Subject: Assignment No: 1

Project Management

Group No: Date: 10th of April, 2020

B-7

Group Members:
Muhammad Faizan (B-1333043)
Fasih Mohiuddin (B-1333020)
Bilal Hassan (B-1333016)
Objective
An ETP (Effluent treatment plant) for the treatment of waste water with site analysis.

Introduction
There are three types of wastewater treatment process are as follows:

 Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP)

 Sewage Treatment Plants (STP)

 Common and Combined Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP)

Effluent Treatment Plant or ETP is one type of waste water treatment method which is

particularly designed to purify industrial waste water for its reuse and it’s aim is to release safe

water to environment from the harmful effect caused by the effluent.

Industrial effluents contain various materials, depending on the industry. Some effluents

contain oils and grease, and some contain toxic materials (e.g., cyanide). Effluents from food

and beverage factories contain degradable organic pollutants. Since industrial waste water

contains a diversity of impurities and therefore specific treatment technology called ETP is

required. The ETP Plant works at various levels and involves various physical, chemical,

biological and membrane processes to treat waste water from different industrial sectors like

chemicals, drugs, pharmaceutical, refineries, dairy, ready mix plants & textile etc.

Planning & Scheduling

Any factory needing to install an ETP has to consider several factors. For example, information

about the wastewater from the factory is required, including quantity and quality. To get this

information the factory will have to take samples and have them analysed at a reputable

laboratory. Some of the factors to be considered are as follow:

 What national and international standard must you comply with ?

  what volume of effluent do you have ? what chemical does it contain? At what

concentration

 How much you can afford to spend on construction an ETP?

 How much you can afford to spend on running an ETP?

 How much land do you have available, or can you buy, on which to build the ETP?

 Which ETP expert or designer should be used?

 What type of plant will best suit your requirements? (the answers that you give to the

above questions will help you and the designers to decide this)
 What capacity do you have in your factory to manage the ETP? Do you need to hire

more staff or train existing staff?

Common Area Requirements of Different Types of ETPs*

Physico- Biological Combine Physico-

chemical chemical and

Biological

Area required for 30 80 sq metres 170 sq metres 140 sq metres

cubic metre / hour

flow

Untreated effluents of a paint production facility contain organic and inorganic substances of

varying concentrations, depending on type of facility. The untreated waste water of such facility

may contain acids, alkali substances, color, phenols, and the like, which may cause high pH, low

pH, toxicity, and many other adverse effects on environment.

Characteristics of effluent waste water

 Paint manufacturing facility (10m3 /hr or

120m3/d)

PH 6.93

BOD 250ppm

COD 670ppm

TDS 1.130ppm

DO 0

m3/hr,cubic meters per hour;

m3/d,cubic meters per day

ppm ,parts per million.

Basic information on ETPs of paint manufacturing facility

Paint manufacturing facility

Number of employees 6

Working shifts 3

Working hours 24

Annual working days 300

Liquid effluent discharge (m3/day) 120

Point of discharge Ponds

Work Breakdown Structure of ETP

Technical Feasibility Study of ETP

The treatment of different effluents varies with the type of effluent. Wastewater enters the

effluent or sewage treatment plant and goes through several processes before effluent goes

into the environment. Industrial effluent treatment plant process include the following stages
Preliminary Treatment: Its objective is physical separation of large sized contaminants.
For example cloth, paper, plastics, wood logs etc. This level/ process include :
Screening: This is the first unit operation that occurs in waste water treatment plants. A
screen is a device with uniform   openings and its purpose is to remove large floating solids.
Sedimentation: It is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended
solids from water.
Grit Chamber: The wastewater that moves into the grit chamber removes the dense
inorganic solids such as gravel, metal  fragments and sand which have made their way into the

sewers. Removal of grit can prevent damaging of pumps &   operational difficulties.
 Clarifiers: These are tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being

deposited by sedimentation   before biological treatment

Primary Treatment: Its aim is removal of floating and settleable materials such

as suspended solids and organic matter. In this treatment both physical and chemical methods
are used. It includes:

 Flocculation: Flocculation is a physical process and does not involve the neutralization of

charge. It involves the addition of destabilized particles together into large aggregates so that
they can be easily separated from the water,
 
 Coagulation: is a process in which coagulants are added for the purpose of rapid settlement
of minute solid particles in a liquid into larger mass. It permits particle removal by
sedimentation and for filtration.

 Neutralization: The main purpose of this process helps in maintaining the pH range of 6-9 to
meet the requirements of   different processing units in ETP system.

 Primary Clarifiers: These are used to slow the velocity of the water to a point where organic
solids will settle to the bottom of the tank and it contain an equipment that is used to remove
floating solids and greases from the surface
.
Secondary or Biological Treatment: The objective of this treatment is the further
treatment of the effluent from primary treatment to remove the suspended solids and residual
organics. In this step biological and chemical processes are involved.
Activated Sludge Process:  This is used for treating industrial waste water using air and a
biological floc composed of bacteria.

 Aerated Lagoons: Is a treatment pond provided with artificial aeration to promote he

biological oxidation of waste water.

 Trickling Filters: Trickling filters, also known as sprinkling filters, are commonly used for the
biological treatment of  domestic sewage and industrial waste water.

 Rotating Biological Contactor: It involves allowing the waste water to come in contact
with a biological medium in order to  remove pollutants in the wastewater before discharge of
the treated wastewater to the environment
.
Tertiary/advanced/disinfection treatment: The purpose of tertiary treatment is
to provide a final treatment stage to raise the effluent quality to the desired level before it is
reused, recycled or discharged to the environment.

