Water Resources

Development
CHRISMAR PUNZAL
24 SEPTEMBER 2022
 Outline
At the end of the class, we should be able to discuss:
▪ The state of water in terms of availability and threats
▪ The use of hydrology and hydraulics in water resource development
▪ Competing and conflicting water use
▪ Approaches to achieving water resource sustainability
Water resources sustainability
The overall goal of water resources management for the future is water resources sustainability.

“Water resources sustainability is the ability to use water in sufficient quantities and quality
from the local to the global scale to meet the needs of humans and ecosystems for the present
and the future to sustain life, and to protect humans from the damages brought about by
natural and human-caused disasters that affect sustaining life. (Mays, 2007)”

Sustainability focuses on the needs of both current and future generations. A development is
sustainable if “it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. (Our Common Future, Brudtland Commission)”
Water resources sustainability
Water resources sustainability includes:
▪ availability of freshwater supplies throughout periods of climatic change, extended droughts, population
growth, and to leave the needed supplies for the future generations.
▪ infrastructure, to provide water supply for human consumption and food security, and to provide
protection from water excess such as floods and other natural disasters.
▪ infrastructure for clean water and for treating water after it has been used by humans before being
returned to water bodies.
▪ institutions to provide the management for both the water supply management and water excess
management.
▪ management on local, regional, national and international basis
▪ implementation of IWRM
 Philippines’ Water Resources

Land area : 300,000 sq. km.

Annual Average rainfall : I: Ilocos II: Cagayan Valley
2,360 mm ≈ 2,400 mm
III: Central Luzon
Population : 103 M
(2015, NSO) V: Bicol
IV: Southern Tagalog
The Philippines has
VIII: Eastern
❖ 421 principal river basins VI: Western Visayas
❖ 20 major river basins Visayas X: Northern
VII: Central Mindanao
❖ 59 inland lakes Visayas
GROUNDWATER
❖ Coastal bays and coastal IX: Southwestern
Mindanao
waters- 266,000 sq. km. XII: Southern XI: Southeastern
Mindanao Mindanao

12 Water Resources Regions

Taken from Dr. Dolly Cleofas 2016 WWD Presentation
 Major river basins of the Philippines
0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 100 000 0

N 1. Abra- Ilocos (5,125 sq. km.)

2. Cagayan- Cagayan Valley (25,649 sq. km.)

2200000

2200000
A BU LUG
RI VE R BA S IN
A = 3 ,36 2 sq . km s.
3. Abulug- Cagayan Valley (3,372 sq. km.)
LEGEND:
Major rivers
4. Agno- Central Luzon (5,972 sq. km.)
2000000

2000000
CA G AY A N
Provincial boundaries
R IVE R BA S IN
AB RA
RIV E R B A SIN A = 2 5,4 69 sq. km s.
Water bodies
A = 5,1 25 s q. km s.
18 MAJOR RIVER BASINS
Cagayan RB
Mindanao RB
5. Pampanga- Central Luzon (9.759 sq. km.)
A G NO
RIV E R B A SIN Agusan RB
A = 5,9 52 sq. km s.
Pampanga RB
6. Pasig-Laguna Bay- Southern Luzon (4,678 sq. km)
1800000

1800000
Agno RB
Abra
Pasig-Laguna Lake RB
PA MP A NG A
RIV E R B A SIN
A = 9,7 53 sq. km s.
Bicol RB 7. Bicol- Bicol (3,771 sq. km)
Abulug RB
Tagum -Libuganon RB
Ilog-Hilabangan RB
8. Panay- Western Visayas (1,843 sq. km.)
1600000

