Discrete Numeric Functions and Generating Functions 83

CHAPTER

EIGHT
DISCRETE NUMERIC FUNCTIONS AND
GENERATING FUNCTIONS

8.1 (a) The numeric function is given by

ar = 20/2 r, r ³ 0
i.e. ar = 20/20, 20/21, 20/22, …, r ³ 0
i.e. ar = 20, 10, 5, …, r ³ 0.
(b) br = ar
(c) cr = 0.3ar
# 100  2r 0 b r b 10
8.2 ar = $
% 120 r r 10
8.3 (a) r = 51n, n = 0, 1, 2,…; r = 51n + 7, 51n + 18, 51n + 34, n = 0, 1, 2,…
(b) r = 17n or 3n; r = 51n + 1 or 51n + 35, n = 0, 1, 2,…
#0 r = 0, 1
2 I
8.4 (a) S a = $ 2 r = 2, 3, 4, 5
I 2  ( r  2)  5 rr6
%
#2 r b1
S –2 a = $  (r  2)
%2 5 rr2

#0 0br b2
I
(b) D ar = $ 49 /16 r=3
I  2  ( r  1) rr4
%
#0 0br b3
I
Ñar = $ 49 /16 r = 4
I  2r r r 5
%
84 Solutions Manual of Elements of Discrete Mathematics

8.5 (a) Dar = 3r 2 – r + 2

D2 ar = 6r + 2
D3ar =6
D4 ar =0
(b) Show inductively that if ar is a polynomial in r of degree k then Dar is
a polynomial of degree £ k – 1. This is easily seen by looking at the
high order terms of ar+1 and ar. Since D ar = 0 if ar is a constant,
clearly Dk+1 ar = 0 for all r.
8.6 (a) dr = cr+1 – cr = ar+1 br+1 – ar br
= ar+1[br+1 – br] + br [ar+1 – ar]
= ar+1 (D br) + br (D ar)
(b) a [(a – 1)r + 2d – 1].
r

ar 1 ar ar  1 br  ar br  1
(c) Ddr = – =
br  1 br br br  1

( ar  1  ar ) br  ar (br  1  br )
=
br br  1

(1  B ) r  2  B
(d) D(a/b)r =
B r 1
8.7 No. Note that
D–1a = a0, a1 + a1, a0 + a1 + a2,…
D(D–1a) = a1, a2, a3,…
Da = a1 – a0, a2 – a1, a3 – a2,…
D (D a)
–1
= a1 – a0, a2 – a3 – a0,…

8.8
# 50 r = 0, , 59
ar = $
{
% 0 otherwise
br = (1.005)r
Since c =a*b

# r
I
I i=0
¤ . )i
(50) (1005 0 b r b 59
cr = $ r
I
I ¤ . )i
50 (1005
% i = r  59
r r 60
 Discrete Numeric Functions and Generating Functions 85

¤ 50 (1005
47
i
For r = 47, c47 = . ) = 2704.89
i =0

¤ 50(1.005)
239
i
For r = 239, c239 = = 8561.11
i = 180

#1 r=0
I2 r =1
I
I3 r=2
8.9 (a) (a * b)r = $
I2 r=3
I1 r=4
I
%0 r r5

#1 r = 1, 2
I3 r = 3, 4
I
(b) (a * b)r = $
I6 r = 5, 6
I
%0 otherwise

# ( r  2) 2 r rr3
(c) (a * b)r = $
%0 rb2

8.10 br = (–2)r

1
8.11 (1 + 3z + 2z2) B(z) =
1  5z

1  1/ 6 4/ 7 25/ 42
B(z) = = + +
(1  z ) (1  2 z) (1  5z ) 1 z 1  2z 1  5z

1 4 25 r
br = (  1) r + (  2) r + (5)
6 7 42
8.12 (a) 2 n+1 – 1
(b) For 0 £ n £ 9, bn = 2 n+1 – 1.
b10 = 2046.
For n ³ 11, let In be the number of newly created particles. At the nth
second, one newly created particle is injected and bn–1 new particles
are created by the bn–1 particles inside the reactor. Thus
86 Solutions Manual of Elements of Discrete Mathematics

In = bn–1 + 1 n ³ 11.
bn = 2bn–1 + 1 – In–10
bn = 2b n–1 + bn–11
d d d
Thus, ¤b z
n =11
n n = 2 ¤b
n = 11
n 1 z
n
– ¤b
n = 11
n  11 zn

¤ ¤b z
10  9
B(z) – bn z n = 2 z  B ( z)  n
n
! – z11 B(z)
n=0  n =0 !
 "

