8

BIOTECHNOLOGY
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Tools used in Genetic Engineering
in Humans
Quarter 3- Week 3

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Biotechnology – Grade 8
Guided Learning Activity Kit
-Tools used in Genetic Engineering in Humans-
Quarter 3- Week 3

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 TOOLS USED IN HUMAN
GENETIC ENGINEERING

Introduction

Have you ever imagined yourself having superpowers like X-Men? Is it

possible to become Ninja turtles, too? Discovery of the structure of the
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule and the way it functions in organisms
have found application in food, production, and medication. Manipulation of
DNA molecules has allowed scientists to provide human hormones, vaccines
and designer babies.

Genetic Engineering involves the manipulation of DNA. Genetic

engineering, which is also referred as Recombinant DNA Technology, this
includes techniques that transfer specific genetic information from one
organism to another.

In this activity, you will learn on how to describe the tools that are
commonly used in genetic engineering especially to humans and expose
yourself to ethical issues concerning human genetic engineering.

Learning Competency

Describe the different tools used in genetic engineering in humans.

(MELC Q3-Week 3)

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 Objectives

At the end of this guided learning activity, you are expected to:
 Identify the different tools used in genetic engineering in
humans.
 Describe the function of the different tools used in human
genetic engineering.
 Discuss the ethical issues involve in the used of different tools
of human genetic engineering.

Review

Word Scramble: Below are descriptions of different terms relating to genetic

engineering and the jumbled letters which will form the correct term. Your
task is to rearrange the jumbled letters to form the term being described. Do
this on a separate sheet of paper.
ENEG 1. It carries the information that
determines your traits, which are
features or characteristics that are
passed on to you — or inherited —
from your parents.
CLEICACIDDEORIBONUXYCLEI 2. Molecule that carries genetic
C instructions in all living things
which consists of two strands that
wind around one another to form
a shape known as a double helix.
EMYENZ 3. A substance produced by a living
organism which acts as a catalyst
to bring about a specific
biochemical reaction.
NULECUS 4. A dense organelle present in most
eukaryotic cells, typically a single
rounded structure bounded by a
double membrane, containing the
genetic material.
YOEMRB 5. An unborn or unhatched offspring
in the process of development, a
human offspring during the period
from approximately the second to
the eight weeks after fertilization
(after which it is usually termed a

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 fetus).

Discussion

Scientists and doctors can genetically set up bound characteristics in

embryos. Parents currently have a chance to “design” their ideal child. Can
you imagine that science fiction movies can be possible soon?

Genetic Engineering involves the utilization of recombinant DNA

technology, the method by that a deoxyribonucleic acid sequence is
manipulated in vitro, therefore making DNA molecules that have new
mixtures of genetic material. The recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid is then
introduced into a host organism. If the DNA introduced comes from another
species, the host organism is currently thought about to be transgenic.

The first Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) was a bacterium

produced in 1973 in a lab and in 1982 Insulin became the first GMO
commercialized product available to the public. One example of a transgenic
organism is that the bacterial strain that produces human hormones such
as insulin (Figure 1). The hormone from humans was inserted into a
plasmid (to discuss further). This recombinant DNA plasmid was then
inserted into the bacterium. As a result, these transgenic microbes will turn
out and secrete human insulin. Some prokaryotes will gain foreign DNA and
incorporate purposeful genes into their own genome through “mating” with
alternative cells (conjugation), virus infection (transduction), and taking over
deoxyribonucleic acid from the surroundings (transformation). These
mechanisms are unit samples of horizontal gene transfer—the transfer of
genetic material between cells of a similar generation.

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Figure 1. The human insulin gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid. This recombinant
plasmid can then be used to transform bacteria, which gain the ability to produce the insulin
protein.
In this lesson, we will be tackling about what are the tools used in
order to engineered human genetically.

Tools used in Genetic Engineering in Humans

1. Source of DNA - Target (foreign) DNA – DNA taken from one organism to
be placed into the DNA of a second organism. Since in this case we are
discoursing about human genetic engineering, human DNA is used in
combination with the bacterial plasmid.

2. Vector – an organism/ chemical that is used to transport a gene to the

host cell. There are four major types of vectors such as plasmids, viral
vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. These are the carriers, and
the most used vector are plasmids.

