Beyond

Mendelian
Genetics
OTHER PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE
 1. Incomplete Dominance
Non 2. Codominance
Mendelian 3. Multiple Allele
Genetics 4. Polygenetic Trait
5. Sex-linked Traits
6. Changes in Chromosome
Number
 “one allele is not completely
Non dominant over another”
Mendelian
Genetics

#1
Incomplete
Dominance

Four o’clock Flower (Mirabilis

jarapa)
Non
Mendelian
Genetics

#1
Incomplete
Dominance

? F2 Generation
Think!
Snapdragons are incompletely dominant for
color; they have phenotypes red, pink or
white.

Give the phenotypes of the following

Red Snapdragon: _______
Pink Snapdragon: _______
White Snapdragon: _______
 Show the genetic crosses between the following
snapdragon parents.

Pink x Pink Genotypic %: ____

Phenotypic %: ____
Think!

Red x White Genotypic %: ____

Phenotypic %: ____

Pink x White Genotypic %: ____

Phenotypic %: ____
 In horses, some genes for hair color are
incompletely dominant. Brown horses are BB,
white horses are bb and yellow-tarnish colored
horse with white mane and tail is Bb. Bb horses
are called Palomino. Do the crosses below:

Think! Brown x White Genotypic %: ____

Phenotypic %: ____

Brown x Palomino Genotypic %: ____

Phenotypic %: ____
 In horses, some genes for hair color are
incompletely dominant. Brown horses are BB,
white horses are bb and yellow-tarnish colored
horse with white mane and tail is Bb. Bb horses
are called Palomino. Do the crosses below:

Think! Palomino x Palomino

Genotypic %: ____ Phenotypic %:

____
 In horses, some genes of for hair color are
incompletely dominant. Brown horses are BB,
white horses are bb and yellow-tarnish colored
horse with white mane and tail is Bb. Bb horses
are called Palomino.

Think! Can Palominos be considered a purebred line of

horses? Why or why not?

Which two colors of horse would you want to

breed to produce the maximum numbers of
Palominos?
 “both alleles are expressed
Non in the offspring”
Mendelian
Genetics

#2
Codominace

Roan Color in Horses

 “both alleles are expressed
Non in the offspring”
Mendelian
Genetics

#2
Codominace

Roan Color in Horses

 Red Horse

Non White Horse

Mendelian
Genetics

#2
Codominace
Non
Mendelian
Genetics

#2
Codominace
 Find the results if a white horse is bred
with a roan horse? Show the cross as
well as the genotypes and phenotypes
of the parents and offspring.

Think!
Think!
Practice: Codominance and Incomplete Dominance
a) Birds can be blue, white, or white with blue-tipped
feathers.
b) Flowers can be white, pink, or red.
c) A Hoo can have curly hair, spiked hair, or a mix of both
curly and spiked.
d) A Sneech can be tall, medium, or short.
e) A Bleexo can be spotted, black, or white.
 “more than two alleles for a
Non single gene”
Mendelian
Genetics

#3
Multiple Allele
 Possible alleles from female

Non IA or IB or i

Mendelian IA IA IA IAIB IAi

Genetics
Possible alleles from male
or

#3 IB IAIB IB I B IB i

or
Multiple Allele
i IA i IB i ii

Blood types A AB B O
1. Interpret Graphs Which blood type makes up
the greatest percentage of the U.S. population?
2. Calculate What percentage of the total U.S.
population has a positive Rh factor? What
percentage has a negative Rh factor?
3. Infer Which blood type can be used for transfusion
into the largest percentage of individuals? Which type
has the smallest percentage of possible donors
available?
4. Predict Could a person with O+ blood have two
parents with O– blood? Could that person have a
daughter with AB+ blood? Explain your answers.
 Mrs. Essy is Type A and Mr. Essy is type O.
They have three children: Matthew, Mark
& Luke.
Mark is O, Mathew is A and Luke is AB.