(1  z { z 9 )
B(z) =
(1  2 z  z11)
d
= (1 + z +… + z9) ¤ (2 z  z )
i =0
11 i

d d
= (1 + z +… + z9) ¤¤
i =0 k = 0
i
 
 k
(–z11)k (2z)i–k

d  d r
= (1 + z +… + z9) ¤¤ 
r =0 
k = 0


 10 k 
k


(  1) k 2 r  11k ! z r
!
"

 d r
¤ ¤  10k 
n
bn =    (  1) k 2 r  11k !
r =n9 
 k  !
k = 0 "

# 10 0 b r b 4
I
8.13 (a) ar = $ 2 5 b r b 9
I 0 10 b r
%

500
br = r³0
2r
Total sale, c =a*b
Hence C(z) = A(z) B(z)
  1  z5   1  z5   500 
= 10    2 z5  ! ×
 

  1 z   1  z ! "  1  z/ 2 
 Discrete Numeric Functions and Generating Functions 87

#1000  5000 / 2 3 0br b4

I
cr = $ 2000  123000/ 2 r 5b r b 9
I1147000/ 2 r 10 b r
%
(b) Let dr be the thousand dollars invested.
#2 0 b r b 9
dr = $
% 0 10 b r

 1  z10 
D(z) = 2  
 1 z 

Total sale, S =a*b*d

# (10r  5/ 2 r ) 2000 0b r b4
I
I ( 2r  40  155/ 2 ) 2000 5b r b 9
r
I
Sr = $ (10r  160  6299 / 2 r ) 2000 10 b r b 14
I (18r  40  124773/ 2 r ) 2000 15 b r b 19
I
r
% ( 20r  923803/ 2 ) 2000
I 20 b r

8.14 (a) Yes, No, No, No, Yes, Yes

(b) Yes, No
(c) No, Yes, No, Yes
(d) Yes
(e) Yes
8.15 (a) Yes
(b) No
(c) Yes. (a * b = 5r )
(d) Yes
8.16 (a) 12 + 22 + … + r2 < r × r 2
Thus a is O(r 3).
r ( r  1) ( 2r  1)
(b) 12 + 22 + … + r2 =
6

r3 3r 2 r
= + +
3 6 6

3r 2 r
Now, + < r2
6 6
88 Solutions Manual of Elements of Discrete Mathematics

r3
Thus, a is + O(r 2).
3

r3
(c) No. counterexample, br = r 3 or br = + r 2.5
6
(d) Yes

 1
8.17 ln r  O   [n + O ( n )]
  n !
"

1  1 
= n ln r + O( n ln r) + O  n + O  n
n  n 

= n ln r + O ( n ln r )

8.18 Choose k = 1, m = e.
We show that re ³ e ln r for r ³ 1.
Let f (r) = re – e ln r
Then, f (1) = 1 > 0.
F F
f ¢ (r) = e re –1 –
= (re – 1)
r r
³ 0 for r ³ 1.
Thus f (r) ³ 0 for r ³ 1.

8.19 Suppose r = 2i (i = log r), then

br = a 2i + a2i–1 +… + a2 + a1

= 2i + 2i  1 +… + 2 + 1

< 2i + 2 i +… + 2i + 2i

= (i + 1) × 2i

= O((i + 1) 2 i ) = O (i 2i )

= O ( r log r )

 2  4
8.20 ar = log 2 r + log 2  r + log 2  r +… ( ëlog 3/2 rû terms)
 3  9

< log 2 r + log 2r + log 2r +… ( ëlog 3/2 rû terms)

 Discrete Numeric Functions and Generating Functions 89

= log 2 r × ëlog 3/2 rû

= O(log 2r × log 3/2 r)
= O(log 2 r)
8.21 No
8.22 (a) No (b) Yes (c) Yes
8.23 No
8.24 Oh, Omega

1 1
8.25 (a) (b)
(1  z ) 2 (1  z / 3) 2

1 z 2z
(c) (d)
(1  z 2 ) 2 (1  z) 3

z
(e)
5 (1  z /5) 2

1
8.26
(1  2 z)

# 1 if r = 3i
8.27 (a) ar = $
% 0 otherwise

#  n
I2   r even
(b) ar = $  r
I0 otherwise
%

#1 r=0
I
(c) ar = I6 r =1
$
r  1  r  2  r  3
I
   2    rr3
I
% 3   3   3 

r
1 1  1
(d) ar = –  
4 4  5

#0 0br b4
I r4
(e) ar = $1 1  1
I4
 –  r r5
% 4  5
90 Solutions Manual of Elements of Discrete Mathematics

