SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB

Question 4 (5 marks)
1. Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions.
We know that the gravitational force of the earth is applied to all objects. This force was
used even when you were holding a stone in your hand. But the force you were pushing in
the opposite direction with your hand was balancing it so that the stone was stable. When
you let go of the hand, only gravitational force is applied to the stone, so the stone falls
under its influence. When an object is moving only under the influence of gravitational
motion, that motion is called free fall, that is the stone falls. In free fall, the initial velocity
is zero and it is increased due to gravitational acceleration over time. At the time of free
fall on the earth, the friction of the air opposes the motion of the object. So in the true sense
free fall cannot happen in the air. It can happen only in vacuum.
Complete the following statement by choosing the right option.
i. The stone held in the hand is stable because, on it ....
a. two unbalanced forces are exerted.
b. only the gravitational force of the earth is exerted.
c. gravitational force of the earth is not exerted.
d. two balanced forces are exerted.
Ans. The stone held in the hand is stable because two balanced forces are exerted on it.

ii. Why does free fall not happen on the earth?

Ans. The object experiences force of friction due to air. Thus, the free fall cannot happen
on the earth.

iii. Why does the velocity of the object increase during the free fall?
Ans. The velocity of the object increases due to acceleration due to gravity of the earth.

iv. Which type of force exerts on the object during free fall?
Ans. During free fall only gravitational force is exerted on the object.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
v. Why does true free fall happen only in vacuum?
Ans. Object experiences free fall when the only force acting on the object is gravitational
force. During free fall in air, the frictional force due to air opposes the motion of the
object and a buoyant force also acts on the object. Thus, true free fall is possible only
in vacuum.

2. Note the relationship between the entries in all the three columns in the table and
rewrite the table.

Column-2 Height from

Column-1 (Location) Column-3 g (m/s2)
the earth’s surface (km)

Earth’s surface(average) 8.8 0.225

Mount Everest 36.6 9.81

The highest height ever reached 400 9.8

by manmade balloon

Orbit of spacecraft 35700 9.77

Orbit of communication satellite 0 8.7

Ans.

Column-2 Height from

Column-1 (Location) Column-3 g (m/s2)
the earth’s surface (km)

Earth’s surface(average) 0 9.81

Mount Everest 8.8 9.8

The highest height ever reached 36.6 9.77

by manmade balloon

Orbit of spacecraft 400 8.7

Orbit of communication satellite 35700 0.225

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
3. Observe the given chart and answer the questions given below

Element A B C D

Electronic configuration 2, 1 2, 8 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 8

i. Which elements are in the same row? (1 mark)

ii. Which elements have the same column? (1 mark)
iii. Which elements are in the 18th column? (1 mark)
iv. Which element is more reactive in A and C? (1 mark)
v. Out of elements A and B, which is found in a compound? (1 mark)
Ans. i. Elements A and B are in the same row. Similarly, elements C and D are also in the
same row.
ii. Elements A and C have the same column. Similarly, elements B and D also have the
same column.
iii. Elements B and D are in the 18th column.
iv. Element C is more reactive than element A.
v. Element A will form compounds as it can easily lose its valence electron.

4. XY Compound formed by X (Atomic number 11) and Y (Atomic number 17) then
answer the questions given below.
i. Determine the position of the element X and Y in the modern periodic table.
(1 mark)
ii. Which type of elements X and Y are metals, nonmetals or metalloids?
(1 mark)
iii. From which block the elements X and Y are? (1 mark)
iv. Determine the electronic configuration and valency of these elements.
(2 marks)
Ans. i. Element X is placed in group 1 and period 3.
Element Y is placed in group 17 and period 3.
ii. Element X is a metal while element Y is a nonmetal.
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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
iii. Element X belongs to s-block and element Y belongs to p-block.
iv. Electronic configuration of element X is (2, 8, 1). Its valency is 1.
Electronic configuration of element Y is (2, 8, 7). Its valency is 1.