Think!
Mr. Essy must have the genotype ____
Mrs. Essy must have the genotpe ____
Is Luke a child of the couple? Why or why
not?
 Two parents think that their baby was
switched at the hospital. Its 1968, so DNA
fingerprinting technology does not yet
exist.

Think! The mother has blood type O and the

father is AB. The baby is B.

What is the mother’s genotype? ____

What is the father’s genotype? ____
The Baby’s genotype is ____
Was the baby switched (yes/no)? ____
 Based on the data below which men
could not be the father of the baby?

Name Blood Type

Think! Mother A

Baby B

The mailman O

The Butcher AB

The waiter A

The cable guy B

 This table shows the blood type of the
mother, baby and possible father of the
child.
The baby was taken away from his mother
by the Social Service Dept. Why was the
Think! baby taken?
Name Blood Type

Mother A

Baby B

Bartender O

Guy at the club AB

The cabdriver A

Flight attendant B
 Determine the possible blood types of the
offspring when:

1. father is type O, mother is O

2. father is homozygous type A, mother is
homozygous B
Think! 3. father is heterozygous type A, mother is
heterozygous B
4. father is type O, mother is AB
5. father and Mother are both AB

Answer using the following format:

______ % O
______ % A
______ % B
______ % AB
 “Many traits are produced
Non by the interaction of several
genes”
Mendelian
Genetics
The variety of skin color in
humans comes about partly
#4 because more than four different
genes probably control this trait.
Polygenetic
Traits
Non
Mendelian
Genetics

#4
Polygenetic
Human height is a polygenic trait.
Traits Taller people have more tall alleles.
(Height is also affected by non-genetic
factors such as diet and nutrition.)
 “Sex-linked traits are determined
by genes found on the X
Non chromosome. “
Mendelian Because males have only one X
Genetics chromosome, they need only
one recessive allele to express a
recessive sex-linked trait
#5
Sex-linked Examples: red-green
Traits colorblindness & hemophilia
Non
Mendelian
Genetics

#5
Sex-linked
Traits
A In colorblind individuals red and green
appear similar.
B Compare what a person with normal vision
sees.
 Classifying Genetic Traits
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE

•Polydactyly Extra fingers, •Albinism Absence of •Red-Green Colorblindness

toes, or both pigmentation
•Hemophilia Delayed
•Huntington’s disease •Galactosemia Brain, liver, blood-clotting, severe
Nervous system eye damage bleeding
degenerates progressively, •Phenylketonuria (PKU)
irreversibly Mental impairment
•Progeria Drastic •Sickle-cell anemia Adverse
premature aging pleiotropic effects on organs
throughout body
•Achondroplasia - a form of
dwarfism Tay-Sach Disease
Deterioration of mental and
physical abilities; early death
Albinism
Autosomal Recessive
Achondroplasia
Autosomal Dominant
Tay-Sach’s Disease
Autosomal Recessive
Progeria
Autosomal Dominant

A 5-year old child with Progeria

Huntington’s Disease
Autosomal Dominant
Sickle Cell Anemia
Autosomal Recessive
Think!
In fruit flies, eye color is a sex-linked trait. Red is dominant
to white.
What are the sexes and eye color of the flies with the
following genotypes:
XRXr ______________
XRXR ______________
XRY ______________
XrY ______________
Think!
In fruit flies, eye color is a sex-linked trait. Red is dominant
to white.
What are the genotypes of these flies?
White eyed, male ______________
White eyed, female ______________
Red eyed, female (heterozygous) ______________
Red eyed, male ______________
Think!
In fruit flies, eye color is a sex-linked trait. Red is dominant to
white.
Show the cross of a white eyed XrXr with red-eyed XRY

Show a cross between a pure bred red eyed female and a

white eyed male.
◦ How many are white eyed, male? _____
◦ How many are white eyed, female? _____
◦ How many are red eyed, male? _____
◦ How many are red eyed, female? _____
Think!
In fruit flies, eye color is a sex-linked trait. Red is dominant
to white.
Show the cross of a red eyed heterozygous female with red-
eyed male.

