A N AT O M Y A N D P H Y S I O L O G Y L A B O R AT O RY

CLASS

THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
ACTIVITY 7
OBJECTIVES:
• Examine microscopically the structure of a bony tissue
• Examine and label the gross structure of typical long bone.
• Demonstrate relationship of chemical composition to its
visible characteristics
• Corrolate the relationship of the internal structure of bone to
its function
• Examine individual bones relation physical characteristics to
function.
 CONTENTS
Structure of Different Types
a Long Bone of Bones

Chemical Composition
of Bone

Histology of a
Division of
Compact Bone
Skeleton
GROSS STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE
A. GROSS STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE
A. GROSS STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE
HISTOLOGY OF A COMPACT
BONE
HISTOLOGY OF A COMPACT BONE
TYPES OF BONES
TYPES OF BONES
C. TYPES OF BONES
Bones are classified based on its
shape:
TYPES OF
EXAMPLE
BONES

HUMEROUS, FEMUR. TIBIA.

LONG
FIBULA, ULNA, RADIUS

SHORT SESAMOID BONES

FLAT CRANIUM, STERNUM

IRREGULA
VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, COCCYX
R
HUMAN SKELETON SYSTEM
DIVISION OF THE
SKELETON
DIVISION OF THE SKELETON
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (SKULL)

CRANIUM BONES (8) FACIAL BONES (14)

D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (SKULL)
PARANASAL SINUSES
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (VERTEBRAL COLUMN)
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (VERTEBRAL COLUMN)

A typical vertebra, superior view.

D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (VERTEBRAL COLUMN)
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (VERTEBRAL COLUMN)
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (THORACIC CAGE)
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (PECTORAL GIRDLES)
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (UPPER LIMBS)
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (PELVIC GIRDLE)
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (PELVIC GIRDLE)
D. DIVISION OF THE SKELETON (LOWER LIMBS)
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
OF BONE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BONE

ORGANIC INORGANIC

OSTEOBLASTS HYDROXYAPATITIES (MINERAL

SALTS)
OSTEOCYTES CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS
OSTEOCLASTS BICARBONATE
OSTEOID CITRATE
MAGNESIUM
SODIUM
POTASSIUM
E. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BONE

1. Soak one bone in 10% nitric acid for 24 hours. Is the bone flexible or brittle?
• FLEXIBLE

1. Bake other bone in an oven (250 degrees Fahrenheit) for 2 hours or until charred. Is the
bone flexible or brittle?
• BRITTLE

1. Discuss the characteristics of bone attributable to organic salts and organic substances.
• Bone, a calcified tissue composed of 60% inorganic component (hydroxyapatite), 10%
water and 30% organic component (proteins). The inorganic matrix gives rigidity and
hardness to the bone and is composed of calcium and phosphate salts. The organic
component (collagen fibers) gives the bone a tensile strength and resistance to stress.
QUESTIONS
• DEFINE THE FOLLOWING:
a. Craniotomy - An operation in which a small hole is made in the skull or a piece of
bone from the skull is removed to show part of the brain. A craniotomy may be done to
remove a brain tumor or a sample of brain tissue.
• DEFINE THE FOLLOWING:
b. Sinusitis - Sinusitis is a common condition in which the lining of the sinuses becomes
inflamed. It's usually caused by a viral infection and often improves within two or three
weeks. The sinuses are small, air-filled cavities behind your cheekbones and forehead.
• DEFINE THE FOLLOWING:

c. Lordosis - Lordosis is the natural curve of the lower back (lumbar) area of
the spine. With an extreme curve, the lower spine will have a deep curve,
causing the abdomen (stomach area) to stick out and causing the pelvis (hip
areas) to curve back and up.
d. Scoliosis – Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that most often is
diagnosed in adolescents. With most scoliosis cases, the spine will rotate or twist
in addition to curving side to side. This causes the ribs or muscles on one side of
the body to stick out farther than those on the other side.
e. Kyphosis – Kyphosis is curvature of the spine that causes the top of the
back to appear more rounded than normal. Everyone has some degree of
curvature in their spine. However, a curve of more than 45 degrees is considered
excessive.
• DEFINE THE FOLLOWING:

There are three types of spinal curvature: kyphosis, in which the spine of the
upper back tilts forward; scoliosis, in which the spine curves either to the left or
right; and lordosis, when the lower back arches outward.
• DEFINE THE FOLLOWING:

f. Spina bifida - Spina bifida is a birth defect that occurs when the spine and
spinal cord don't form properly. It's a type of neural tube defect. The neural tube
is the structure in a developing embryo that eventually becomes the baby's brain,
spinal cord and the tissues that enclose them.
• DEFINE THE FOLLOWING:

g. Osteoporosis - is a bone-thinning disease that can make the bones so fragile

that even a hug or a sneeze can cause bones to fracture. The bones of the spine
and
the neck of the femur are particularly susceptible.
2. LIST DOWN THE FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
3. WHAT IS FRACTURE?

A fracture is a break, usually in a bone. If the broken bone punctures the skin,
it is called an open or compound fracture.
3. LIST THE STAGES OF HEALING IN A FRACTURE?

A fracture is a break, usually in a bone. If the broken bone punctures the skin,
it is called an open or compound fracture. Fractures commonly happen because
of car accidents, falls, or sports injuries.
THANK
YOU!
GROUP 4