5. Observe the periodic table given below and write the answers of the questions.

i. Write the name and valencies of the elements in the 3rd row. (2 marks)
ii. Classify the elements in this row in metal, nonmetal and metalloids. (1 mark)
iii. Which block does nonmetals belong to? (1 mark)
iv. Write name of any two metalloid elements. (1 mark)
Ans. i. The elements in the third period are Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Silicon,
Phosphorus, Sulphur, Chlorine, and Argon.
Their valencies are 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 respectively.
ii. Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg) and Aluminium (Al) are metals.
Silicon (Si) is a metalloid.
Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl) and Argon (Ar) are nonmetals.
iii. Nonmetals belong to p-block.
iv. Two metalloid elements: Silicon and Germanium

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
6. Make a chart which shows the name of the element, valency, atomic number,
electronic configuration in the 2nd row of the modern periodic table and arrange these
elements in ascending order of atomic mass.
Ans.
Elements of 2nd row of modern periodic table

Name Lithium Berylium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0

Atomic
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
number

Elec.
2, 1 2,2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7 2, 8
configuration

Lithium < Beryllium< Boron < Carbon < Nitrogen< Oxygen < Fluorine < Neon

7. What physical and chemical properties of elements did Mendeleev consider in

compiling the periodic table? What challenges did Mendeleev face in following
periodic law?
Ans. i. The physical and chemical properties of elements that Mendeleev considered while
compiling periodic table were:
a. The molecular formulae of hydrides and oxides of the elements
b. Melting points, boiling points and densities of the elements and their hydrides
and oxides
ii. Demerits of Mendeleev's periodic table
1. The whole number atomic mass of the elements cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) is
the same. Therefore there was an ambiguity regarding their sequence in
Mendeleev's periodic table.
2. Isotopes were discovered long time after Mendeleev put forth the periodic table.
As Isotopes have the same chemical properties but different atomic masses, a
challenge was posed in placing them in Mendeleev's periodic table.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
3. When elements are arranged in an increasing order of atomic masses, the rise
in atomic mass does not appear to be uniform. It was not possible, therefore, to
predict how many elements could be discovered between two heavy elements.
4. Position of hydrogen: Hydrogen shows similarity with halogens (group VII).
For example, the molecular formula of hydrogen is H2 while the molecular
formulae of fluorine and chlorine are F2 and Cl2, respectively. In the same way,
there is a similarity in the chemical properties of hydrogen and alkali metals
(group I). There is similarity in the molecular formulae of the compounds of
hydrogen alkali metals (Na, K, etc.) formed with chlorine and oxygen. On
considering the above properties it cannot be decided whether the correct
position of hydrogen is in the group of alkali metals (group I) or in the group
of halogens (group VII).

Compounds of H Compounds of Na

HCl NaCl

H2O Na2O

H2S Na2S

Similarity in hydrogen and halogens

Element (Molecular Compounds with Compounds with

formula) metals nonmetals

H2 NaH CH4

Cl2 NaCl CCl4

8. Explain the structure of the modern periodic table in short.

Ans. i. The modern periodic table consists of seven horizontal rows called the periods and
eighteen vertical columns called the groups.
ii. The arrangement of the periods and groups results in the formation of boxes, where
each box corresponds to the position of an element.
iii. Atomic numbers are serially indicated in the upper part of these boxes.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
iv. In addition to these seven rows, lanthanide and actinide series are shown separately
at the bottom of the periodic table. The first row is lanthanide series and the second
row is actinide series.
v. There are 118 boxes in the periodic table including the two series.
vi. The entire periodic table is divided into four blocks: s-block, p-block, d-block and f-
block.
vii. s-block: contains group 1 and 2 elements
p-block: contains group 13 to 18 elements
d-block: contains group 3 to 12 elements (transition elements)
f-block: contains lanthanide and actinide series
viii. A zig-zag line is drawn in the p-block of the periodic table. Metals lie on the left side
while nonmetals lie on the right side of this line. Metalloids lie along the border of
this line.

9. The electronic configuration of an element is 2, 8, 2 then write the answers of the

questions given below.
i. What is the atomic number of this element?
ii. Which column does this element belong to?
iii. Which row does this element belong to?
iv. The chemical properties of this element will be similar to which of the
following elements?
(Atomic numbers are given in the bracket) N (7), Be (4), Ar (18), Cl (17)
Ans. i. The atomic number of the element is 12.
ii. The element belongs to group 2.
iii. The element belongs to period 3.
iv. The element would resemble beryllium (Be).

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
10. Balance the given chemical reaction as per the instructions below. NaOH + H2SO4 →
Na2SO4 + H2O
i. Write names of reactants and products of chemical reaction.
ii. Make a list of the elements in the chemical equation.
iii. write the number of atoms of reactants and products.
iv. Balance the equation with proper coefficient and rewrite the equation.
v. Oxidation means losing electrons then what is reduction?
Ans. i. Names of reactants: Sodium hydroxide and Sulphuric acid
Names of products: Sodium sulphate and water
ii. Elements in the chemical reaction are: Na, O, H and S.
iii.

