Leeson 1

1. Genetic Engineering - the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid
molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms.

2. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA is the genetic code that practically all living things possess. The DNA of an
individual can be found in almost all of their cells.

3. Recombinant DNA – A DNA strand created artificially through the combination of two or more gene sequences.

4. Plasmids - is a tiny, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that distinct from chromosomal DNA in a cell.

5. Cloning – It is the process of making a cell or an organism that is genetically identical to another.

6. Genome – It is the complete collection of DNA instructions found in a cell.

7. Gene Mapping – It is the process of locating genes on chromosomes.

8. Biotechnology - Technology that develops or creates different products by utilizing biological systems, living
organisms, or components of them.

9. Polymerase Chain Reaction - A laboratory process for rapidly making (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of
a single segment of DNA, which may then be analyzed in details.

10. Gene Therapy - Is a medical approach that treats the underlying genetic issue to treat or prevent disease.

Lesson 2
1. Clone - cell or organism that is genetically identical to the original cell or organism from which it is derived.

2. Plasmids - is a tiny, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that distinct from chromosomal DNA in a cell.

3. Biotechnology - technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create
different products.

4. PCR Amplification -Once a desired trait is chosen, information must be acquired for either its detection or
expression in a given organism.

5. Detection - . A technique that allows the detection of specific genes in target organisms is called PCR.

6. Modified Trait -

7. Human Genome - The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism.

8. Genetic Modified Organism - an organism who’s DNA has been modified in the laboratory in order to favor the
expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products.
Lesson 3
1. Natural Selection – It’s the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

2. Mitigation – It’s the reduction of something harmful or the reduction of its harmful effects.

3. Mutation - Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division,
or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment.

4. Genotype - The genetic makeup of an organism; in other words, it describes an organism's complete set of
genes.

5. Genetic Equilibrium - The condition where a gene pool is not changing in frequency across generations is a
genetic equilibrium. This is because the evolutionary forces acting upon the allele are equal. As a result, the
population does not evolve even after several generations.

6. Genetic Variation - Genetic variation is the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a
population. Variation occurs in germ cells i.e. sperm and egg, and also in somatic (all other) cells.

7. DNA Sequence - the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases,
in a DNA molecule. The sequence of the bases (often referred to by the first letters of their chemical names: A, T, C,
and G) encodes the biological information that cells use to develop and operate.

8. Genetic Drift - Genetic drift is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to
random chance. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic
variation. It could also cause initially rare alleles to become much more frequent, and even fixed.