LESSON 5: GENERAL TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

 Gases consist of rapidly moving molecules or atoms separated by relatively large distances from one another.

 While, liquids and solids consist of particles that touch one another. In liquids and solids, also called condensed
phases, are held together by attractive forces called intermolecular forces.

Intermolecular Forces

 Are attractive coulombic interactions between molecules.

 One example of coulombic reaction is in the form of ionic bonding.

 This attractive force is between two oppositely charged ions.

DIPOLE-DIPOLE ATTRACTION

• Vander Waals Forces

 It is the attraction force between two polar molecules.

 Diatomic molecules made up of elements with significantly different electronegativities like HCl have partial
charges, positive at one end and negative at the other end. This is due to the unequal distribution of electron
density between the atoms of the diatomic molecule.

 The partial positive charge on one molecule gets attracted to the partial negative charge of another molecule in
the vicinity.

HYDROGEN BOND

 Is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction.

 Occurs only in molecules that contain H bonded to a small, highly electronegativity atom like F, N, and O.

DISPERSION FORCES

 Dispersion forces arise from the movement of electrons in the non-polar molecules.

 The distribution of electron density in non-polar molecules is symmetrical and uniform.

 Instantaneous Dipole – non uniform distribution of electron density.

ION DIPOLE INTERACTIONS

 Attraction between ionic and polar molecules.

 When ionic and polar substances are mixed together, such as dissolving sodium chloride (NaCl) in water to form
aqueous solution, they exhibit an ion-dipole interaction between them.

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LESSON 6: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• Organic compounds are substances that contain carbon, usually in combination with elements such as hydrogen,
oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, halogens, and phosphorus.

• They are covalent bonds

• They have low melting and boiling points

• They burn vigorously

 • They are soluble in non-polar solvents

They form large molecules of organic compounds.

1. Alkanes – are hydrocarbons that only have single bonds.

- Every carbon atom in an alkane is bonded to four atoms which why it is known as saturated hydrocarbon.

2. Alkenes – Contains one or more double bonds called unsaturated hydrocarbons.

3. Alkynes – Contains triple bond and are also unsaturated hydrocarbons.

4. Aromatic Hydrocarbons – contains one or more benzene rings.

Uses of some Common Materials that Depend on their Properties

1. Medical implants and prosthetics

❖ Polymers are long-chain molecules formed from many repeating units of small carbon molecules.

❖ Many biological molecules are polymers because they are made up of many smaller molecules called
monomers.

❖ Biopolymers are used to replace diseased or damage body parts.

2. Sport Equipment

❖ Synthetic polymers are used to make polyesters such Dacron and plastics.

❖ Dacron polyester is used to make permanent press fabrics, carpets, and clothes. It can be used also as artificial
blood vessels and valves.

❖ Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) – are plastics, used as containers for soft drinks, shampoos, and
salad dressing.

3. Electronic Devices

❖ The most common materials used in the production of electronic devices are semiconductors.

❖ Semiconductor – Are metalloids that can be found in between the metals and the nonmetals in the
periodic table.

❖ Nanowires (the world’s smallest electrical wire) are just 1.5 nonometers thick.

4. Construction supplies for building and furniture

❖ There are synthetic polymers like Styrofoam which is used in insulating materials.

❖ Synthetic Polymers – are also used as carpeting materials, plastic covers, plastic pipes, and fittings,
flooring materials, for walling, and other finishing supplies in building construction.

❖ Synthetic rubber – is used for electrical installation in buildings and houses.

5. Household Gadgets

❖ Dacron and nylon are used as curtain materials and backing of upholstery.

❖ Polyethylene – is a polymer used in the manufacture of plastic bottles, plastic dinnerware, and garden
hose.
 ❖ Teflon – a household brand which is made of Tetrafluoroethylene – is a very good insulator and used for
nonstick pans or cooking utensils.

❖ Polyacrylonitrile – named Orlon is used as fiber for carpeting and clothing.

LESSON 7: Biological Macromolecules

• These are organic substances that are found in food such as meat and vegetables. Some are found in body parts
such as blood and muscles.

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Proteins / Amino acids

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1. Carbohydrates
• Is a biomolecule consisting of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
• Carbohydrates are also called saccharides which means sugar.
• The three main elements of carbohydrates are in form of sugar, starches, and fiber.

2. Lipids
• A common property of lipids is their being soluble in organic solvents but not in water.
• Lipid comes from the Greek word lipos meaning fat or lard.
• Lipid from plant cells can be extracted using organic solvents such as ether, chloroform, or acetone.
3. Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acid are molecules in our cells that store and direct information for cellular growth and reproduction.
• When genetic information is altered and incorrect information is transmitted to the ribosome, it leads to the
formation of defective proteins and malfunctioning enzymes.
4. Proteins or Amino Acids
• Proteins comes from the word proteios which means first. It is made of amino acids.
• It provides structure in membranes, builds cartilage and connective tissues, transports oxygen in blood and
muscles, directs biological reactions as enzymes, defends the body against infection, and controls metabolic
processes as hormones.

Essential Amino Acids

Non- Essential Amino Acids