1600000
B ICO L
Panay RB
S
SPI )Ñ
A
L(NC
A R
OV
NELETA
RS
OARIO

PA S IG -LA G UNA L AK E EN
G.T
RIAS RIV E R B A SIN
NA
AGU

GA
M
EOFL

AR
CMON
A

RIV ER B AS IN
VINC

AR
MAGO
NDO
N

A = 3,7 71 sq. k m s.
PRO

Tagoloan RB
P
R GN
EERA L
OV MILIO
E
IN
C GU
A INAL
DO
EOF -
Z
B ND
E
Z

A = 4 ,67 8 sq . km s.
AT MÑE
E CITY
ANG NU AG AYT
AY
AS T

Agus RB
Davao RB 9. Jalaur- Western Visayas (1,503 sq. km.)
Cagayan de Oro RB
Jalaur RB
Buayan-Malungan RB 10. Ilog Hilabangan- Western Visayas (1,945 sq. km.)
1400000

1400000
Note: List of Major River Basins
PA NA Y
from the largest to smallest
RIV E R B A SIN
A = 1,8 43 sq. km s.
(Area at least 1,400 sq. kms).
11. Agusan- Northern Mindanao (10,921 sq. km.)
12. Tagoloan- Northern Mindanao (1,704 sq. km.)
1200000

1200000
JA LA UR
RIV E R B A SIN
A = 1,5 03 sq. km s.
13. Cagayan de Oro- Northern Mindanao (1,521 sq. km.)
ILO G -HI LA BA NG A N
RIV E R B A SI N
14. Tagum-Libuganon- Southeastern Mindanao (3,064)
1000000

A = 1,9 45 sq. km s.

1000000
TA G O LO A N
CA G A YA N RIV E R B A SIN
A = 1,7 04 sq. km s. A G US AN
RIV E R B A SIN
RIV E R B A SI N
A = 1,5 21 sq. km s.

15. Davao- Southeastern Mindanao (1,623 sq. km.)

A = 10, 921 sq. kms.

TAG UM -LIB UG A NO N
RIV ER B AS IN 16. Buayan-Malungon- Southeastern Mindanao (1.434)
800000
800000

A = 3,0 64 sq . km s.
A G US
RIV E R B A SIN
A = 1,6 45 sq. km s.
DA V AO
RIV E R B A SIN
A = 1,6 23 sq. km s.
17. Agus- Southern Mindanao (1,890 sq. km.)
BUA Y AN -MA LUN G AN
M IND AN AO RI VE R BA S IN
RIV E R B A SI N
A = 23, 169 sq. kms .
A = 1, 435 sq. kms.
18. Mindanao- Southern Mindanao (23,169 sq, km.)
600000
600000

Scale in K ilometers
100 0 100 19. Laoag – Ilocos Norte
0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 100 000 0