Plasmid - A circular form of DNA often used as a vector in genetic

engineering. They are also extrachromosomal; that is, they are not part
of the bacterial chromosome. Often multiple copies of plasmids are
present in the cell. Plasmids have diverse functions. Since plasmids are
relatively small and easy to manipulate, they have been engineered as
cloning vectors with unique restriction sites for insertion of foreign DNA
fragments-up to approximately 10 kilobases long (1 kilobase, or kb,
equals 1000 nucleotides)

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 Figure 2. Electron micrograph of a bacterial DNA plasmid (chromosome fragment)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid#/media/File:Plasmid_em-en.jpg

Characteristics of Vectors
• Capable of carrying a significant piece of the donor DNA
• Readily accepted by the host
• Must have a promoter in front of the cloned gene
• Vectors (such as plasmids and bacteriophages) should have three
important attributes:
– An origin of replication somewhere on the vector
– Must accept DNA of the desired size
– Contain a gene that confers drug resistance to their cloning host

3. Host cell – the cell into where the new gene is transplanted. Host cells
are bacterial cells which take up the recombinant DNA. Since DNA is
hydrophilic (attracted to water molecules or can be dissolved in water), it
cannot pass through the cell membrane of bacteria easily.

4. Enzymes
◦Restriction Endonucleases – Enzymes that act as scissors which can
cut or fragment strands of DNA crosswise at selected positions
•Found primarily in bacteria
• Each has a known sequence of 4 to 10 pairs as its target
• Can recognize and clip at palindromes, sequence that reads
the same backward as forward
• Can be used to cut DNA into smaller pieces for further study
or to remove and insert sequences.
• Can make a blunt cut or a “sticky end”
• The pieces of DNA produced are called restriction fragments.
• Differences in the cutting pattern of specific restriction
endonucleases give rise to restriction fragments of differing lengths-
restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

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Table 1 Examples of Some Restriction Endonucleases and Their Properties
Restriction Source Target Sites Recognizes Product
Endonuclease (Bacterial (Cuts at (Base Pairs)
s Species) Arrow)

Escherichia G-A-A-T-T-C 4-base-long-

Eco RI 6
Coli R13 C-T-T-A-A-G sticky-ends

Haemophilus G-C-G-C 2-base-long-

Hha I 4
haemolyticus C-G-C-G sticky-ends

Serratia C-C-C-G-G-G
Sma I 6 Blunt ends
marcescens G-G-G-C-C-C

Haemophilus G-G-C-C
Hae III 4 Blunt ends
aegyptius C-C-G-G

J. Ingraham and C. Ingraham, Introduction to Microbiology. Copyright 1995 Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Restriction Enzymes are named from the organisms from which they
are isolated. For example, EcoRI isolated from E. coli RY13: Eco comes from
the first letter of the genus name and the first two letters of the species
name; R if for the strain type and I is for the first enzyme for that type.
Hence, BamHI is isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain, and Sau3A
is isolated from Staphylococcus aureus strain 3A.

◦ Exonucleases – enzyme that removes one nitrogen base unit at a

time. It plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity of genomic DNA by
participating in nearly all DNA repair pathways and by acting as
proofreaders to increase the reliability of DNA synthesis. (Methods in
Enzymology, 2018)

◦ Ligases – enzyme that join two DNA segments together which acts
like a glue sticking foreign DNA to DNA of the cloning vector. It will only
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work if DNA from the two DNA sources has been cut with the same
restriction enzyme i.e. sticky ends of cut DNA will be complementary to each
other.

https://blog.addgene.org/plasmids-101-restriction-cloning

Figure 3. Overview of the restriction cloning process. Both the plasmid (blue, backbone) and
the DNA sequence of interest (green, insert) are cut with restriction enzymes to generate
compatible overhangs that allow them to bind.

Ethical Issues concerning Human Genetic Engineering

1. Manipulating or tampering the natural word

Are we playing God? This always comes in every argument that
involves genetic engineering. Some believes that human beings have the
right to be “unmodified”. Changing the human genome is equivalent to
“playing God”, but on the other side some religious authorities claim that
manipulating the human genome is within God’s gift to mankind. Most
allow for genetic experimentation that would preserve human life, but some
may negatively react in using this as an advantage to non-medically usage
like sex selection.

2. Designer Babies
This ability to “design” a baby, recombinant DNA technology critics
argue, would cause a generation of youngsters whose terribly make-up was
formed by parental whims, economic process, perpetually shifting standards
of beauty and social group preferences. It could lead on to a constantly
deepening divide between those people who were genetically improved and
people who weren't. This divide may follow current category lines betting on
the financial price of recombinant DNA technology. This incorporation of a
genetic element to the “haves” and “have nots” might additionally cause a
brand-new variety of bioscience or maybe the split of humanity into 2
distinct species.

