Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION III-CENTRAL LUZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TARLAC PROVINCE
MALACAMPA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-STE

DIRECTIONS: Read and analyze the following concepts. Answer the activities on a
separate sheet of paper.

BIOTECHNOLOGY QUARTER 3 WEEK 3-4

HOW GENETIC MATERIALS ARE MANIPULATED

So now let’s learn what is genetic manipulation, it is the process of

inducing changes in gene expression and expression of novel genes and has proven
to be an indispensable tool in genetic research.
According to Bhagvanji, Gohil Sanjay (2018) one of the applications of
genetic manipulation is Gene cloning, defined as a mechanism by which each time
the host cell reproduces; several copies of a particular gene are produced wherein it
is possible to clone whole species. Gene Cloning is the insertion of a fragment of
DNA carrying a gene into a cloning vector and subsequent propagation of
recombinant DNA molecules into many copies is known as gene cloning.
Nuclear cloning or Nuclear transfer- the introduction of the nucleus
from a cell into an enucleated egg cell (an egg cell that has had its own nucleus
removed). This can be accomplished through fusion of the cell to the egg or
through the direct
removal of the nucleus from the cell and the subsequent transplantation of that
nucleus into the enucleated egg cell.
Transgenic organism- Modern genetic technology can be used to modify
the genomes of living organisms. This process is also known as “genetic
engineering. “Genes of one species can be modified, or genes can be transplanted
from one species to another. Genetic engineering is made possible by recombinant
DNA technology. Organisms that have altered genomes are known as transgenic.
Most transgenic organisms are generated in the laboratory for research purposes.
For example, “knock-out” mice are transgenic mice that have a particular gene of
interest disabled.

The process of cloning a gene in a bacterial plasmid can be divided into five steps:
1. Isolation of vector and gene-source DNA. The source DNA may come from
human tissue cells. The source of the plasmid is typically E. coli. This plasmid
carries useful genes, such as ampR, conferring resistance to the antibiotic
ampicillin.
2. Insertion of DNA into the vector. By digesting both the plasmid and human
DNA with the same restriction enzyme we can create thousands of human DNA
fragments,one fragment with the gene that we want, and with compatible sticky
ends on bacterial plasmids. After mixing, the human fragments and cut plasmids
form
complementary pairs that are then joined by DNA ligase. This creates a mixture of
recombinant DNA molecules.
3. Introduction of the cloning vector into cells. Bacterial cells take up the
recombinant plasmids by the transformation. This creates a diverse pool of
bacteria,
some bacteria that have taken up the desired recombinant plasmid DNA, other
bacteria that have taken up other DNA, both recombinant and nonrecombinant.
4. Cloning of cells (and foreign genes). We can plate out the transformed bacteria
on a solid nutrient medium containing ampicillin. Only bacteria that have the
ampicillin-resistance plasmid will grow.
5. Identifying cell clones with the right gene. In the final step, we will sort
through
the thousands of bacterial colonies with foreign DNA to find those containing our
gene of interest.
Activity 1 Dolly: The cloned sheep
Direction: Read the short article about Dolly the sheep and answer the following
guide questions.
Dolly was part of a series of experiments at The Roslin Institute that was
trying to develop a better method for producing genetically modified livestock. If
successful, this would mean fewer animals would need to be used in future
experiments. Scientists at Roslin also wanted to learn more about how cells change
during development and whether a specialized cell, such as a skin or brain cell,
could be used to make a whole new animal.
These experiments were carried out at The Roslin Institute by a team led
by
Professor Sir Ian Wilmut. Because of the nature of the research, the team was made
up of many different people, including scientists, embryologists, surgeons, vets and
farm staff.
Dolly was cloned from a cell taken from the mammary gland of a six-year-
old Finn Dorset sheep and an egg cell taken from a Scottish Blackface sheep. She
was born to her Scottish Blackface surrogate mother on 5th July 1996. Dolly’s
white face was one of the first signs that she was a clone because if she was
genetically related to her surrogate mother, she would have had a black face.
In 2001, Dolly was diagnosed with arthritis after farm staff noticed her
walking stiffly. This was successfully treated with anti-inflammatory medication,
although the cause of the arthritis was never discovered. Dolly continued to have a
normal quality of life until February 2003, when she developed a cough. A CT scan
showed tumors growing in her lungs and the decision was made to euthanize Dolly
rather than risk her suffering. Dolly was put to sleep on 14th February 2003, at the
age of six.
Name:
Note: Use the remaining blank spaces as an answer sheet. You can use additional
sheet for your answers. Return this module.
Guide questions:
1. Who is Dolly the Sheep and how was she created?
2. Who made Dolly the Sheep?
3. What was the first sign that showed Dolly was cloned?
Assessment1.
1. Why do you think producing Dolly is an important breakthrough in Science
and Technology?
2. If you were chosen to be a part of the team who created Dolly, what else would
you consider so Dolly would be healthy as possible?
Assessment2.
1. What are the two types of Cloning?
2. What is Gene Cloning? How about Nuclear Cloning?
3. What type of cloning did scientists use to create Dolly? Explain your answer?