Flood Mitigation

CHRISMAR PUNZAL
DECEMBER 13, 2022
Flooding
A flood is the result of runoff from rainfall in quantities too great to be conveyed or confined in
the low-water channels of streams.
Flood Risk
Disaster Risk

Hazard Population Vulnerability

(strength, (exposed (structural, physical,
frequency) population socio-economic
density) profile)

RISK = Hazard x Population x Vulnerability

Flood Damage Mitigation
❑ Commonly Accepted Methods for Reducing Floods

o Reduction of peak flow by reservoirs

o Confinement of the flow within a predetermined channel by levees, flood walls, or a closed conduit
o Reduction of peak stage by increased velocities resulting from channel

improvement
o Diversion of floodwaters through a flood bypass, which may return the water to the same channel at
a point downstream or deliver it to another channel or different watershed
o Floodproofing of specific properties
o Reduction of flood runoff by land management
o Temporary evacuation of flood threatened areas on the basis of flood warnings
o Flood plain management
Flood Damage Mitigation
❑ Reduction of peak flow by reservoirs

Ambuklao reservoir storage: 327 x 106 m3

Binga reservoir storage: 87.4 x 106 m3
San Roque reservoir storage :
835 x 106 m3
Flood Damage Mitigation
Confinement of the flow within a
predetermined channel by levees, flood walls
or a closed conduit
Flood Damage Mitigation
Reduction of peak stage by increased velocities
resulting from channel improvement
Flood Damage Mitigation
Diversion of floodwaters through a flood
bypass, which may return the water to the
same channel at a point downstream or deliver
it to another channel or different watershed
Flood Damage Mitigation
Floodproofing of specific properties
Flood Damage Mitigation
Reduction of flood runoff by land management
Flood Damage Mitigation
Temporary evacuation of flood threatened areas on the basis of flood warnings
Flood Damage Mitigation
Flood Plain Management
Flood Damage Mitigation
Jurisdiction
❑ The cost of flood mitigation facilities is borne solely by the national government.
❑ Local entities must assume maintenance and operation.
❑ Approval of local projects is through the national government.
Public View
❑ Projects cannot prevent floods for all the time.
❑ It is the responsibility of the engineer to explain the degree of protection intended.
❑ A flood warning system is ought to be provided.
❑ Risk assessment should always be a calculated one.
Design Flood
❑ The standard project flood is about 50% of the probable maximum flood.
❑ Some risk must be accepted in the selection of a design flood discharge.
❑ Standard project flood is an expression for the degree of protection sought.
Flood Damage Mitigation
❑ A floodplain is the normally dry land area
adjoining rivers, streams, lakes, bays, or oceans
that is inundated during flood events.
❑ The channel and the floodplain are both integral
parts of the natural conveyance of a stream.
❑ Floodplains can be defined as natural geologic
features or from a regulatory perspective.
❑ Flooding concerns are not limited to riverine
and coastal flooding.
Flood Damage Mitigation
❑ One aspect of floodplain management involves balancing the economic gain from
floodplain development against the resulting increase in flood hazard.
❑ The 100-year flood area can be divided into a floodway and a floodway fringe.

❑ Two types of floodplain inundation maps, flood-prone area and flood-hazard maps.
Flood Damage Mitigation
❑ Hydrologic and hydraulic analyses of floods are required for the planning, design, and management of many types of
facilities, including hydro systems within a floodplain or watershed.
a. Floodplain information studies
b. Evaluation of future land-use alternatives
c. Evaluation of flood-loss reduction measures
d. Design studies
e. Operation studies

❑ Hydrologic analysis entails either rainfall-runoff analysis or a flood-flow frequency analysis.

❑ Hydraulic analysis involves the determination of water-surface elevations using either steady or non-steady state.
Flood Damage Mitigation
Flooding Mitigation Options
❑ The objective of flood control is to reduce or alleviate the negative consequences of flooding.
❑ Alternative measures that modify the flood runoff are referred to as structural measures.
Those that modify the damage susceptibility of floodplains are referred to as non- structural
measures
❑ The basic functional relationships required to assess the value of flood damage reduction
alternatives are stage-damage, stage-discharge, and flood-flow frequency relationships.
Flooding Mitigation Options
❑ Two types: storage reservoirs and
retarding basins
❑ Main function is to store a portion of the flood flow so as
to minimize the flood peak at the point to be protected.

❑ There is a trade-off between reservoirs located

immediately upstream and those located further
upstream.

❑ One criterion for evaluating FMR is the percentage of the

total drainage area controlled by the reservoirs.
❑ Site selection should be based on the yield of highest
economic return.
Flood Mitigation Options
❑ A second criterion for evaluation of flood-
mitigation reservoirs is its storage capacity.
❑ The bigger is not always the better.
❑ More storage is needed to achieve a given peak
reduction.
❑ More marginal area protected, less economic
benefits.
❑ The unit cost of storage decrease with increasing
capacity.
❑ Incremental benefits shouldbe compared with
incremental costs.
Flood Mitigation Options
❑ Streamflow forecasts are necessary in
planning reservoir operations for flood
mitigation.
❑ The full capacity of a reservoir cannot be
assumed available for any single flood.
Flood Mitigation Options
❑ The outlet of retarding basins consists of a
large spillway or one or more ungated
sluiceways.
❑ The discharge capacity of outlet works should
equal the maximum flow capacity of the DS
section.
❑ For small stream networks, retarding basins are
better.
❑ The planning of a system of retarding basins
must prevent the synchronization of flows.
Flood Mitigation Options
❑ One of the oldest and widely used methods of
protecting land from floodwater is to erect a barrier
preventing overflow.
❑ Must satisfy the same structural criteria as regular
dams.
❑ Most levees are homogeneous embankments.
❑ Constructed with very flat slopes.
❑ Drain ditch and cutoff trench should be provided.
❑ Flood walls are utilized in urban areas.
Flood Mitigation Options
❑ Floodwalls are constructed
withstand hydrostatic pressures.
❑ Floodwalls and levees may cross
the lines of railroads and
highways.
Flood Mitigation Options
❑ The cost of a levee system consists of the cost
of the land for levees and channel plus the
cost of levee construction.
❑ Full advantage should be taken of ridges in
levee site location.
❑ The importance of bank-protection works
associated with levee construction cannot be
overemphasized.
Flood Mitigation Options
❑ Two options for levees crossing tributary
channels.