20. Amnay Patrick- Mindoro

NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES BOARD MAJOR RIVER BASINS OF THE PHILIPPINES
Taken from Dr. Dolly Cleofas 2016 WWD Presentation
8th Floo r NIA Buildin g , ED SA, Dilim an, Que zo n City
 NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES BOARD
SUMMARY OF WATER PERMIT GRANTS AS OF DECEMBER 2016 (in MCM/yr)
Municipal Industrial Irrigation Power Fisheries Livestock Recreation Others Total
WRR Type Granted Granted Granted Granted Granted Granted Granted Granted Granted
(MCM/yr) (MCM/yr) (MCM/yr) (MCM/yr) (MCM/yr) (MCM/yr) (MCM/yr) (MCM/yr) (MCM/yr)
GW 226.41 6.52 72.97 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.94 9.51 316.46
I SW 127.57 78.40 3441.54 6110.13 0.51 0.00 0.22 45.64 9804.02
GW 38.81 4.38 30.17 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.08 2.36 75.99
II SW 5.02 27.20 9371.93 34126.14 9.40 0.03 0.16 0.06 43539.94
GW 352.59 103.42 220.88 0.00 2.15 3.33 4.89 18.65 705.91
III SW 1117.48 2801.98 16173.96 15254.68 7.84 0.00 0.76 6.78 35363.47
GW 465.94 188.85 102.47 54.87 0.68 5.57 27.29 23.21 868.87
IV SW 2732.49 2834.45 7466.34 19648.03 321.96 0.05 53.26 364.02 33420.60
GW 115.52 4.05 39.50 0.00 0.15 0.00 1.99 0.14 161.34
V SW 41.99 34.85 2943.83 780.92 6.59 0.00 67.81 4.89 3880.89
GW 141.11 39.25 91.01 0.00 29.19 0.23 1.92 8.61 311.33
VI SW 120.73 680.16 4960.81 2702.00 112.03 0.00 2.30 59.22 8637.25
GW 144.73 71.18 88.15 0.00 15.84 0.17 13.08 20.01 353.17
VII SW 71.78 1363.52 1704.42 1854.41 107.34 0.00 36.93 0.00 5138.41
GW 43.91 14.54 16.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.94 2.75 80.39
VIII SW 62.90 195.25 2521.04 108.42 2.19 0.00 0.00 0.80 2890.59
GW 27.24 4.11 2.66 3.56 0.03 0.00 0.66 0.08 38.34
IX SW 22.21 3.96 1180.77 340.08 68.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 1615.45
GW 130.14 55.16 45.74 6.25 0.48 1.85 13.57 1.49 254.69
X SW 134.29 1530.44 4688.97 21498.95 6.91 0.00 0.00 106.60 27966.15
GW 107.69 20.72 72.94 0.00 7.41 0.15 0.00 4.04 212.94
XI SW 62.78 351.26 4575.27 1907.02 29.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 6925.76
GW 179.73 9.20 147.21 0.00 1.55 6.96 31.38 2.65 378.68
XII SW 15.15 88.94 6685.07 10875.28 23.16 0.00 0.92 2.59 17691.10
GW 136.68 43.21 2.57 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.32 7.35 190.42
NCR SW 157.35 10.05 363.68 4.73 0.00 0.00 3.98 0.00 539.79
GW 2110.47 564.60 932.52 64.69 57.59 18.74 99.05 100.87 3948.53
Sub total SW 4671.73 10000.4566077.63 115210.79 695.80 0.08 166.34 590.60 197413.42

Total 13,564.41 21,130.09 134,020.29 230,550.95 1,506.76 37.65 530.79 1,382.94 402,723.89
Taken from Dr. Dolly Cleofas 2016 WWD Presentation
 Philippines Water Resources Situation
35,000
with current deficit
30,000

25,000
Amount, MCM/year

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Water Resources Regions
Water Potential 2016 Water Allocation 2025 Projected Demand

Taken from Dr. Dolly Cleofas 2016 WWD Presentation

 Philippines Water Resources Situation
35,000
with future deficit
30,000

25,000
Amount, MCM/year

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Water Resources Regions
Water Potential 2016 Water Allocation 2025 Projected Demand

Taken from Dr. Dolly Cleofas 2016 WWD Presentation

 Water-stress and Potential Water Scarcity
9 water stressed cities as
WRR I
far as groundwater is
Ba guio City
Ú
Ê
WRR II concerned:
An geles C ity WRR III • Metro Cebu
Ê
Ú
Metro M anila
Ú
Ê WRR V
• Bacolod City
WRR IV
• Iloilo City
MASBATE WRR VIII

• Davao City
Metro Ce bu
ÊÊ
ÚÚ
Ilo ilo City
WRR VI Ú
Ê WRR X • Cagayan de Oro City
Ba co lo d C ity WRR VII

WRR XI
• Zamboanga City
Cag ayan de Oro City Ú
Ê
WRR IX • Metro Manila
Zam boa nga City
Ú
Ê Ú
Ê Davao City
• Baguio City
WRR XII
• Angeles City

Taken from Dr. Dolly Cleofas 2016 WWD Presentation

 Water Source

Water Treatment

Water Distribution

Sewer Collection
and Treatment
Customer Relationship
Management
 Water Related Agencies
Functional Chart
Policy Making