Reactants (Left side) Products (Right side)

Element Number of atoms Number of atoms

Na 1 2

O 5 5

H 3 2

S 1 1

iv. Coefficient '2' is added to the reactant `NaOH' and the product 'H2O' to balance the
equation. The final balanced equation is:

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

v. Reduction is gain of electrons.
[Note: Framing of question (iii) is modified to remove ambiguity from question.]

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
11. Observe the following figure and write the answer to the question.

i. Which process is shown in the figure?

ii. Explain the chemical reaction shown in the figure.
iii. Write the reactions on anode and cathode.
Ans. i. The process shown in the figure is rusting (corrosion) of iron.
ii. The process involves electrochemical reaction. Different regions on the surface of
iron become anode and cathode.
In the anode region, Fe is oxidized to Fe2+. The electron released in the anode region
flow through the metal surface to the cathode region where they reduce oxygen.
In the cathode region, O2 is reduced to form water. When Fe2+ ions migrate from the
anode region, they react with water (or OH- ions) and further get oxidized to Fe3+
ions.
Fe3+ ions form an insoluble hydrated oxide (Fe2O3.H2O), which is deposited as
reddish-brown layer on the surface. It is called rust.

2Fe3+ (aq) + 4H2O(l) → Fe2O3.H2O(S) + 6H+(aq)

Rust
iii. Anode region: Fe(s) → Fe2+ (aq) + 2e–

Cathode region: O2(g) + 4H– (aq) + 4e– → 2H2O(l)

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
12. Draw a diagram of an electric motor and explain the structure and function of it.
Ans. Electric motor:
It is a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Construction: Electric motor consists of following parts:
1. Rectangular coil: Rectangular loop of copper wire having resistive coating.
2. Strong magnet: Coil is placed between the north pole and south pole of a magnet
(such as a horseshoe magnet) in such a way that its branches AB and CD are
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.
3. Split ring: The two ends of the loop are connected to the two halves (X and Y) of the
split ring.
4. Axle: The two halves of the ring have resistive coating on their inner surfaces and
are tightly fitted on the axle.
5. Carbon brushes: The two halves of the split ring, X and Y have their outer
conducting surfaces in contact with the two stationary carbon brushes. (E and F),
respectively.

Working:
(i) When the circuit is completed, the current flows in the branch AB of the loop from A
to B through the carbon brushes E and F.
(ii) Since the direction of the magnetic field is from north pole to south pole, according
to the Fleming's left hand rule, a force is exerted on the branch AB in downward
direction and CD in upward direction.
(iii) Thus, the loop and the axle start rotating in an anticlockwise direction.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
(iv) After half rotation, the current in a loop starts
(v) Therefore, a force is exerted on the branch CD in downward direction and on the
branch AB in the upward direction, and the loop continues to rotate in the
anticlockwise direction.

13. Explain the structure and function by drawing a diagram of an electric generator.
Ans. Electric Generator (AC)
A generator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy in the form of
alternating current is called A.C. generator.
Construction:
1. Rectangular Coil: copper wire coil ABCD
2. Strong magnets: Coil is kept between the two pole pieces of a magnet.
3. Rings: The two ends of the coil are connected to the conducting rings R1 and R2.
4. Axle: Both the rings are fixed to the axle, but there is a resistive coating in between
the ring and the axle.
5. Brushes: The stationary carbon brushes B, and B are connected to a galvanometer.

Electric generator (AC)

Working:
i. When the axle is rotated with the help of a machine from outside, the coil ABCD
starts rotating.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
ii. On rotating the axle, the branch AB move upwards and branch CD move downwards
hence coil ABCD rotates clockwise.
iii. According to Fleming's right-hand rule, electric current flows in the direction A
→B→C→D. Therefore, current flows from B2 to B1 in the external circuit through
galvanometer.
iv. After half rotation, the branch AB and CD exchange their position and the induced
current flows as D→C→B→A.
v. Since, branch BA is in contact with brush B1 and branch DC is in contact with B2,
current flow from B1 to B2 in the external circuit i.e., in the direction opposite to the
previous half rotation.
vi. This repeats after every half rotation and in this way, alternate current is produced
using AC generator.