  Chemical Coagulation and sedimentation: It is used to increase the removal of solids

from effluent after primary and   secondary treatment.

  Filtration: The clarified wastewater is first passed through the adjacent filtration plant which
contains large filter blocks to ensure high quality water.

 Reverse Osmosis: In this process, pressure is used to force effluent through a membrane
that retains contaminants on one  side and allows the clean water to pass to the other side.

 UV Disinfection: It is considered as an ideal disinfectant for industrial waste water. It leaves
no residual disinfectant in the water by ensuring the water quality. It does not produce any
disinfection by-products.

Economic Feasibility Study & Cost Analysis

The purpose of an economic feasibility study (EFS) is to demonstrate the net benefit of a
proposed project for accepting or disbursing electronic funds/benefits, taking into
consideration the benefits and costs to the agency, other state agencies, and the general public
as a whole.

The EFS is composed of two required forms:

 Business Case
 Cost Benefit Analysis

Installation Cost
The installation cost of the paint manufacturing facility's ETP, 2269020.41PKR. The
installation cost of the biological treatment unit is 3255551.02PKR and the operation
cost of the ETP plant is 6992528.98PKR and the operation cost of the biological
treatment unit is 2471653.80PKR

The annual cost for chemical treatment is 6795222.86 PKR and for biological
treatment is 123710.94PKR. The total construction cost is 2860938.78,PKR. The total
cost of material supplies IS 3156897.96 PKR , and the annual costs of electricity,
maintenance, and manpower cost is 2545248.98PKR, 276228.57PKR and
2462380.41PKR respectively . The total fixed cost is 6017836.74 PKR and the variable
cost per year is 12232979.59PKR .

Cost of Chemicals For Chemical Treatment

Name of chemical Price per Use of chemicals Cost of used
kilogram in PKR per batch chemical sper
batch in PKR
FeSO4.7H2O 59.19 14 kilogram 828.69
Lime(CaO) 25.65 10kilograms 256.50
Polyelectrolyte(Coagulant 236.77 0.2kilogram 47.35

Number of batches per day=20

Annual cost=6795222.86PKR

Cost of Chemicals For Biological Treatment

Name of Price per Use of chemicals per Cost of used chemicals
chemicals kilogram In PKR day per day in PKR
Urea 31.57 5 kilogram 157.84
Diammoniumpho 53.27 2 kilograms 106.55
sphate
Wheat flour 59.19 2 kilograms 118.38
Cow dung 1.48 20 kilograms 29.60

Annual cost= 123710.94PKR.

 Other Cost

Average electricity cost 8484.16PKR/day

Annual electricity cost 2545248.98PKR
Annual maintenance cost (Repair work of 276228.57 PKR
units,repair and replacement of machines
and instruments
Annual cost on manpower 2462380.41PKR

Total Cost

Total cost of material supply = 3156897.96PKR

Consultancy, plant commissioning, electrical and mechanical work supervision fees =
493265.31PKR
Cost of civil work = 2367673.47PKR
Total fixed cost:= 6017836.74PKR

Variable Cost/ year

Annual cost for chemical treatment = 6795222.86 PKR

Biological treatment = 123710.94PKR
Annual electricity cost = 2545248.98PKR
Annual maintenance cost (Repair work of units,repair and replacement of machines and
instruments =276228.57 PKR
Annual cost on manpower =2462380.41PKR

Recommendation
Companies are urged to take action to minimise the amount and strength of the effluent
created by production processes. Producing less effluent in the first place will reduce the
demands made on the effluent treatment plant and thus save both money and effort. A
thorough understanding of the nature and properties of your company's effluents is essential
for cost-effective pollution control. Improving the performance of the effluent treatment plant
(ETP) will reduce your site's operating costs and make it easier for your site to comply with its
discharge consent conditions. Sites discharging to sewer will also reduce their trade effluent
charges. The true cost of effluent can be over six times greater than the cost of effluent
disposal, because it includes: the value of raw materials and product lost in the effluent; the
costs of lost production due to wasted product; the use of water and treatment chemicals; the
operating costs of pollution control equipment; waste disposal costs, including trade effluent
charges and pumping costs; costs associated with non-compliance with legislation, including
fines, legal fees, the cost of remedial work following pollution incidents, staff time and
increased insurance premiums; loss of potential sales to customers that refuse to trade with a
company possessing a poor environmental record.

Conclusion
Although the degree of pollutant removal depends on the treatment process, it also depends
on the policy of the facility, environmentrelated laws and regulations, the strictness with which
the laws are implemented by the environment authority and the law enforcement authority,
the awareness of society, the industrial authority, government, and the like. The cost of
operation typically depends onthetype and concentration of the pollutant and the degree of
removal. In general, for effluent treatment processes, chemical treatment units have lower
installation costs, but biological treatment processes cost less than chemical treatment process
to operate. As a result, a good combination of chemical and biological treatment processes is
necessary to ensure the installation of a low cost and efficient ETP

REFERENCES
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/water/types-of-wastewater-treatment-process-etp-stp-and-
cetp/27418
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/water/types-of-wastewater-treatment-process-etp-stp-and-
cetp/27418
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08cc940f0b652dd001568/R8161-
Treatmentplants.pdf
http://www.pacificwater.org/userfiles/file/TR0288.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_ways_to_reduce_effluent_water_treatment_costs
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324709028_A_comparative_study_on_cost_analysis_efficie
ncy_and_process_mechanism_of_effluent_treatment_plants