NEDA

Coordination / Regulation

NWRB

Water Quality & Watershed Integrated Area Data Flood

Sanitation Management Development Collection Management

EMB DOH FMB BSWM LLDA RDCs NWRB BRS DPWH-PMO

LGUs MWSS NIA NPC BOI PEZA NAMRIA LWUA OCD-NDCC
LWUA-WDs PAWB RBCO MGB PAGASA PAGASA
MWSS NIA MMDA

Irrigation Hydro Power Water Supply Research Cloud Seeding

NIA DA DOE PSALM NAPC-WASCO DOST- PAF BSWM

BSWM NPC PEMC DOF-CDA PCAFNRRD
DBP DAR ERDB
DPWH MWSS
LWUA-WDs Fisheries
PTA NWRB
HUDCC/HLURB BFAR
DILG-PMO
PEZA LGUs
NEDA
Taken from Dr. Dolly Cleofas 2016 WWD Presentation
Principles
1. Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the
environment, i.e. one resource, to be holistically managed.
2. Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users,
planners, and policy-makers at all levels, i.e. manage water with people—and close to people.
3. Women play a central role in the provision, management and safeguarding of water, i.e. involve women
all the way!
4. Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good,
i.e. having ensured basic human needs, allocate water to its highest value, and move towards full cost
pricing, rational use, and recover costs.
Facts and Figures
•1 in 4 health care facilities lacks basic water services
•3 in 10 people lack access to safely managed drinking water services and 6 in 10 people lack
access to safely managed sanitation facilities.
•At least 892 million people continue to practice open defecation.
•Women and girls are responsible for water collection in 80 per cent of households without
access to water on premises.
•Between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the global population using an improved drinking
water source has increased from 76 per cent to 90 per cent
•Water scarcity affects more than 40 per cent of the global population and is projected to
rise. Over 1.7 billion people are currently living in river basins where water use exceeds
recharge.
Facts and Figures
•2.4 billion people lack access to basic sanitation services, such as toilets or latrines
•More than 80 per cent of wastewater resulting from human activities is discharged into rivers or
sea without any pollution removal
•Each day, nearly 1,000 children die due to preventable water and sanitation-related
diarrheal diseases
•Approximately 70 per cent of all water abstracted from rivers, lakes and aquifers is used for
irrigation
•Floods and other water-related disasters account for 70 per cent of all deaths related to natural
disasters
SD6 Goals
6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end
open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in
vulnerable situations
6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing
release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater
and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable
withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the
number of people suffering from water scarcity
SD6 Goals
6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through
transboundary cooperation as appropriate
6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests,
wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
6.A By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing
countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water
harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse
technologies
6.B Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and
sanitation management
Urban Water Cycle
▪ There is a single urban water
system that is integrated
whole.
▪ There is a lack of integration
of the various components
that make up the total urban
water system.
▪ Planning, management and
operation are done by
separate entities.
Challenges to water resources
sustainability
▪ Urbanization
▪ Droughts and Floods
▪ Climate Change
▪ Water consumption
Urban Water Management
Water Supply Management Water Excess Management
▪ Sources (groundwater, surface water, reuse) ▪ Collection/drainage systems
▪ Transmission ▪ Storage/treatment
▪ Water treatment ▪ Flood control components (levees, dams,
diversions, channels)
▪ Distribution system
▪ Wastewater collection
▪ Wastewater treatment
▪ Reuse
 Sustainable Urban Water Systems
Water Supply Management
▪ Supply of safe and good-tasting drinking water to the inhabitants at all times.
▪ Collection and treatment of wastewater
▪ Control, collection, transport, and quality enhancement of stormwater
▪ Reclamation, reuse, and recycling of water and nutrients for use in agriculture or households in case of
water scarcity.
 Sustainable Urban Water Systems
Urban Stormwater Runoff
▪ considers all flows discharged from urban land uses into stormwater conveyance systems and receiving
waters.
▪ includes the following:
1. dry-weather, non-stormwater sources (e.g., runoff from landscape irrigation, dewatering, and water line
and hydrant flushing)
2. wet-weather stormwater runoff
▪ water quality affects the receiving body
 Sustainable Urban Water Systems
Urban Stormwater Runoff
▪ declining water quality (increased pollutants, siltation and erosion)
▪combined and sanitary sewer overflow
▪ damage to stream and aquatic life resulting from suspended solids
accumulation, and increased
▪ health risks to humans from trash and debris which can also endanger, and
▪.destroying food sources or habitats of aquatic life
Sustainable Urban Water Systems
Urban Stormwater Runoff
▪ acceleration of stream velocities and degradation of stream channels
▪ increase in volume of runoff with higher pollutant concentrations
▪ diminished groundwater recharge, resulting in decreased dry-weather flows
▪ increased flooding
Sustainable Urban Water Systems
Groundwater Changes
▪ Reduced groundwater recharge due to paved surface areas and storm sewers
▪ Increased groundwater discharge by pumping wells
▪ Decreased groundwater recharge due to export of wastewater collected by sanitary sewers
Challenges to water resources
sustainability
▪ Urbanization
▪ Droughts and Floods
▪ Climate Change
▪ Water consumption
Droughts and Floods
A basic concept invoked in understanding
drought is that of a water budget.
Water is held in storage buffers such as soil
root zones, aquifers, lakes, reservoirs, and
surface stream flows. These buffers act as
water supplies, are subject to demands, and
are replenished and lose water at varying
rates.
When losses exceed replenishment, impacts
are experienced and, at lower storage levels,
become increasingly severe.
Droughts and Floods
In essence, drought is defined by its impacts
on both natural and manmade environments
because without impacts there is no drought,
no matter how dry it might be. Drought infers
a relationship between supply rates and
demand rates; drought is not simply a supply-
side phenomenon, but also depends on water
demands. Without demands, there is no
drought, whether a given supply of water is
big, small, or even zero.”
Droughts and Floods
Factors affecting urban flood management
▪ Development with no planning
▪ High population concentration
▪ Lack of stormwater and sewage facilities
▪ Polluted air and water
▪ Difficulty of water supply against population
▪ Poor public transportation
Challenges to water resources
sustainability
▪ Urbanization
▪ Droughts and Floods
▪ Climate Change
▪ Water consumption
 Climate Change
Climate Change is “a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by
changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period,
typically decades or longer. It refers to natural variability or as a result of human activity. (IPCC)”

