SAHVIA durign S leyord FACADE CONSULTANCY | FACADE ENGINEERING | FACADE LIGHTINGSAFETY FIRST OxABOUT US Gus SAHVIA FACADE PVT LTD Provide specialist in Facade consulting Engineering & Facade Lighting, Developers & Contractors offering state of the art expertise on the design and implementation of the building envelope. Beside the traditional criteria such as mechanical resistance, cost effective design and conformity to Facade concept design, we add complementary points of interest, such as optimal energy savings, appropriate thermal, acoustic and visual comforts, safety standards and efficient equipment systems to clean and repair the facades, these are all researched in-house in collaboration with the various disciplined team members from our head. SAHVIA study the utilization of the most appropriate materials and systems, taking into account the local regulations, the projects’ contexts and the Client’s needs. Please refer our involvement in projects where some design concepts with parametric studies are mentioned and our involvement from initial concept by working hand to hand with architect teams to construction administration until final certification of works is made by facade contractors.INDEX HISTORY CAUSES BASIC WAYS OF CURTAIN WALL FIRE MECHANISM REQUIREMENT OF FIRE PROTECTION & SYSTEMS CODE OF PRACTICE CONCLUSIONHISTORY Qos Project: Vietnam Electricity Tower Features: 2 Towers — 33 and 29 Storeys Place: __ fire broke from basement (Shours) Damage: No loss of life Causes: welder, process of cutting, combustion of welding sparks into the vitreous cords of the air conditioner. Project: JSC Building 34 on Khuat Duy Tien Street Features: 18 Storeys Time & Place: 10/03/2012 Damage: 2 died Causes: People put the trash (including some burning coal) into the trash pipe it caused fire.HISTORY Project: Trung Hoa Nhan Chinh Apartment Features: 34- Storey Building Place: — 12'" Floor — 25/03/2012 Damage: No loss of life Causes: The overload of electric system in the office on 12nd floor Project: Carina Plaza - HCMC Features: 15 to 22 Storeys Time & Place: 23/03/2018, 1:15am, Lower Floors Damage: 13 died Causes: Motorbike in basementVIETNAM Vietnam is country on the path-way of development and global integration. Also facing challenges of climate change. Large cities in Vietnam are competing to reach the sky. The number of high-rise buildings has increased in big cities in Vietnam recently. Fires happened in these buildings occasionally as well, mostly in Hanoi & Ho Chi Minh City. (rescence & technology vost No.3) + In 2009: 1077 fire cases, 62 died, 149 injured. * In 2010: 2261 fire cases, 90 died, 240 injured. * In 2011: 1764 fire cases, 40 died, 120 injured.CAUSES © * ELECTRIC SHORT CIRCUIT * GAS LEAKING, OCCUPANT NEGLIGANCE. + Design faults — ex: non-fire proof materials + Inadequate power cables — overloaded — residential used as office. Human behavior. + Fire & safety regulations. Construction authority, public safety , science & technology. * Behaviors of residents, users, constructors, other related people. * Design mistakes: - Inappropriate use of materials - Misplacement of functional components like garbage’s room, staircases, doors. - electrical system * Lack of effective collaboration between related authorities.2 BASIC WAYS OF CURTAIN WALL INSTALLATION © SANVIA <—__ VISION GLASS SPANDREL GLASS \ +—_vision GLASS + FLOOR TO FLOOR GLAZE SYSTEM. * CONTINOUS GLAZE SYSTEM. OUTSIDE THE SLAB EDGE2 BASIC WAYS OF CURTAIN WALL INSTALLATION © FLOOR TO FLOOR GLAZE SYSTEM The most basic approach is for the curtain wall to be supported directly on the structural floor slab edge, which precludes any gap or joint condition, given that the floor slab is +—— sSon continuation to or extends past the building envelopes. This type of installation would GLASS2 BASIC WAYS OF CURTAIN WALL INSTALLATION CONTINOUS GLAZE SYSTEM. Applicable when the curtain wall assembl positioned just outside the edge of fire rated floor system. SPANDREL GLASS \,3 WAYS FOR FIRE TO SPREAD © Poke Through Effect: This is where flame & hot gases penetrate through openings in fire- rated walls & floor / ceilings to ignite combustibles on the other side. Chimney effect: Is where heated surfaces create thermal zones