There are a wide variety of alloying elements that serve different purposes for

different base materials such as: Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
1. Chromium is a metal frequently used to help alloys resist corrosion. Depending REGION III-CENTRAL LUZON
on the material, it can also increase hardness and strength. SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TARLAC PROVINCE
2. Nickel is a metal often added to materials to increase toughness. Austenitic MALACAMPA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-STE
stainless steels have high additions of nickel which also acts as an austenite-
DIRECTIONS: Read and analyze the following concepts. Answer the activities on a
promoter.
separate sheet of paper.
3. Copper is a metal used to make materials, such as aluminum, precipitation-
harden able. In steel, copper can increase corrosion resistance, but can decrease the CONSUMER CHEMISTRY QUARTER 3 WEEK 7-8
corrosion-resistance of aluminum. EXPLAIN HOW ADVANCED MATERIALS LIKE CARBON FILTERS,
CERAMICS AND MICRO ALLOYS ARE PRODUCED
4. Manganese is a metal usually alloyed to improve strength. Manganese alone as
an alloying element is not affected very much by heat treatment, making it suitable
for higher temperature applications. Carbon Filters
5. Lead is a metal alloying element that is used to improve machinability. Activated carbon has swept through the modern world and became an
essential component in an enormous range of industries, including medical,
6. Silicon is a nonmetal alloying element. It is often used as a deoxidizer in metals.
cosmetic, and agricultural applications. This versatile ingredient is also a crucial
Silicon also increases strength and can reduce melting temperature. component for the best air and water filtration systems.
7. Carbon is a nonmetal alloying element that is a necessary element to
manufacture steel. Carbon additions are often used in steel and cast iron alloys to Activated Carbon
increase strength and hardness. • This is also called “activated charcoal”.
• This is a form of carbon that has been processed to have an incredibly large
surface area.
Production of Alloys
• It has tiny, low-volume pores that provide a surface for either adsorption or
● The most common way to combine metals into an alloy is by melting them, chemical reactions.
mixing them together, and then allowing them to solidify and cooling them back to • Activated carbon is derived from a carbonaceous source material like wood,
room temperature. bamboo, sawdust, willow peat, coconut shell, peach pits, coir, petroleum pitch, and
a variety of coal.
• However, regular carbon isn’t the same
as activated carbon. To form millions of
tiny pores across its surface, carbon must
first be “activated.”

Activated Carbon Filters

• These are small pieces of carbon,
Prepared by: Checked by: typically
in granular or powdered block form, that
Ofelia M. Manzon Johnson P. Flores have been treated to be extremely porous.
Subject Teacher Head Teacher I -Science
• They have vast surface area that enable
carbon filters to adsorb exponentially more
contaminants and allergens than
traditional carbon.
• Carbon Air Filters - have special properties that allow to remove volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), allergens, impurities, odors, and other gaseous pollutants
from
the air.
Adsorption - is a distinct process where organic compounds in the air or water
react chemically with the activated carbon, which causes them to stick to the filter.
Ceramics
● These are defined as class of inorganic, nonmetallic solids that are subjected
to high temperature in manufacture and/or use.
● The most common ceramics are composed of oxides, carbides, and nitrides.
Silicide, borides, phosphides, tellurides, and selenides are also used to produce
ceramics.
Traditional Ceramics
● Bricks, pottery, glass, porcelain, tiles, cement,
and concrete are the classic, time-tested
ceramics.
Properties of Ceramics
● They have high melting points (so they're
heat resistant).
● They have great hardness and strength.
● They have considerable durability (they're
long-lasting and hard-wearing).
● They have low electrical and thermal conductivity (They're good insulators).
● They are considered to have chemical inertness (They're unreactive with other
chemicals).
Why do ceramics and metals behave differently?
1. Metals are malleable because the atoms inside them can slide past one another
fairly easily.
2. In a ceramic, the atoms are tightly bonded. If you apply too much force, the only
thing a ceramic can do is break apart: the energy has nowhere else to go.
3. In metals, there are free electrons (blue) to carry heat and electricity. That's why
metals are good conductors.
4. In a ceramic, the electrons are all "busy" binding atoms together and there are
none spare for carrying electricity and heat. That's why ceramics tend to be good
insulators (non-conductors).
Micro Alloys
● These are combinations of metal with at least one other metal or non-metal.
● The combination must be part of a solid solution, a compound, or a mixture
with another metal or nonmetal in order for it to be considered an alloy.
Examples of common alloys:
● Steel - a combination of iron (metal) and carbon (non-metal)
● Bronze - a combination of copper (metal) and tin (metal)
● Brass - a mixture of copper (metal) and zinc (metal)
Properties of Alloys
● Individual pure metals may possess useful properties such as good electrical
conductivity, high strength, and hardness, or heat and corrosion resistance.