Climate change as “a change in climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters
the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over
comparative time periods. (UNFCC)”
Climate Change
Challenges to water resources
sustainability
▪ Urbanization
▪ Droughts and Floods
▪ Climate Change
▪ Water consumption
Managing supply and demand
Role of hydrology and hydraulics
Securing water for Metro Manila
Securing water
for Metro
Manila
Securing water for Metro Manila
▪ Develop alternative resources from adjacent areas
▪ Kaliwa River
▪ Agos River
▪ Tayabasan River
▪ Laguna Lake
 Securing water for Metro Manila
▪ Groundwater

Based on Groundwater Assessment Sustainability and Reliability

in the East Concession Area (2016),

• there is an improvement in the water table within the

Concession Area

• groundwater is relatively stable with slight decrease in the

water table from 2016 to 2055
 Securing water for Metro Manila
▪ Reducing leakages
Household water consumption
An end use of water analysis involves
disaggregating the water demand into the activity Activity Amount (lpcd)
for which people use water. Drinking 0.58
Personal Hygiene
Showering/bathing 19.00
Hand/face washing 2.97
Brushing of teeth 1.07
Sanitation Services
Urinal/toilet flushing 7.63
Toilet cleaning 1.71
House cleaning 1.35
Cooking and kitchen
Food preparation 1.87
Dish washing 1.96
Laundry 4.72
Total 42.86
Thank you for the kind attention.