that include upward air movement, which in turn sucks hot gases & flames in its direction. This effect is attributed to the spread of fire upward through shafts, and also the spread of fire upward through available openings between the floor slab edge and the curtain wall. Leapfrog Effect: This effect is apparent in mid-to high-rise buildings fires where flames blasting out through perimeter windows ultimately reach back in through the windows above & continue to spread vertically to upper floors. Once the heat release rate of the fire is high enough, between 9kW/m2 to 35kw/m2. the window of the room above the room origin will fall out. This allows for the fire to reach combustibles in this room and possibly spread to higher floors.FIRE MECHANISM. © ANIA * Inside: Flames & fire gases in the building attack the interior surface & details of the curtain Aton ! } ; : ; — wall & associated perimeter fire barrier materials. ve ae ‘ers on Fae qh peo SSA * Outside: Flames & hot gases projecting from fire- broken glazing or others openings directly impinge\isiss on the curtain wall exterior face (convection). oe Coreen eee + Outside: Flames projecting from fire broken glazing soc or other openings radiate heat to and through glazed surfaces or through other openings to building contents and furnishings. hen + flames emitting from exterior window can extend higher than 5 mtr above the top of the window.FIRE MECHANISM. © sania Flames & hot gases projecting from fire-broken glazing or others openings directly impinge on the curtain wall exterior face (convection). Key stages associated with exterior fire spread: * Initiation of fire * Fire breakout * Interaction with external envelope + Fire re-entry * Fire services intervention.MECHANISM OF FIRE SPREAD NRCC - EXTEND TO WHICH A HORIZONTAL PROJECTION LOCATED ABOVE FLAMES ISSUING FROM A WINDOW CAN BE EFFECTIVE AT REDUCING THE FLAME EXPOSURE. THIS WORK ALSO SHOWED THAT VERTICAL EXTERIOR ELEMENTS COULD HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT BY INCREASING THE VERTICAL PROJECTION OF FLAMES ALONG FACADE. FLAME PROJECTION & TEMP PROFILE WILL BE ‘A FACTOR OF WINDOW AREA, HEIGHT, ROOM GEOMETRY, FUEL CONTENTS, FACADE MATERIALS & WIND VELOCITY. NomaOWTAL umeMECHANISM OF FIRE SPREAD — HORIZONTAL SHADE © Anyi + NRCC - EXTEND TO WHICH A HORIZONTAL PROJECTION LOCATED ABOVE FLAMES ISSUING FROM A WINDOW CAN BE EFFECTIVE AT REDUCING THE FLAME EXPOSURE. {National Research Council Of Canada — 1990-91)MECHANISM OF FIRE SPREAD — VERTICAL FINS - COMBUSTIBLE CLADDING © sanvia ACP Composition + Several components: facings, core, finish, adhesive + Core determines fire performance + Polyethylene (100%) + Polyethylene with inorganic filler (30/70) + Mineral (Non-combustible) + Facings may degrade in fire nium Tm = 4754630°C $430°C 100% PE core = 1 gallon of petrol per m= tn w —-8 THIS WORK ALSO SHOWED EXTERIOR ELEMENTS COULD HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT BY INCREASING THE VERTICAL PROJECTION OF FLAMES ALONG FACADE.FULL HEIGHT VISION PANEL FULL HEIGHT GLASS SYSTEMS FLAME EXTENSION & HEAT FLUXES TO THE WINDOW AREAS ABOVE CAN BE EXPECTED GREATER THAN THAT EXPECTED CW USING SPANDREL PANEL. - (CTBUH 2008). SPANDREL PANEL DESIGN WILL LIMIT THE FLAME EXTENSION & DREDUCE HEAT FLUX. TO PREVENT LEAPFROG EFFECT USING SPANDREL DESIGN REQUIREED A VERTICAL SPANDREL DIMS OF APPROX FOUR & FIVE FEET.WHAT IS PERIMETER FIRE BARRIER SYSTEM + VOID SPACE BETWEEN FLOOR SYSTEM & CURTAIN WALL. (Refer figure A) + SUCH VOID SPACE CONDITIONS ARE SEALED WITH A MATERIAL OR SYSTEM TO PREVENT THE INTERIOR SPREAD OF FIRE FROM ONE TO THE FLOOR ABOVE. + SUCH MATERIAL OR SYSTEMS ARE TO BE ‘TESTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASTM £2307, STANDARD TEST += METHOD ~—- FOR DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF PERIMETER FIRE BARRIER SYSTEMS. figure AWHAT EXACTLY DOES A PERIMETER FIRE BARRIER DO? Ss Slows the process down. Of course it depends on window spacing and other construction factors... ‘As well as the nature and severity of the fire... + ALONG WITH SEALING THE SLOT AREA, A WELL ENGINEERED SYSTEM PROVIDES STRUCTURAL PROTECTION & MAXIMIZES THE INTEGRITY OF THE WALL SYSTEM. * EXTENDS THE RATING OF THE FLOOR TO THE