Glycolysis to Citric Acid Cycle

Glycolysis Facts
Process occurs in cytoplasm of almost all organisms
10 reactions each with its own enzyme
One Glucose molecule produces two Pyruvate molecules
2 ATP are used but 4 ATP are produced along with 2 NADH
The Enzymes
Dehydrogenases
◦ Reduce an electron acceptor
Kinases
◦ Transfer phosphate groups
(phosphorylation)
Mutases
◦ Shift functional group from one
position to another
Isomerases
◦ Rearrange the structure of a
molecule
Decarboxylases
◦ Remove a carboxyl group and
produce CO2
The Glycolysis Path
Glycolysis ATP Production
ATP is produced by substrate level
phosphorylation
A kinase enzyme transfers a phosphate from a
substrate to ADP to make ATP
Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate enters the
mitochondria and passes
through both membranes into
the matrix
Three steps oxidize pyruvate
◦ A carboxyl group is removed and
becomes CO2
◦ NAD+ takes 2 electrons and 1
proton
◦ Coenzyme A attaches by a sulfur
atom
Product is 2 acetyl-CoA
molecules per glucose
Citric Acid Cycle
AKA Krebs Cycle (after Hans
Krebs; English biochemist)
8 enzyme catalyzed steps
occurring in the
mitochondrial matrix
It is a cycle because in the 1st
step the 2 carbon acetyl
group from Acetyl-CoA is
attached to 4 carbon
oxaloacetate which is
regenerated after the 8th step.
Cycle Key
Points
Cycle turns twice
per glucose
Remaining carbons
converted to CO2
Energy captured
when forming ATP
and also in redox
reactions producing
NADH and FADH2
Glycolysis to Citric Acid
Summary
Glycolysis
◦ Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+

Pyruvate Oxidation
◦ 2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA → 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 CO2

Citric Acid Cycle

◦ 2 acetyl-CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 P → 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 2 CoA + 6 H+

Total So Far:
◦ Glucose + 4 ADP + 4 P + 10 NAD+ + 2 FAD → 6 CO2 + 4 ATP + 10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 10 H+

Now on to the Electron Transport Chain!