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 Proponents of human genetic engineering, however, argue that such
claims have very little basis. Sex relies entirely on the presence or absence
of the Y chromosome whereas traits like hair and eye color are controlled by
many various genes.

3. Hidden dangers in transgenic organism

The CRISPR experiments did not use viable embryos and so no child has
resulted from the study, but the CRISPR team proved that genetically
modified humans were possible. The ethics of human genetic engineering is
no longer a question to be dealt with in some remote future, but a debate
that is very relevant now. So, what are the benefits and dangers of human
genetic engineering?

4. Minimal genetic variability

The ability to pick out for or against specific traits may influence the
genetic diversity of the human species. Opponents of genetic modification
argue that germline human biotechnology would decrease the genetic
diversity of the human species as bound traits would be additional
fascinating than others.
Supporters of human genetic modification argue that genetic engineering
may be wont to increase genetic diversity. Geneticists may choose for traits
that may commonly be lost within the random shuffle of genes. Human
biotechnology may be used to produce entirely new traits therefore
increasing genetic diversity from its original start line.

5. Use of Human Embryos

This is one among the foremost anticipated arguments in human genetic
science. This would continually run on in debates over explosive queries
that has been raging for decades; once will human life begin? People who
believe that human life begins at conception see the employment of fertile
human embryos in medical analysis as objectionable. To people who hold
that life begins at conception, experimentation on a fertile human embryo is
nothing in need of offensive violation if not torture.
The use of human embryos in genetic experiments isn't universally
supported by people who believe that an embryo cannot be thought of
human till later in development. As of now, embryos utilized in genetic
analysis are destroyed once the study is complete. this can be partially as a
result of the scientists performing on such analysis acknowledge that the

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semi-permanent consequences of genetic modification don't seem to be
however understood. Still, the waste of human embryos or given eggs grates
on individuals, particularly people who struggle to conceive. Some people
who believe in fertility treatments or in vitro fertilization see the employment
of embryos in medical analysis as a waste of viable eggs.

6. Numerous health issues including early death

This decrease in biodiversity would depart the population as a more
susceptible to diseases and changes within the environment.
In 1999, A gene therapy experiment failed. The case of Jessi
Gelsinger, 18 years old had ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, a
rare metabolic disorder that causes buildup of ammonia. At the time he
signed up for an experimental trial for severe OTC deficiency that would
benefit babies born with it, after he received an infusion into his liver of
recombinant virus, he died from complications.
In 2003 approximately 30 gene therapy trials were canceled after 2
children that were treated for ADA deficiency developed leukemia. These
cases raise issues and arguments about the safety of gene therapy, though
some experts that the development of such disease (leukemia) may been
specific for the trial.

7. Lengthened Lifespan
Researcher determined that human genetic engineering has the
potential to lengthen the lifespan of an individual. Experts have identified a
portion of human chromosomes that is responsible for knowing how
frequent a cell can divide and, how long an organism can live.
Opponents of these, argument out that the earth is already stressed
to support the foregoing population which is approximately 7.2 billion so
lengthening the humane average lifespan could contribute to the struggling
planet.

8. Creates new viruses/bacteria that can escape the lab

Scientists are at it once more. This time, they're making new viruses
and microorganism in their laboratories. Lab accidents like that are
extraordinarily rare. Still, 2 scientists are currently in argument that it’s not
worth continued to form new, transmissible versions of deadly viruses in
labs as a result of the chance that the diseases can escape and infect the
general public is problematic.

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 Scientists typically like modifying already existing or extinct
microorganism and viruses to supply new strains that may defeat our
immunity, vaccines, and drugs. Sometimes, they like making new viruses
and microorganism from scratch. Nevertheless, these strains are not
constantly hazardous to humans even they can be fatal to another
organism.

These are some of numerous ethical issues that are debating

continuously all over the world. Some experts believe that presenting
genetically modified genes may have an irreversible effect with consequences
yet unknown.
Genetic engineering borderlines on several ethical problems, notably
involving religion, that queries whether man has the correct to govern the
laws and course of nature.