WALL. + FORCES THE FIRE TO EXIT THE BUILDING IN ORDER TO PROPAGATE TO UPPER FLOORS. + MAXIMIZES FIRE PROTECTION AFFORDED BY THE NON-RATED WALL. + PREVENTS THE MIGRATION OF FLAME, HOT GASSES AND SMOKE THROUGH TO FLOORS ABOVE. + BUYS TIME FOR OCCUPANTS TO ESCAPE. + BUYS TIME FOR FIRST RESPONDERS TO SECURE THE BUILDING. * PROVIDES ADDITIONAL PROTECTION IN THE EVENT OF A SPRINKLER OR DETECTION FAILURE.BUILDING GEOMETRY — BENEFICIAL OR NEGATIVE Forward Inclined Curtain wall Figure B Backward Inclined Curtain wall Oues Inclined forward curtain wall condition can allow for more direct flame impingement and higher exposure temperatures on curtain wall components. Refer Figure A. Inclined backward curtain wall condition can diminish the ability of flames to contact the curtain wall components. Refer Figure B.BUILDING GEOMETRY — BENEFICIAL OR NEGATIVE Double Skin Curtain wall These double skin systems intend to promote high performance energy efficiency. Natural ventilation and the greenhouse effect. Incorporate automated sun shading devices & forced ventilation concepts. The dynamics of the fire flame and radiant heat exposure for this case is expected to be more severe than a flame freely flowing to the open atmosphere.SMOKE © * 75% DEATHS ARE CAUSED BY SMOKE INHALATION. LWNFPA Fire Analysis & Research ~“~Burns Toxic gates and ather Hazards) + 57% OF PEOPLE KILLED IN FIRES ARE NOT IN THE ROOM OF THE FIRE’S ORIGIN. (Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18" Ed Table 1-1P, Pg 1-25) VISIBILITY — 47% OF SURVIVORS CAUGH IN A FIRE COULD NOT SEE MORE THAN 12 FEET. (Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 1th Ed Table -1P, Pg &-17) SMOKE TRAVELS 120-420 FEET PER MINUTE UNDER FIRE CONDITIONS. (Source: estimated based upon ceiling jet velocity calculation for typical ceiling heights and heat release rates) CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRE & SMOKE IN HIGH RISE + Tends to spread vertically + related to the wind speedCHARACTERISTICS OF SN PREVENTION OF KE IS MORE DIFFICULT THAN PREVENTION OF IRE. THE IKE SPREADS VERY QUICKLY, BOTH HORIZONTALLY & VERTICALLY.SMOKE VISIBILITY = 47% OF SURVIVORS CAUGH IN A FIRE COULD NOT SEE MORE THAN 12 FEET. 759% DEATHS ARE CAUSED BY SMOKE INHALATION. OCCURS WHEN THERE IS INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION (NOT ENOUGH OXYGEN TO BURN THE FUEL COMPLETELY). IN COMPLETE COMBUSTION, EVERYTHING IS PRODUCING JUST WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE. WHEN INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION OCCURS, NOT EVERYTHING IS BURNED. IS A COLLECTION OF THESE TINY |. EACH PARTICLE IS TOO SMALL TO SEE WITH YOUR EYES, BUT WHEN THEY COME TOGETHER, YOU SEE THEM ASFIRE SAFETY ISSUE OF CURTAIN WALL + GIVEN A FULLY DEVELOPED FIRE EXPOSURE IN A ROOM OR SPACE (IE SPRINKLER SYSTEM OUT OF SERVICES OR FAILURE SCENARIO) BORDERED BY A BUILDINGS CW SYSTEM, IT CAN BE EXPECTED THAT VISION GLASS FAILURE. ONCE THE FAILURE OCCURS & FLAMES ARE EXTENDING TO EXTERIOR AND PERIMETER FIRE BARRIER SYSTEM. + PATHS + Spreading up the inside of the wall due to inadequate fire stopping at the floor-wall interface. * Spreading up the exterior surface on combustible facing materials.DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR SMOKE SEAL © Type of Source of Movement 4 Horizontal Snear a) Wind Drift n facade b) Seismic and floor ©) Thermal 2 Verticat Dead+Live Load movement n brackets at floor 3 tm-and-out Wind pressure movement and rolling between brackets vortexes. 1. Horizontal Shear between facade and floor 2. Vertical Movement between brackets at floor level |- and- out movement between brackets at floor levelHOT GASSES AND FIRE FLOW INADEQUATE FIRE STOP IN THE GAP BETWEEN FLOOR SLAB & EXTERIOR WALL ALLOWING FOR FLAMES AND HOT GASES INTO THE NEXT COMPARTMENT. DEFLECTION OR DISTORTION OF METALLIC FACADE MATERIALS, e.g. ALUMINIUM, LEADING TO DETERIORATION OF THE FIRE SAFETY ALLOWING FOR FIRE SPREAD INSIDE ‘THE FACADE. INADEQUATE FIRE STOPPING AROUND ‘SERVICE PENETRATIONS, WINDOWS ETC...SCIENTIFIC BASIS TO MINIMIZE FIRE RISK - VIETNAM CITY CENTER WHERE SPACES ARE OVERCROADED G 3 a BY POPULATION AND BUILDINGS. INACCESSIBLE BY FIRE TRUCKS, IN OTHER CASE HIGH-RISE BUILDING IS TOO SMALL. UNDERGROUND