Sheet 2

• Name : Eslam Mohamed Ali Ahmed

• Id : 20210935
• Submitted to
• Dr : Samah Hassan
OPEN CANAL
 • An open canal is an engineering structure
used to convey water, also known as a
The canal, and is typically used to transport
Definition surface water from a source to a specific
use destination such as irrigation or
rainwater disposal.
 1. Natural canals: They are formed naturally
by the flow of water in a valley or places with
Types of natural slopes.
open 2. Artificial canals: They are constructed
manually to transport water, and vary in the
channels: materials used, such as concrete, stones, or
tiles.
Components of the open channel:
1. Main body: The main part of the canal that
carries water.
2. Banks: The side edges that limit the spread of water.

3. Bottom: The lower part of the canal that carries water and helps direct it in a spe

4. Auxiliary structures: such as dams, tunnels, and bridges that are used to control
Open channel design

• Open canal designs depend on several factors

such as the amount of water to be conveyed,
the longitudinal slope of the canal, the
availability of local materials for
construction, and the surrounding
environmental conditions.
 • Open channels require regular maintenance
to maintain their efficiency and proper
Maintenanc operation. Maintenance includes cleaning
e the channel of sediment, repairing
corrosion, and removing obstructions.
Uses • Open canals are used for multiple purposes
such as agricultural irrigation, drinking
water distribution, hydroelectric power
generation, and flood mitigation
 • Channel design includes hydraulic
calculations to determine the dimensions
Channel necessary to ensure efficient water flow.
Design - Water flow equations such as Manning's
equation are used to calculate the specific
sector and flow velocity.
 as reinforced concrete to improve their
strength and durability.
Channel • Cement, plastic pipes, or metal sheets are
strengthenin used to cover the ducts and protect them
from corrosion or corrosion.
g
• ome cases,
open channels
are
strengthened
by adding
materials such
 • Designing open channels in a way that
encourages the use of local resources and
Sustainabilit reduces environmental impact.
y • - Effectively directing agricultural water
used for agricultural irrigation is part of
sustainability strategies.
Risk • Civil engineers must take measures to
manage risks related to open channels such
Manageme as flooding, erosion and pollution.
nt • Optimal safety measures include
regulating hydraulic pressure and
providing regular maintenance.
 • Modern technology such as monitoring and
remote control systems are used to improve
Smart the management and maintenance of open
channel channels.
• Sensors can be used to monitor water levels,
technology water quality and effectively direct water
flow.
 • Open canals can be exposed to pollution due
to industrial or agricultural discharges or
other environmental factors, which requires
measures to protect them.
Environmental
• The environmental impacts of the
Challenges construction and maintenance of open
canals on local ecosystems must be taken
into account.
Formation • Natural channels are formed naturally as a
result of the effects of weather and terrain on
of natural mountainous areas, valleys, or canyons.
channels Natural canals may slope gradually or be in
places where the ground drops significantly,
allowing water to flow naturally.
 • The formation of natural channels is
affected by factors such as rain, water
currents, storms, and the effects of natural
Influencing erosion of rocks and soil.
factors • Natural channels may form after long
periods of natural erosion, transport and
deposition of soil and rock
 • Natural canals face challenges related to
environmental and terrain changes such as
Challenges erosion and erosion. However,
natural channels may be more
and environmentally friendly and provide a
advantages variety of ecological services such as
providing critical habitat for aquatic plants
and animals.
 • Natural canals can benefit from thoughtful
human interventions to enhance
sustainability such as planning to strengthen
Sustainabilit banks and reduce erosion.
y and • Natural canals require regular
maintenance to remove sediments,
maintenance improve water flow, and preserve the
surrounding ecosystems.
 and enhancing biodiversity. However, the
use of natural channels may require a good
assessment of environmental impacts and
Environmental taking measures to maintain the ecological
balance
Impact
• ural canals can
impact
surrounding
ecosystems by
providing vital
habitats for
aquatic organisms