Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FIRST YEAR
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024
2
CEMENT
Cement is a crystalline compound of calcium silicates & other calcium
compounds having hydraulic properties.
Type of Cement
3
CEMENT
4
TEST OF CEMENTS
Laboratory test of cement
For examining the suitability of cement in
the laboratory, the following tests are
performed
1. Fineness test
2. Specific gravity Soundness test using
Fineness test
3. Consistency test Le’Chatelier Mould Compressive strength test
using sieve
4. Initial and Final setting time test
5. Soundness test
6. Compressive strength test
Advantages
1. Ability to cast in any shape
2. Economical
3. Durable
4. Fire resistant
5. Energy efficient
6. On-site fabrication
Disadvantages
1.Low tensile strength
2.Brittle failure
3.We need to use reinforcement
6
Types of Concrete
1. Conventional concrete.
2. Coloured concrete
3. High density concrete
4. Light weight concrete
5. Reinforced cement concrete
6. Air entrained concrete
7. Pre-stress concrete
8. Pre-cast concrete
9. Smart concrete 7
1. Workability
2. Segregation
3. Bleeding
4. Setting Time
5. Unit Weight
6. Uniformity
Bleeding Segregation 8
9
Admixtures
Classification of admixtures
1. Chemical admixtures
2. Mineral admixtures
Chemical admixtures: Mineral admixtures:
According to the characteristics and effects produced •Cementitious Pozzolanic
by chemical admixtures they are of following types. •Ground Granulated Blast
• Plasticizers Furnace Slag(GGBS)
• Super Plasticizers •Fly ash
• Retarders and retarding admixtures •Silica Fume
• Accelerators •Rice Husk
• Air-entraining admixtures 10
Why are admixtures used?
Timber
TIMBER: The wood which is suitable or fit for engineering
construction or engineering purpose is called timber
WOOD: The organic matter obtained from trees is called wood.
TYPES OF TREES :
Trees are classified into two groups depending upon growth pattern.
Fresh timber which is obtained from trees contains about 30 to 40 % sap or moisture. This sap is very harmful
for the life of a timber. Therefore, it is necessary to remove that sap by applying some special methods.
All those methods which are used for removing the sap from timber are collectively termed as Seasoning of
13
Timber.
Seasoning of Timber
Types:
The main types of timber seasoning are -
1.Natural Seasoning,
2.Artificial Seasoning,
(a) Kiln Seasoning
(b) Chemical Seasoning,
(c) Electric Seasoning,
3.Water Seasoning,
Advantages of seasoned timber: It has reduced
weight, It is strong and durable, It has resistance to
decay or rot, It takes high polish, It is easier to work, Its
life is more.
Uses of timber :
•Construction of beams, rafters, bridges, piles, poles,
railway sleepers, furniture, etc.
•For packaging of materials.
•For manufacturing of agricultural implements,
•For making toys, etc.
•For manufacturing of veneers and ply woods. 14
Defects in timber
A defect is an irregularity or abnormality occurring
in or on wood, which is responsible for its
•Strength reduction and decay
•Lowering of durability
•Lowering of utility
•Poor appearance
17
Stress vs Strain graph
of Mild Steel
18
Stress vs Strain graph of Mild Steel
19
Merits of steel:
• High strength to low weight - good for long span bridges, tall buildings.
• Lightweight compared to concrete - can be handled and transported and prefabricated.
• Uniformity in its properties due to manufacturing in a controlled environment.
• It’s a ductile material, hence, does not fail suddenly and gives visible evidence of failure by large
deflections.
• Modifications of structural alignments can be made easily.
• Fast construction pace as compared to reinforced cement concrete.
• Steel has the highest scrap value.
value
De-merits of steel:
• Possibility of corrosion is too high.
• Overall construction cost increases multifold as compared to reinforced cement concrete structures.
• Steel structure or any item prepared, requires high maintenance cost.
cost
• Needs fireproof treatment,
treatment looking into the possibility of fire breakout where the overall temperature
can rise beyond 1000℃.
20
Brick
• Brick are the clay products
• Produced by moulding clay in rectangular blocks of uniform
size then drying and burning these blocks.
• Its uses during construction of building, bridges, dams,
culverts,, and as fire resisting structures, ornamental works etc.
Composition of Good Brick
CONSTITUENT % FUNCTION EXCESS QTY.
LEADS TO
Clay 20 to 30 Plasticity Shrinkage
Sand 50 to 60 Prevents cracking and shrinkage Brittleness
Lime 10 Prevents shrinkage Swells and
Helps binding disintegrate
Iron oxide 4 to 5 Gives red colour Becomes dark
blue
Magnesia Small Imparts yellow tint and Decay of bricks
quantity decreases shrinkage
21
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BRICKS
Preparation: Moulding: Drying: Burning:
Unsoiling, Digging, Hand moulding on In the clamp or kiln,
Natural drying In air and
Cleaning, Weathering, ground (for small scale) Temperature range
artificially drying
Blending and Temping Machine moulding on from 800 to 1100 ℃.
through dryers OR
table ( for large scale) OR
Size and Weight of Brick Shape and size Uniform with straight edges
19 cm X 9 cm X 9 cm o Colour Deep RED, cherry
(Nominal Size, BIS) Texture and Compactness No fissures and holes
20 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm Hardness and Soundness No fingernail impression
(including mortar) Compressive strength [ 10.5 N/mm2]
3-3.5 kg
Water absorption [ Not more than 20%]
Classification of brick Density [ 17 to 19 kN/m3 ]
Based on the manufacturing process: Shear strength 5 To 7 N/mm2
FIRST CLASS BRICKS Fire Resistance High
SECOND CLASS BRICKS
Soluble salts Free
THIRD CLASS BRICKS
FOURTH CLASS BRICKS Breakage When dropped from 1m height it
should not break.
Tests on bricks:
(As per IS 3495- 1992 )
Compressive strength test
Water absorption test
Efflorescence test
23
TESTS ON BRICKS: IS 3495- 1992
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Both faces made smooth
Immersed in water for 24 hrs for three days
The specimen is then placed between the plates of the compression
testing machine
Load is applied axially at a uniform rate 14 N/mm2and maximum
load at which the specimen fails is noted for determination of
compressive strength not less than 3.5 N/mm2
Again, immersed in clean water for 3 days
Tested in compression testing machine.
Compressive strength = Load at failure
Area of the cross section of the brick
25
ADVANTAGES OF BRICKS:
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks Formed by a process of
cementation of small particles that result from
the disintegration of rocks. (Limestone,
sandstone)
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks Formed by gradual
changes in the structures of either igneous or
sedimentary
rocks caused by heat, water, pressure. (Marble,
Slate). 28
COMMONLY USED BUILDING STONES
• Modules to go through in above given link are 2, 3, 5, 6, 11 and 13. However, students can go
through all Modules as per their interest.
Books:
1. S.K.Duggal, Building Materials, New Age International Publisher, 2021.
3. M. L. Gambhir and N. Jamwal, Building Materials Products, Properties and Systems, McGraw Hill Education, 2017.
31
…Thank you
32