14. Explain the magnetic field created by current around a conductor from the figure.
Ans. i.

ii. A cardboard is placed around a thick copper wire. A magnetic needle is used to check
the magnetic field around the wire.
iii. When a large current flows through the thick wire, magnetic needle shows deflection.
The magnetic needle kept at different points on the cardboard around the wire
stands in different directions.
iv. The magnetic field produced around a current carrying conductor is in the form of
concentric circles.
v. The deflection in the needle changes according to the current in the conductor. For
a given current, if we move the compass needle away from the wire, its deflection
decreases.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
vi. The direction of the magnetic field formed around the conductor depends on the
direction of the current and is given by the right hand thumb rule.
vii. If the thumb of the right hand indicates the direction of the current then, the curled
fingers indicate the direction of the magnetic field formed.

15. Observe the figure and write the answers to the questions asked.

i. The structure shown in the figure is of which device?

ii. Explain the principle on which this device works.
iii. Write any three uses of this device.
Ans. i. The figure shows the construction of electric motor.
ii. Principle of electric motor:
Electric motor works on the principle that a current carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field experiences a force.
iii. Electric motor is used in fans, washing machines, fax machines etc.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
16. Observe the figure and write the answers to the questions asked.

i. The structure shown in the figure is of which device?

ii. Explain the principle on which this device works.
iii. Write any three uses of this device.
Ans. i. The figure shows construction of electric generator.
ii. Principle of electric generator:
Electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When the
coil of electric generator rotates in a magnetic field, magnetic field induces a current
in this coil. This induced current then flows into circuit connected to the coil.
iii. Generator is used in power plants for generation of electricity.

17. Read the passage and answer the questions based on it.
If heat is exchanged between a hot and cold object, the temperature of the cold object goes
on increasing due to gain of energy and the temperature of the hot object goes on
decreasing due to loss of energy. The change in temperature continues till the temperatures
of both the objects attain the same value. In this process, the cold object gains heat energy
and the hot object loses heat energy. If the system of both the objects is isolated from the
environment by keeping it inside a heat resistant box then no energy can flow from inside
the box or come into the box. In this situation we get the following principle.
Heat energy lost by the hot object = Heat energy gained by the cold object. This is called
the ‘Principle of heat exchange’.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
i. Where does heat transfer take place?
ii. In such a situation which principle of heat do you perceive?
iii. How can this principle be explained in short?
iv. measuring the property of which substance this principle is used ?
Ans. i. Heat is transferred from hot object to cold object.
ii. During the transfer of heat from hot object to cold object we perceive the principle of
heat exchange.
iii. As inside the heat resistant box, the heat lost by hot object exactly equals heat gained
by cold object. Principle of heat exchange is stated as:
In an isolated system,
Heat energy lost by hot object = Heat energy gained by cold object.
iv. Specific heat of the substance is measured using the principle of heat exchange.

18. Explain the following temperature-time graph.

Ans. (i) The graph shown is a temperature-time graph of Ice transforming into water and
steam.
(ii) AB shows that, at constant temperature of 0°C ice changes to water.
(iii) The temperature at which ice changes to water, is called melting point of ice i.e. 0°C.
(iv) Now, water at 0°C starts heating and its temperature gradually increases to 100°C.
(v) BC shows increase in temperature from 0°C to 100°C without a change in state.
(vi) CD shows that, at constant temperature of 100°C, water changes to vapour.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
(vii) The temperature at which water changes to vapour is called boiling point of water
i.e. 100°C

19. Explain with a ray diagram the position, size, and the nature of the various images
formed by convex lenses.
i. An object is at infinity.
ii. An object beyond 2F1.
iii. An object at 2F1 .
iv. An object is in between F1 and 2 F2
v. An object is at focus F1
vi. An object is in between F1 and O
Ans. i. Object at infinity:
Position of image: At focus F2
Size of the image: Highly diminished or point sized.
Nature of the image: Real and inverted.

ii. Object beyond 2F1:

Position of image: Between F2 and 2F2
Size of the image: Diminished
Nature of the image: Real and inverted

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
iii. Object at 2F1:
Position of image: At 2F2
Size of the image: Same size
Nature of the image: Real and inverted

iv. Object between F1 and 2F1:

Position of image: Beyond 2F2
Size of the image: Enlarged
Nature of the image: Real and inverted

v. Object at focus F1:

Position of image: At infinity
Size of the image: Highly enlarged
Nature of the image: Real and inverted

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
vi. Object between F1 and O:
Position of image: Same side of the lens as the object
Size of the image: Enlarged
Nature of the image: Virtual and erect

20. Explain in brief types of extraction of highly reactive, moderately reactive and less
reactive metals according to their reactivity.
Ans. i. Extraction of highly reactive metals:
a. Highly reactive metals such as sodium, magnesium and calcium are obtained by
electrolytic reduction.
b. The metals are deposited at the cathode (negatively charged electrode), whereas
chlorine gas is liberated at the anode (positively charged electrode).
E.g., For extraction of sodium metal, cathode and anode reactions are as
follows:

At cathode: Na + + e– → Na (Reduction)

At anode: 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e– (Oxidation)

ii. Extraction of moderately reactive metals:

a. Moderately reactive metals such as iron, zinc, lead, copper usually occur in the
form of their sulphide salts or carbonate.
b. It is easier to obtain metals from their oxides rather than sulphides or
carbonates.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
c. Therefore, the sulphide ores are strongly heated in excess of air to transform
them into oxides. This process is called roasting.

E.g. 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2

Zinc Zinc Sulphur

sulphide oxide dioxide
d. Carbonate ores are strongly heated in a limited supply of air to transform them
into oxides. This process is called calcination.
Heat
E.g. ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2
Zinc Zinc Carbon
carbonate oxide dioxide
e. The oxide so obtained is reduced to metal by using suitable reductant such as
carbon.
Heat
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO
Zinc Carbon Zinc Carbon
oxide monoxide
f. The metal thus obtained can be further refined by electrolysis.
iii. Extraction of less reactive metals:
a. Less reactive metals such gold, silver, platinum are found in free state in nature.
b. However, the reserves of copper in free state are very few. It is found mainly in
the form of Cu2S. Copper is obtained from Cu2S ore just by heating in air.
Heat
2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2
Copper(I) Oxygen Copper(I) Sulphur
sulphide oxide dioxide
Heat
Cu2S(s) + 2Cu2O(s) → 6Cu(s) + SO2
Copper(I) Copper(I) Copper Sulphur
sulphide oxide dioxide

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
c. The copper metal thus obtained can be further refined electrolytically.

21. Explain Bayer’s process of concentration of bauxite with chemical equations.

Ans. i. Bauxite is the main ore of aluminium with silica (SiO2), ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and
titanium oxide (TiO2) as impurities in it.
ii. In this process, the bauxite ore is first crushed and then it is leached by heating with
hot concentrated caustic soda (NaOH) solution under high pressure for 2 to 8 hrs at
140 to 150°C in a tank called digester.
iii. Aluminium oxide, being amphoteric in nature, dissolves in aqueous NaOH solution,
forming water soluble sodium aluminate.

Al2O3.2H2O(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2NaAlO2(aq) + 3H2O(l)

Aluminium Sodium Sodium Water
oxide hydroxide aluminate
iv. The iron oxide present in the gangue does not dissolve in aqueous NaOH solution
and is separated by filtration.
v. However, silica from the gangue dissolves in aqueous NaOH solution forming water
soluble sodium silicate.
vi. The solution of sodium aluminate is diluted with water and then cooled to 50°C. This
gives aluminium hydroxide as a precipitate.

NaAlO2(aq) + 2H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + Al(OH)3

Sodium Water Sodium Aluminium
aluminate hydroxide hydroxide
vii. The aluminium hydroxide is then filtered, washed, dried and calcined by heating at
1000 °C to get pure aluminium oxide, called alumina.
2Al(OH)3(s) heat Al2O3(s) + 3H2O(g)
1000oC
Aluminium Aluminium Water
hydroxide oxide vapour

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
22. Explain in brief electrolytic reduction of alumina with a neat, labelled diagram.
Ans. i. The pure alumina obtained from bauxite ore by Bayer's process or Hall's process is
electrolysed to obtain metallic aluminium.
ii. Alumina has a very high melting point (>2000 °C).
iii. Electrolysis of alumina is carried out in an electrolytic cell at a much lower
temperature by dissolving it in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6) and fluorspar (CaF2).
Addition of cryolite and fluorspar reduces the melting point to about 1000 °C.

