is
improved by adding a negative-value capacitive branch in
parallel with the inductive branch, which compensates the
decrease of the susceptance of the inductive branch with the
increase of frequency. By taking the MTL model as
the reference, the comparisons show that without increasing
the complexity of the solution, the valid frequency range
of the improved RLC model is extended to about 4 MHz
for large power transformer windings. The laboratory
measurements have also confirmed the effectiveness of the
improved lumped RLC model for fast transient simulations.
6 Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 50577034
and Grant no. 51077084), TBEA Shenyang Transformer
Group Co., Ltd and Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric Co.,
Ltd for their financial and technical support towards this
piece of research work. Due appreciation is given to Dr K.J.
Cornick for proofreading this manuscript.
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