Activities

Guided Practice 1
Carefully read the statement. Used the word bank to identify the word that
is being described by the statement and phrases below.
Vectors Plasmid DNA
Host Cell Target DNA Restriction
Enzyme
Exonuclease Ligase Recombinant
DNA
Genetic Engineering

________________1. This can also be referred as Recombinant DNA

Technology that includes techniques that transfer specific genetic info from
one organism to another.
_________________2. An enzyme which acts like a glue sticking foreign DNA
to DNA of the cloning vector.
_________________3. Fragment of genes from different living things have been
attached together and spliced into another organism to make a new one.

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 _________________4. A type of vector that is commonly used, circular form of
DNA in bacteria.
_________________5. An organism/ chemical that is used to transport a gene
to the host cell.
_________________6. Enzyme that acts as proofreaders to increase the
consistency of DNA synthesis.
_________________7. They are found in the nucleus that carries genetic
material of certain living organism.
_________________8. DNA taken from one organism to be placed into the DNA
of a second organism.
_________________9. These are special enzymes used to cut the DNA at
specific places.
________________10. The cell into where the new gene is transplanted.
Guided Practice 2
Using the table below as reference, each letter has a corresponding
code, decipher the word to complete the sentences below.
ALPHABET CODE
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

1. Genetic Engineering involves the manipulation of DNA, which is also

referred as ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ DNA technology.

2. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ is an organism/ chemical that is used to transport

a gene to the host cell.

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3. Ligase are ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ that join two DNA segments together

which acts like a glue sticking foreign DNA to DNA

of the cloning vector.
4. ___ ___ ___ are carriers of genetic instructions in all living things which

consists two double-helix strands.

5. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ is a circular form of DNA often used as a vector

in genetic engineering.
6. The pieces of DNA produced by restriction endonucleases are called
restriction ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.

7. Host cell are cells which into where the new ____ ___ ___ ___ is

transplanted.
8. Restriction Enzymes are named from the ___ ___ ____ ____ ____ ___ ___ ___

from which they are isolated.

9. Scientists determined that human genetic engineering has the potential

to lengthen the ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ of an individual.

10. In 1982 ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ became the first GMO

commercialized product available to the

public.

Independent Practice
Find in the pictogram and list the words you found on the blank below. After
you found all eight words, make your own conclusion or generalization using those
words.

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 Indicators Points
You made a meaningful idea using all 10
the eight words.
You made a meaningful idea using six 8
to seven words.
You made a meaningful idea using all 6
the four to five words.
You made a meaningful idea using all 4
the two to three words.
You made a meaningful idea using all 2
the one word.

____________________ _______________________ _____________________

____________________ _______________________ _____________________
____________________ _____________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Read and understand each question or situation. Write the letter of

your answer on the space provided before each number in CAPITAL
LETTERS only.
_________1. From the following selection, which best describes Genetic
Engineering?
A. It is a natural process
B. Only takes place in microorganism
C. Happens only when cells divide
D. Involves combining DNA from different species

_________2. Prior to genetic engineering, what was used to produce insulin?

A. Humans C. Yeast
B. Bacteria D. Pigs and cows

_________3. These are the commonly used vectors for human genetic
engineering.
A. Plasmids C. Viral vectors
B. Cosmids D. Artificial chromosomes

_________4. These are enzymes that act as scissors which can cut or
fragment strands of DNA crosswise at selected positions.
A. Ligases C. Exonucleases
B. Restriction endonucleases D. Cellulase

_________5. What are the key principles of genetic engineering?

1. Create less thirsty crops to lower costs in irrigation
2. Find an early warning system to prevent diseases

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 3. Be able to transfer desired genes from one organism to
another
4. Find new ways to create aliens or superheroes

A.1, 2 B. 1, 2, 3 C. 1, 3 D. 1, 2, 3, 4

_________6. Which of the following is NOT an issue associated with genetic

engineering?
A. Introduction of toxins into the human body.
B. Use of embryos to experimentation.
C. Creating of new viruses and bacteria.
D. Increased exposure to vitamins and minerals.

_________7. Which of the following statements best describes genetic

engineering?
A. When the genetic makeup of an organism is altered by inserting,
deleting, or changing specific pieces of DNA.
B. When the genetic makeup of an organism is altered by inserting or
deleting specific pieces of DNA.
C. When the genetic makeup of an organism is altered by deleting or
changing specific pieces of DNA.
D. When the genetic makeup of a species is altered by inserting,
deleting, or changing specific pieces of DNA.