Electrolytic reduction of alumina

iv, The electrolytic cell is a large steel tank having a lining of carbon (graphite) on the
inner side. The carbon lining acts as cathode. A set of carbon (graphite) rods dipped
in the molten electrolyte acts as anode.
v. On passing electric current, electrolysis of alumina takes place.
vi. Aluminium is formed at the cathode and oxygen gas is liberated at the anode.
vii. The electrode reactions are as follows:

Cathode:

Al3+ + 3e– → Al(l) (Reduction)

Anode:

2O2– → O2 + 4e– (Oxidation)

viii. The molten aluminium is heavier than the electrolyte used and hence, it sinks to the
bottom of the tank from where it is removed periodically.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
ix. The oxygen gas liberated at the anode reacts with the carbon anode and forms carbon
dioxide gas.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

x. As the anode gets oxidized during the electrolysis of alumina, it has to be replaced
from time to time.

23. Observe the figure and answer the following.

i. Write the name of the method.

ii. What is used as anode and cathode in this method?
iii. Write molecular formula and use of cryolite.
iv. Write anode reaction.
v. Write cathode reaction.
Ans. i. The method shown is electrolytic reduction of alumina.
ii. A set of graphite rods dipped in the molten electrolyte acts as anode and the graphite
lining acts as cathode.
iii. Molecular formula of cryolite: Na3AlF6
Use of cryolite: Addition of cryolite reduces the melting point of alumina to about
1000°C.

iv. Anode reaction: 2O2– → O2 + 4e–

v. Cathode reaction: Al3+ + 3e– → Al(l)

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
24. Observe the figure and name and explain in brief the following methods
A. B.

Ans. i. The method shown in the figure is froth floatation method.

a. The froth floatation process is based on two opposite properties of the particles,
hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
b. The metal sulphide particles are hydrophobic. Due to this property, they get
wetted mainly with oil. On the other hand, gangue particles are hydrophilic and
get wetted by water.
c. In this method, the finely divided metal ore is added in a big tank containing
large amount of water. To this, certain vegetable oil (pine oil, eucalyptus oil,
etc.) is added is added for the formation of froth. A rotating agitator at the
centre of the floatation tank agitates the mixture and draws air into it to form
bubbles. As a result, foam is formed which carries metal sulphide particles. The
foam rises to the surface of water and floats. Therefore, this method is called
froth floatation process.
d. This method is used to separate metal sulphide ores such as zinc blende (ZnS)
and copper pyrite (CuFeS2).
ii. The method shown in the figure is magnetic separation method.
a. The magnetic separation process is based on the differences in magnetic
properties of the ore components.
b. This method requires an electromagnetic machine which consists of a
nonmagnetic conveyor belt moving over two rollers, one of which is magnetic
in nature while other is nonmagnetic.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
c. Powdered ore is dropped over the moving belt near nonmagnetic roller. Two
collector vessels are placed below magnetic roller.
d. The nonmagnetic particles are carried further along with belt and fall in the
collector vessel placed away from magnetic roller. At the same time, the
magnetic portion of the ore is attracted by the magnetic roller and falls in the
collector vessel near the magnetic roller.

25. Answer the questions in the following passage.

The minerals from which the metal can be separated economically are called ores. Ores
contain many types of impurities such as soil, sand and rocky substances along with the
metal compounds. These impurities are called gangue. Metals can be extracted from their
ores by means of various methods of separation. The process of extraction of metal in pure
state from the ores is also a part of metallurgy.

Ores are taken out from the mines and the gangue is usually separated from the ore at the
site itself by various methods. Then the ores are carried out to the place where metals are
produced. Here metals are extracted in pure form. Then metals are further purified by
different methods of purification. this entire process is called metallurgy.

Most metals being reactive do not occur in nature in free state but are found in combined state
as their salts such as oxides, carbonates, sulphides and nitrates. however, the most unreactive
metals that are not affected by air, water and other natural factors like silver, gold, platinum,
generally occur in free state. The compounds of metals that occur in nature along with the
impurities are called minerals.
i. What are Ores?
ii. Which processes are involved in the branch of metallurgy? What is metallurgy?
iii. Which metals are found in free state?
iv. In what form are metals found in combined state?
v. What is gangue?

