Sheet 2

• Name : Eslam Mohamed Ali Ahmed

• Id : 20210935
• Submitted to
• Dr : Samah Hassan
OPEN CANAL
 • An open canal is an engineering structure
The used to convey water, also known as a canal,
and is typically used to transport surface
Definition water from a source to a specific use
destination such as irrigation or rainwater
disposal.
 1. Natural canals: They are formed naturally
Types of by the flow of water in a valley or places with
natural slopes.
open 2. Artificial canals: They are constructed
channels: manually to transport water, and vary in the
materials used, such as concrete, stones, or
tiles.
Components of the open channel:
1. Main body: The main part of the canal that
carries water.

2. Banks: The side edges that limit the spread of water.

3. Bottom: The lower part of the canal that carries water and helps direct
it in a specific direction.

4. Auxiliary structures: such as dams, tunnels, and bridges that are used
to control the flow of water or bypass obstacles
 Open channel design

• Open canal designs depend on several

factors such as the amount of water to be
conveyed, the longitudinal slope of the canal, the
availability of local materials for construction,
and the surrounding environmental conditions.
 • Open channels require regular
Maintenanc maintenance to maintain their efficiency and
proper operation. Maintenance includes
e cleaning the channel of sediment, repairing
corrosion, and removing obstructions.
Uses • Open canals are used for multiple
purposes such as agricultural irrigation,
drinking water distribution, hydroelectric
power generation, and flood mitigation
 • Channel design includes hydraulic
Channel calculations to determine the dimensions
necessary to ensure efficient water flow.
Design - Water flow equations such as Manning's
equation are used to calculate the specific
sector and flow velocity.
 cases, open channels are strengthened by
Channel adding materials such as reinforced concrete
to improve their strength and durability.
strengthenin • Cement, plastic pipes, or metal sheets are
g used to cover the ducts and protect them
• ome from corrosion or corrosion.
 • Designing open channels in a way that
Sustainabilit encourages the use of local resources and
reduces environmental impact.
y • - Effectively directing agricultural water
used for agricultural irrigation is part of
sustainability strategies.
Risk • Civil engineers must take measures to
manage risks related to open channels such
Manageme as flooding, erosion and pollution.
nt • Optimal safety measures
include regulating hydraulic pressure
and providing regular maintenance.
 • Modern technology such as monitoring
Smart and remote control systems are used to
improve the management and maintenance of
channel open channels.
technology • Sensors can be used to monitor water
levels, water quality and effectively direct
water flow.
 • Open canals can be exposed to pollution
due to industrial or agricultural discharges or
other environmental factors, which requires
Environmental measures to protect them.
Challenges • The environmental impacts of the
construction and maintenance of open
canals on local ecosystems must be taken
into account.
Formation • Natural channels are formed
naturally as a result of the effects of weather
of natural and terrain on mountainous areas, valleys, or
channels canyons. Natural canals may slope
gradually or be in places where the ground
drops significantly, allowing water to flow
naturally.
 • The formation of natural channels is
Influencing affected by factors such as rain, water
currents, storms, and the effects of natural
factors erosion of rocks and soil.
• Natural channels may form after long
periods of natural erosion, transport and
deposition of soil and rock
 • Natural canals
Challenges face challenges related to environmental and
terrain changes such as erosion and erosion.
and However, natural channels may be more
environmentally friendly and provide a variety
advantages of ecological services such as providing
critical habitat for aquatic plants and animals.
 • Natural canals can benefit from thoughtful
human interventions to enhance sustainability
Sustainabilit y such as planning to strengthen banks and
reduce erosion.
and • Natural canals require regular
maintenance maintenance to remove sediments,
improve water flow, and preserve the
surrounding ecosystems.
 canals can impact surrounding ecosystems by
providing vital habitats for aquatic organisms
and enhancing biodiversity. However, the use
Environmental of natural channels may require a good
Impact assessment of environmental impacts and
• ural taking measures to maintain the ecological
balance