_________8. Below are steps performed to make an E. coli bacterium that

can make human insulin protein for the health care market. Arrange them
in order.
I. Use heat shock or electroporation to get the recombinant human
insulin gene to go into a living E. coli cell.
II. Grow the E. coli in fermentation culture, extract and sell Humulin.
III. Modify the human gene and give it a promoter that will be turned
on in E. coli cells.
IV. Extract the DNA from a human who does not have diabetes.
Isolate and clone (make copies of) the gene encoding the insulin
protein

A. IV, I, III, II B. I, II, III, IV C. IV, III, II, I D. III, I, IV, II

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For questions 9-10, used the diagram below to answer.

_________9. In which step would the enzyme ligase be used?

_________10. What would have caused the plasmid (B) to open?

Reflection

Learning Logs
Fill in the blank with your perceptions about the discussion by
completing the statements below. Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper.

I learned about
______________________________________________________________________

Knowing about Human Genetic Engineering help me

______________________________________________________________________

The part I know the most about is

______________________________________________________________________

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The part that is the most confusing is
______________________________________________________________________

I would like to know more about

______________________________________________________________________

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In my belief, is it just to modify the human genome? Why or why not?

______________________________________________________________________

Reference
s
"What Is A Gene? (For Kids) - Nemours Kidshealth". 2020. Kidshealth.Org.
https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/what-is-gene.html.

"Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)". 2020. Genome.Gov.

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Deoxyribonucleic-Acid.

"Enzyme | Definition Of Enzyme By Oxford Dictionary On Lexico.Com Also

Meaning Of Enzyme". 2020. Lexico Dictionaries | English.
https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/enzyme.

"Microbes And The Tools Of Genetic Engineering | Microbiology". 2020.

Courses.Lumenlearning.Com.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/microbes-
and-the-tools-of-genetic-engineering/.

2020. Youtube.Com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cq9A-pBcmmM.

MrG. 2020. "Genetic Engineering Powerpoint". Slideshare.Net.

https://www.slideshare.net/MrG/genetic-engineering-powerpoint-
1523451?next_slideshow=1.

Palo. 2020. "Genetic Engineering". Slideshare.Net.

https://www.slideshare.net/JessPalo1/genetic-engineering-
24784939.

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"Genetic Engineering". 2020. Slideshare.Net.
https://www.slideshare.net/drpriyankaclre/genetic-engineering-
40237744.

"Plasmid". 2020. En.Wikipedia.Org.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid#/media/File:Plasmid_em-
en.jpg.

"Ethical And Social Problems Of Genetic Engineering | Bartleby". 2020.

Bartleby.Com. https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Ethical-And-Social-
Problems-Of-Genetic-Engineering-P3SQJVKL847Q.

Ethical, Is, and Stephanie Hertzenberg. 2020. "Is Genetic Engineering

Ethical". Beliefnet.Com. https://www.beliefnet.com/news/is-genetic-
engineering-ethical.aspx.

Khazan, Olga. 2020. "Scientists Are Creating New, Incurable Diseases In

Labs". The Atlantic.
https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/when-
viruses-escape-the-lab/371202/.

"10 Deadly Viruses And Bacteria Created In Labs - Listverse". 2020.

Listverse. https://listverse.com/2019/01/23/10-deadly-viruses-and-
bacteria-created-in-labs/.

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Key to Corrections

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Review
1. GENE Assessment
2. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID 1. D
3. ENZYME 2. A
4. NUCLEUS 3. A
5. EMBRYO 4. B
5. B
Guided Practice 1 6. D
1. Genetic Engineering 7. A
2. Ligase 8. A
3. Recombinant DNA 9. C
4.Plasmid 10. A
5. Vectors
6.Exonuclease
7.DNA
8. Target DNA
9.Restriction Enzyme
10. Host Cell

Guided Practice 2
1. Recombinant
2. Vector
3. Enzyme
4. DNA
5. Plasmid
6. Fragments
7. Gene
8. Organism
9. Lifespan
10. Insulin

Independent Learning
Vectors
Enzyme
Genetic Engineering
Plasmids
Host Cell
Tools
DNA
Human

Answer may vary

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 Acknowledgment

The Schools Division of Zambales would like to express its heartfelt

gratitude to the following, who in one way or the other, have contributed to the
successful preparation, development, quality assurance, printing, and distribution
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Again, our sincerest thanks!

The Management Team

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Department of Education – Region III – Division of Zambales

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