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
Ans. i. The minerals from which the metal can be separated economically are called ores.
ii. The extraction of metals from their ores by various methods of separation and further
purification to obtain pure metals are involved in the branch of metallurgy.
The extraction of metals from their ores and then refining them for use is known as
metallurgy.
iii. Metals such as silver, gold and platinum are found in free state.
iv. Metals are found in combined state as their salts such as oxides, carbonates, sulphides
and nitrates.
v. The unwanted impurities of soil, sand, rocky substances, etc., present in the ore are
called gangue.

26. Explain the difference between a bayer’s process and a hall’s process by explaining
the bayer’s process?
Ans. i. Difference between Bayer's process and Hall's process:
In Bayer's process, aluminium ore is heated with concentrated caustic soda while in
Hall's process, it is heated with aqueous sodium carbonate to obtain water soluble
sodium aluminate.
In Bayer's process, solution of sodium aluminate is diluted with water to obtain
aluminium hydroxide while in Hall's process, sodium aluminate is converted to
aluminium hydroxide by reaction with CO2.
ii. Bayer's process:
a. In this process, the bauxite ore is first crushed and then it is leached by heating
with hot concentrated caustic soda (NaOH) solution under high pressure for 2
to 8 hrs at 140 to 150°C in a tank called digester.
b. Aluminium oxide, being amphoteric in nature, dissolves in aqueous NaOH
solution, forming water soluble sodium aluminate.

Al2O3.2H2O(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2NaAlO2(aq) + 3H2O(l)

Aluminium Sodium Sodium Water
oxide hydroxide aluminate

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
c. The iron oxide present in the gangue does not dissolve in aqueous NaOH
solution and is separated by filtration. However, silica from the gangue
dissolves in aqueous NaOH solution forming water soluble sodium silicate.
d. The solution of sodium aluminate is diluted with water and then cooled to 50°C.
This gives aluminium hydroxide as a precipitate.

NaAlO2(aq) + 2H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + Al(OH)3

Sodium Water Sodium Aluminium
aluminate hydroxide hydroxide
e. The aluminium hydroxide is then filtered, washed, dried and calcined by
heating at 1000°C to get pure aluminium oxide, called alumina.

27. What is corrosion? Give solutions by giving examples of corrosion?

Ans. i. The process of slow degradation of the metals due to the attack of atmospheric gases,
moisture, acids, etc. on the surface of metals is called corrosion.
1. Galvanizing
In this method a thin layer of zinc is applied to prevent corrosion of iron or steel. For
example, shining iron nails, pins, etc. In this method corrosion of zinc occurs first
because zinc is more electropositive than iron. After a few rainy seasons the zinc layer
goes away and the Inner Iron gets exposed. Then Iron starts rusting.
2. Tinning
In this method a layer of molten tin is deposited on metals. We call this as 'kalhaee’.
A greenish layer forms on the surface of a copper or brass vessel. This greenish layer
is poisonous. If buttermilk or curry is placed in such a vessel it gets spoiled. Tinning
is done to prevent all such damages.
3. Anodization
In this method metals like copper, aluminium are coated with a thin and strong layer
of their oxides by means of electrolysis. For this the copper or aluminium article is
used as anode. As this oxide layer is strong and uniform all over the surface, it is
useful for prevention of the corrosion of the metal.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
For example, when aluminium is anodised, a thin layer of aluminum oxide is formed.
It obstructs the contact of the aluminium with oxygen and water. This prevents
further oxidation. This protection can be further increased by making the oxide layer
thicker during the anodization.
4. Electroplating
In this method a less reactive metal is coated on a more reactive metal by electrolysis.
Silver plated spoons, gold plated ornaments are the examples of electroplating.
5. Alloying
Majority of the metallic substances used presently are in the form of alloys. The main
intention behind this is to decrease the intensity of corrosion of metals. The
homogenous mixture formed by mixing a metal with other metals or nonmetals in
certain proportion is called an alloy. For example, bronze is an alloy formed from 90%
copper and 10% tin. Bronze statues do not get affected by sun and rain. Stainless steel
does not get stains with air or water and also does not rust. It is an alloy made from
74% iron, 18% chromium and 8% carbon. In recent times various types of alloys are
used for minting coins.