◦ How many are white eyed, male? _____

◦ How many are white eyed, female? _____
◦ How many are red eyed, male? _____
◦ How many are red eyed, female? _____
Think!
In humans, hemophilia is a sex-liked trait.
Show the cross of a man who has hemophilia with a woman
who is carrier.

What is the probability that their children will have the

disease?

A father who is heterozygous for Huntintong’s Disease had a

baby with a normal mother. Find the probability of the baby of
having Huntintong’s Disease.
Think!
In humans, hemophilia is a sex-liked trait.
A woman who is a carrier marries a normal man. Show the
cross.

What is the probability that their children will have the

disease?

What sex will a child in the family with hemophilia be?

Think!
In humans, hemophilia is a sex-liked trait.
A woman who has hemophilia marries a normal man. Show
the cross.

What is the probability that their children will have the

disease?

What sex will a child in the family with hemophilia be?

Pedigree: “Family Tree”
This three-generation
pedigree shows the
occurrence of Tay–Sachs
disease within a family.
The allele for Tay–Sachs
disease is autosomal
recessive.
 Characteristics of X-linked
Traits
•The phenotype appears much more often in males than in
females.
•Affected male can pass it on only to his daughters; all his sons
get his Y chromosome.
•Daughters who receive one mutant X chromosome are
carriers. They are phenotypically normal, but they can pass
the mutant X to both sons and daughters
• The mutant phenotype can skip a generation if the mutation
passes from a male to his daughter (who will be
phenotypically normal) and thus to her son.
Pedigree: “Family Tree”
Figure It Out: How many of Alexis’s
siblings were affected by hemophilia
Pedigree for
Albinism
Q1 Which parent is
heterozygous for the
trait?
Q2 Make a Punnet
Square for Generation
IV
Changes in
Chromosome
Number
Down Syndrome
An individual has three copies of chromosome 21
Also called Trisomy 21
Edwards
Syndrome
Also called Trisomy 18
Patau Syndrome
Trisomy 13
Non Disjunction
Practice Test
1. Is Lily normal,
affected or carrier
of hemophilia?

ans: carrier
Practice Test
2. What is the
Genotype of Ben?

ans: XHY or XhY

Practice Test
3. What is the
Genotype of John?

ans: XhY
Practice Test
4. What is the
Phenotype of Ben?

ans: carrier or
affected
Practice Test
5. Why is sex-liked trait
more common in
males

ans: Y chromosome do
not carry the trait

Males only need one

recessive allele to express
the trait
Practice Test
6. Is the trait autosomal
dominant, autosomal
recessive or sex-linked
recessive.

ans: Autosomal
dominant, it usually do
not skip a generation,
males and females are
equally affected
Practice Test
1. Is Lily normal,
affected or carrier
of hemophilia?

ans: carrier
Practice Test
2. What is the
Genotype of Ben?

ans: XHY or XhY

Practice Test
3. What is the
Genotype of John?

ans: XhY
Practice Test
4. What is the
Phenotype of Ben?

ans: carrier or
affected
Practice Test
5. Why is sex-liked trait
more common in
males

ans: Y chromosome do
not carry the trait

Males only need one

recessive allele to express
the trait
Practice Test
6. Is the trait autosomal
dominant, autosomal
recessive or sex-linked
recessive.

ans: Autosomal
dominant, it usually do
not skip a generation,
males and females are
equally affected
Pedigree for Hemophilia
Interpret Diagrams Which
mothers are definite carriers of
the gene?
Apply Concepts Why did the
sons of Person 3 not inherit the
trait?
Apply Concepts How could
Person 12 have hemophilia if
neither of his parents had
hemophilia?