ANATOMY-I ASSIGNMENT

TOPIC: JOINTS AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

NAME: KHADIJA NASIR
ROLLNO. : PT05082

1. JOINT
A joint generally means a point where two or more things are connected together. Whereas, in the
human body a joint is a point where two bones intersect.

SYNDESMOLOGY
THE BRANCH OF ANATOMY THAT DEALS WITH LIGAMENTS.
2. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
FIBROUS, CARTILAGINOUS, SYNOVIAL
3. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
SYNARTHROSIS-IMMOVABLE JOINTS
AMPHIARTHROSIS-SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINT
DIARTHROSIS-FREELY MOVABLE JOINT
4. SIMPLE JOINT- WHEN ONLY TWO BONES ARTICULATE
COMPLEX JOINT- WHEN JOINT CAVITY IS DIVIDED BY AN INTRA-ARTICULAR DISC
COMPOUND JOINT- MORE THAN 2 BONES ARTICULATE WITH 1 CAPSULE
5. EXAMPLE OF SIMPLE JOINT- INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX JOINTS- STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINTS
6. FEATURES OF FIBROUS JOINTS AND THEIR TYPES
a) IN FIBROUS JOINTS BONES ARE CONNECTED BY DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
WHICH IS RICH IN COLLAGEN
b) THESE JOINTS ARE IMMOVABLE OR PERMIT SLIGHT DEGREE OF MOVEMENT
c) THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF IT
SYNDESMOSIS, SUTURES, GOMPHOSIS
7. SUTURES- TYPE OF JOINT PRESENT BETWEEN THE BONES OF SKULL. SERRATE AND
DENTICULATE ARE TYPE OF SUTURES
EXAMPLE OF SUTURE- INTERPARIETAL SUTURE
EXAMPLE OF DENTICULATE- LAMBDOID SUTURE
8. FONTANELLES- THEY ARE TEMPORARY. FONTANELLES ARE MEMBRANE FILLED GAPS
BETWEEN THE BONES AND SKULL IN INFANTS.
SIGNIFICANCE OF FONTANELLES- THEY PERMIT MOULDING DURING CHILDBIRTH. IT ALSO
ALLOWS UNDER-LYING BRAIN TO INCREASE IN SIZE
9. EXAMPLES OF SYNDESMOSIS- DISTAL TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT (TIBIA CONNECTS TO FIBULA)
RADIO-ULNAR JOINT ( ULNA ATTACHES TO RADIUS)
EXAMPLE OF GOMPHOSIS- PEG AND SOCKET JUNCTION BETWEEN TOOTH AND SOCKET
10. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
SECONDARY-PRIMARY
a) PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS OCCUR IN BETWEEN EPIPHYSIS AND DIAPHYSIS OF LONG BONE .
SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS OCCUR IN BETWEEN MEDIAN PLANE OF BODY
b) PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS ARE THOSE WHICH BONES ARE JOINED BY HYALINE CARTILAGE,
WHEREAS, IN SECONDARY BONES ARE JOINED BY FIBRO-CARTILAGE
 c) PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS ARE TEMPORARY IN NATURE , WHEREAS, SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS
JOINTS ARE PERMANENT
d) PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINT RE ASSOCIATED WITH GROWTH OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE OR INCREASING
LENGTH OF BONE, WHEREAS, SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MOVEMENT AND
IT PERMITS LIMITED MOVEMENT
11. EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINT -
SPHENO-OCCIPITAL JOINT, JOINT BETWEEN EPIPHYSIS AND DIAPHYSIS OF LONG BONE
EXAMPLE OF SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINT-
JOINT BETWEEN PUBLIC SYMPHYSIS AND MANUBRIOSTERNAL JOINT
12. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
a) ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE COVERED WITH HYALINE CARTILAGE
b) BETWEEN THE ARTICULAR SURFACES THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY FILLED WITH
SYNOVIAL FLUID
c) THE JOINT IS SURROUNDED BY AN ARTICULAR CAPSULE WHICH IS MADE OF FIBERS
LINED BY SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
13. TYPES AND EXAMPLES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
a) PLANE SYNOVIAL JOINT - INTERCARPAL JOINT , INTERTARSAL JOINT
b) HINGE JOINT- ELBOW JOINT, ANKLE JOINT
c) PIVOT JOINT- SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR RADIO-ULNAR JOINT
d) CONDYLAR JOINT-KNEE JOINT, RIGHT AND LEFT JAW JOINT
e) ELLIPSOID JOINT-ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINT, WRIST JOINTS
f) SADDLE JOINTS- FIRST CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT
g) BALL AND SOCKET JOINT- SHOULDER JOINT, HIP JOINT
14. EXAMPLE OF ELLIPSOID-PIVOT-BALL AND SOCKET JOINT ARE- SHOULDER
JOINT-RADIOULNAR JOINT-WRIST JOINT RESPECTIVELY
15. EXAMPLE OF SADDLE-PLANE-HINGE-CONDYLAR JOINT ARE - FIRST CARPOMETACARPAL
JOINT-KNEE JOINT-INTERCARPAL JOINT-ELBOW JOINT-KNEE JOINT RESPECTIVELY
16. STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT IS CLASSIFIED AS SADDLE JOINT. KNEE JOINT IS CLASSIFIED
AS CONDYLAR JOINT.
17. MANUBRIOSTERNAL JOINT-IS CLASSIFIED AS PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINT
18. UNIAXIAL JOINT- ALLOWS MOTION ONLY IN A SINGLE PLANE
MOVEMENTS- FLEXION,EXTENSION, AND ROTATION
BIAXIAL JOINTS- ALLOWS MOTION IN TWO PLANES
MULTIAXIAL JOINTS- ALLOWS MOTION IN 3 PLANES
MOVEMENTS- FLEXION, EXTENSION, ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION, MEDIAL AND LATERAL
19. UNIAXIAL JOINT HAS TWO TYPES-
1. HINGE JOINT AND PIVOT JOINT
BIAXIAL JOINTS HAS TWO TYPES
1. CONDYLAR JOINT - BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
20. TYPES OF MULTIAXIAL JOINTS- SADDLE JOINT AND BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
21. EXAMPLE OF UNIAXIAL-ELBOW JOINT
EXAMPLE OF BIAXIAL- METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT
22. EXAMPLE OF MULTI-AXIAL-SHOULDER JOINT AND HIP JOINT
23. FUNCTIONS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
a) THEY PROVIDE MOVEMENT
b) THEY PROVIDE STABILITY
c) THEY ACT AS SHOCK ABSORBER WITHIN THE JOINT
d) THEY LUBRICATE THE JOINT AND PREVENT FRICTION

24. ARTHROLOGY- STUDY OF ANATOMY, FUNCTIONS AND TREATMENT OF JOINTS.