28. Observe the figure and write the answers to the following question.

i. Write the name of the reaction shown in the following figure.

ii. Write the above chemical reaction in the form of a balanced equation.
iii. Write the name of the product produced in the above reaction, write a use.
iv. Write the name of the catalyst used in the above reaction.
Ans. i. The reaction shown in the figure is esterification.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
ii. Balanced equation of the reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid is as follows:
C2H5OH + CH3COOH Acid
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethanol Ethanoic Catalyst Ethyl water
Acid ethanoate
iii. The product formed is ethyl ethanoate.
Use: It is used for making fragrances and flavouring agents.
iv. Catalyst used in the reaction is concentrated sulphuric acid.

29. Write the answers to the questions by observing the following figure.

i. Write the chemical reaction shown in the figure above in the form of a balanced
equation.
ii. Write the name of the gas coming out of the large test tube in the above
chemical reaction.
iii. Why do small bubbles of lime appear in the small test tube?
iv. What is the change in colour of lime net?
Ans. i. Balanced equation of the reaction between acetic acid and sodium carbonate is as follows:

2CH3COOH(aq) + Na2CO3(S) → 2CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2

Acetic Sodium Sodium Water Carbon
acid carbonate ethanoate dioxide
ii. The gas formed in the large test tube is carbon dioxide (CO2) gas.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
iii. The carbon dioxide gas produced in big test tube passes through bent gas delivery
tube to the small test tube containing lime water. Hence, bubbles are seen in the small
test tube.
iv. Lime water turns milky

30. Write the names of India's satellite series and launchers?

Ans.

India’s Satellite series Launcher

Indian National Satellite (INSAT) Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)

Geosynchronous satellite (GSAT) Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

System (IRNSS)

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

31. What is a satellite launcher? Explain the external layout of a satellite launcher made
by ISRO (I.S.R.O.) with diagrams.
Ans. i. The vehicles which help to place satellites in their specific orbits are called satellite
launch vehicles.
ii. Polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV) designed by ISRO is shown in a figure below.
The PSLV is a four stage satellite launch vehicle. Each of these stages contains fuel
which is burned and each stage is detached from the vehicle after reaching specific
height. There is a place at the top of the fourth stage, to keep the polar satellite to be
launched.

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)

iii. Amongst the four stages, first stage along with six rocket booster engines provides
the initial thrust to the launcher. This stage contains solid fuel.
iv. The second and fourth stages have liquid fuel in them, whereas the third stage works
on the solid fuel.
v. Second and third stages increase the velocity of the PSLV and help it attain the
desirable height. The fourth i.e., the last stage sets the satellite into its desired orbit.

32. Read the following paragraphs and write the answers.

Mars is the second closest celestial object to Earth after the Moon. It was sent to Mars by
many nations. But since the campaign was difficult, almost half of the campaigns were not
successful. But we have done something that we should be proud of. Launched by ISRO in
November 2013 at a very low cost, the Mars rover was launched into Mars orbit in
September 2014 and gained important information about the surface and atmosphere of
Mars.
i. After the moon, which is the closest celestial object to the earth?
ii. When did ISRO launch Mars spacecraft?
iii. What important information did ISRO's Mars rover get?
iv. Explain that critical velocity does not depend on the mass of the satellite?
Ans. i. Next to the moon, mars is the nearest celestial object to the earth.
ii. The spacecraft ‘Mangalyaan’ made by ISRO using minimum expenses was
launched in November 2013.
iii. ISRO's Mangalyaan obtained very useful information about the surface of the Mars
and the atmosphere around it.
iv. Consider the satellite of mass m revolving at height h around the planet of mass M
and radius R with speed v as shown in the figure given above. As the satellite is
moving in circular orbit, centripetal force acting on it is provided by the gravitational
force of the planet,

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 SCIENCE 1 BOARD QB
Question 4 (5 marks)
𝑚𝑣 2 𝐺𝑀𝑚
i.e., =
𝑟 𝑟2

But r = R + h
GM
 v2 =
(R+h)

GM
 v=√
R+h

Hence, critical velocity does not depend on the mass of the satellite.

33. Explain the need and importance of space missions.

Ans. i. Due to space missions, the world has come closer. It has become very easy to contact
a person in any part of the world within, seconds.
ii. Due to internet, every information is available at our fingertips. We can gather
information about worldwide events sitting at home.
iii. Use of satellites can give us advance alerts about various natural calamities, so that,
we can take proper precautions.
iv. During war, the aerial surveillance can be used to get information about the enemy
actions.
v. It is also possible to explore the fossil reserves and minerals in the earth.
In this way, due to its innumerable applications, the space mission or space
technology has become an inevitable part of development nation.

❑❑❑

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