a) Carry the levee U/S along the

tributaries;
b) Block the channel and create an interior
drainage problem
❑ The best solution for the problem depends on the local
topography and the stream/coast
characteristics.
Flood Mitigation Options
❑ Because of foundation conditions and building
materials for levees, there is a hazard of failure.
❑ Levees should undergo regular annual inspection.
❑ A sand boil is an artesian spring in the aquifer under
the levee with velocity sufficient to move the
foundation material.
❑ If the possibility of failure is imminent, a setback
levee may be constructed.
❑Levees restrict the channel width by preventing flow
on the flood plain, and this results in increase stages in
the leveed reach.
Flood Infrastructures
Flood Control and mitigation structures have been
constructed in the Pasig-Marikina River System since the
1970s to mitigate the risks of flood hazards in Metro
Manila.

a. Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure

b. Rosario Weir
c. Mangahan Floodway
d. Effective Flood Control Operating System
(EFCOS)
Flood Infrastructures
Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure
(NHCS) (30-year design flood)
Built in 1983 at the confluence of
Napindan and Pasig Rivers to
control both flood and seawater-
entry. It has 4 floodgates and 2
navigational lock gates.
Flood infrastructures
Rosario Weir (100-year design flood)

A floodgate that diverts Marikina floodflows in

excess of 15m to Laguna Lake through the
Mangahan Floodway. It has 8 floodgates.
Flood infrastructures
❑ Mangahan Floodway (100-year design
flood)
A flood channel built in 1986 for
diverting excess Marikina flood flows to
Laguna Lake. It has a design capacity of
2400 m3/s for a trapezoidal cross section
with a base width of 260 m.
Flood Infrastructures
❑ Effective Flood Control Operating System
(EFCOS)

o Aims to achieve an effective flood control operation for

Pasig-Marikina-Laguna Lake Complex through
o Real time rainfall and water level data collection at the
Rosario Master Control Station via telemetry system;
o The effective use of the warning system along Mangahan
Floodway; and
o The multiplex communication system among Rosario MCS,
Napindan HCS, DPWH Central Office and PAGASA Data
Information Center.
Coastal River Basin
It is composed of 7 small highly urbanized river sub-
basins (702 sq. km.) which drain directly to Manila
Bay, and through Pasig River, serves as the only outlet
of one major tributary basin, the Marikina River
Basin (535 sq. km.) in the northeast, and one
extensive lake region, the Laguna de Bay Basin with
21 tributary SBs : 2300 sq. km. Lake area 929 sq. km.
Total basin area: 3229 sq.km. in the southeast.
Flood-Prone Areas
❑ The flood-prone area in Metro Manila can be divided
into the following four flood plains as depicted in the
flood hazard.
a) Coastal lowlands alongside Manila Bay
b) Marikina flood plain
c) Laguna Lake plain
d) Valley plains cutting through the central plateau

❑ In these flood plains, even floods with an estimated

frequency of 2-10 years (shown in yellow) are liable to
cover a substantial part of these areas, while floods with
an estimated frequency of 50-100 years (blue) are liable
to cause flood damage over the entire flood plain.
Types of Flooding
Flood Hazard Issues
1. Watershed Deforestation
2. Watershed Land-use change
3. Improper and unregulated land-use and urban planning
4. Inefficient flood control infrastructure system
5. Lack of flood early warning system
6. Lack of maintenance of rivers and drains
7. Impact of global environmental change
8. Fragmented institutional flood management
arrangements
Flooding Solution
❑ Floodplain management is the operation of an overall program of corrective and preventive measures for reducing flood damage.
1. Flood Protection
a. Increase bankfull capacity
• Modification of channels and banks
• Artificial channel linings
• Flood relief channels
b. Decrease flood peaks and increase flood flow duration
• Upstream water flow regulation
• Upstream sediment flow regulation
• Spreading ground through floodways
c. Increase channel gradient
• Straightening of sinuous rivers
2. Flood abatement
a. Upstream afforestation or reforestation
b. Flood control effective farming practices
c. Comprehensive forest and vegetation protection programs
Flooding Solution
Countermeasures to Flooding
a. Monitoring and prediction
b. Floodplain zoning
c. Flood proofing
d. Public relief funds
e. Flood insurance
Flood Mitigation Options
❑ Closed conduits in urban areas.
❑ Channel improvements by improving the hydraulic capacity of the channel.
o Should be considered items in an overall plan for the stream.
o Lined channels with vertical sidewalls are not attractive.
o Straightening should be accomplished with lining and revetting.
o A flood bypass is created by diversion works and topography that permits excess water in a river to be diverted.
Should be used only during floods.
o Admission of water can be through a gap in levee line, fuseplug levee, spillway section or use of weirs.
o The hydraulic design of the diversion works for a bypass is considerably more complicated than a simple
determination of the amount of flow to be diverted.