PARKING UNDER THE WHOLE SITE, GROUND UNABLE TO STAND FIRE TRUCKS {40TONS). BARRIER BY UTILITY NETS. CAREFUL COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONAL SPACES. ROOM WITH HIGH RISK, SHOULDN'T BE ON EXIT way.TESTING STANDARDS © ASTM E2307 “ Standard test Method for Determining fire resistance of Perimeter Fire Barriers using Intermediate-Scale Multi-Story test Apparatus” Advantage of the two-story fire stopping and flame spread tests is that they evaluate the materials and systems in a realistic arrangement that, while more costly, provide much greater assurance of safer performance in the field. EN 1364-Part 3: “Fire resistance of curtain walling systems full configuration” Fire Resistant Glazing. EN 1364-Part 4 “ Fire resistance of parts of curtain walling” non Fire Resistant Glazing.TESTING STANDARDS © sanvia + ASTM E2307 “ Standard test Method for Determining fire resistance of Perimeter Fire Barriers using Intermediate-Scale Multi-Story test Apparatus” + Two ratings are provided as per the ATM E2307 test: F — rating — In Hours (resistance to fire spread) T— ratings — In Hours (temperature on non fi side) UL provide two additional ratings using same test apparatus “integrity rating” & “Insulation rating”SMOKE SEAL MEASURE ASPECTS FIRE RESISTANCE - Fire resistance is a property of an element of building construction & is the measure of its ability to satisfy for stated period. INSULATION - A MEASURE OF THE ‘TEMPERATURE INCREASE ON THE UNEXPOSED SURFACE OF THE FIRESTOP SPECIMEN. INTEGRITY - A MEASURE OF THE INSTALLED SYSTEM ABILITY TO RESIST THE TRANSFER OF FLAMES, SMOKE AND TOXIC GASES, EITHER THROUGH, AROUND OR AT JOINTSS BETWEEN ‘THE INSTALLED MATERIALS. Insulation — resistance to temperature rise on the unexposed face up to a maximum of 180°C andlor average temperature of 140°C. Integrity ~ resistance to penetration of flame and hot gasesRISK ASSESMENTS FACTORS © May not be limited to following + Automatic sprinkler systems reliability + Fire department/Brigade response capabilities + Building height * Building occupancy considerations - e.g, office, residential, hospitals, mercantile. * Building compartmentation features * Building evacuation strategies + Fire hazard-fuel loads, continuity of combustibles, compartment size Security threat assessment scenarioREQUIREMENT FOR FIRE PROTECTION. © Sanvia GLAZING PANELS REQUIRED FOR VENTING & EMERGENCY ACCESS FROM THE EXTERIOR. KNOCK-OUT PANELS ARE GENERALLY FULLY TEMPERED GLASS TO ALLOW FULL FRACTURING OF THE PANEL INTO SMALL PIECES & RELATIVELY SAFE REMOVAL FROM THE OPENING... KNOCK-OUT PANELS ARE IDENTIFIED BY A NON-REMOVABLE REFLECTIVE DOT LOCATED IN THE LOWER CORNER OF THE GLASS & VISIBLE FROM GROUND BY THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. WINDOW DESIGNED TO BE LARGE ENOUGH FOR A FIRE FIGHTER TO CLIMB IN OR A PERSON TO CLIMB OUT IN AN EMERGENCY. CAVITY BARIERS SPANDREL TO BE PROVIDED WITH INSULATION OR / AND PROJECTIONS TO BE PROVIDED. DISTANCE BETWEEN EXTERNAL WALL & GLASS SHALL NOT BE MORE THAN 300MM. EtenSPRINKLER FAILED TO OPERATE — (NFIR REPORT] © May not be limited to following Analysis from the National Fire Incident Reporting System indicates that for all building types sprinklers fails to operate as follows: * 7% of structure fires. + The identified reasons for these failures were 65% of the systems were shut off. * 16% were defeated by manual intervention. * 11% were due to lack of maintenance. + 5% of systems were the wrong type. + 3% were due to damaged system component.CONCLUSION Current code practice recognize the successful record of fully sprinkler protected high-rise buildings and only required that the void space between curtain wall and floor slab be resistive to fire spread using a perimeter fire barrier system. Many components required to be operational & operated properly for the sprinkler systems success. Sprinkler system maintenance can be a major maintenance activity for todays super high rise buildings and is key to success. Super high rise buildings requires the consideration - engineering design of the sprinkler systems - Fire department response capabilities = occupancies and associated fire loads = Building evacuation approachTHANKING YOU Oe me AS ALS OT ET OE