#0 0 b r b1
I
(f) ar = $ 7 r  1
2  (  3) r  1 rr2
I
% 5

#1
I r=0
(g) ar = $ 4
5r  3
I r r1
% 2r 2

#1 r=0
I13 / 9 r =1
I 2
Ir r 39 (  1) r
(h) ar = $    r r 2 ‘ and’ r x 0 mod 3
I 122 2 24 8
Ir r 7 (  1) r
I    r r 2 ‘ and’ r = 0 mod 3
% 12 2 8 8

8.28 (a) A(z) = z 2 + z 3 + 2z4 + 2z 5 + 3z 6 + 3z7 + 3z 8 + 2z9 + 2z10 + z11 + z12

(b) B(z) = (z + z 2 +… + z6) A(z)

8.29 ar = P(r – 9, 10) for r ³ 19.

d
A(z) = ¤
r =19
(r – 9) (r – 10) (r – 11) … (r – 18)z r

d
= z19 ¤ (r + 10) (r + 9) … (r + 1)z
r =0
r

10! z19
=
(1  z)  11

8.30 Let ar = 2r+1

# 1 0 b r b 10
br = $
% 0 otherwise

2 1  z11
Correspondingly, A(z) = B(z) =
1  2z 1 z
Let cr denote the number of rabbits there are in the rth year.
 2 4 
C(z) = A(z) B(z) = (1 – z11)   
 1  z 1  2 z
 Discrete Numeric Functions and Generating Functions 91

2 4
Let D(z) = +
1 z 1  2z
Correspondingly, dr = 2r+2 – 2
# 2r  2  2 0 b r  11
We have cr = dr – dr–11 = $ r  2 r9
%2  2 r r 11

1 1
8.31 ×
(1  z ) 2 (1  z 2 )

8.32 A(z) = (1 + z + z 2 +… + z2r )3

3
 1  z 2r  1 
=  
 1 z 

= (1 – z2r+1)3 (1 – z)–3
= (1 – 3z2r+1 + 3z4r–2 – z 6r+3) (1 – z)–3
 3r  2 r  1
a3r =   – 3 
 2   2 

8.33 (1 + z + z3 + z4 + … + z100) (1 + z + z2 + z4 + … + z50) (1 + z + z2 + z3 + z5

+… + z50)
 1  z101   1  z 51   1  z 51 
=   z2    z3   z4 
 1z   1z  1z 

8.34 (a) Let

B(z) = (1 + z2 + z4 +…) (z + z3 + z5 +…) (1 + z + z2 +…) (1 + z + z2
+…)
red blue white yellow
1 z 1 1
= × × ×
1  z2 1  z2 1 z 1 z
C(z) = (1 + z + z2 +…) (1 + z + z2 +…) (1 + z2 + z4 +…) (z + z3 + z5
+…)
red blue white yellow
D(z) = (1 + z2 + z4 +…) (z + z3 + z5 +…) (1 + z2 + z4 +…) (z + z3 + z5
+…)
red blue white yellow
2z z2
A(z) = B(z) + C(z) – D(z) = –
2 2
(1  z ) (1  z) 2
(1  z 2 ) 4
92 Solutions Manual of Elements of Discrete Mathematics

2 z3  3 z 2  2 z
=
(1  z 2 ) 4
d
= (2z3 + 3z2 + 2z) ¤
r =0
 r  3 2 r

 3 
z

#  3  (r  2 )/ 2
I 3  r even
I  3 
Thus, ar = $
 3  ( r  3)/ 2  3  (r  1)/ 2
I2
   2  r odd
I
%  3   3 

#  (r  4 )/ 2
I3  r even
I  3 
= $
I2 
( r  3)/ 2   (r  5)/ 2
    r odd
I
%  3   3 

(b) a23 = 1300

8.35 (a) A(z) = (z3 + z5 + z7 +…)4
4
 z3 
=  2
1  z 

d
= z12 × (1 – z2)–4 = z12 ¤
i =0
i


 3
i
z

2i

# ( r  12) 
I 3 
I 2  if r r 12 and r mod 2 = 0
(b) ar = $  (r  12 ) 
 
I 2 
I0 otherwise
%

 n  n  n 2  n i  n n
8.36 (a)   +  z +  z +…+  z +…+  z = (1 + z)n
 0  1  2 i  n

Differentiate both sides and set z to 1:

 n  n  n  n
  + 2  + … + i  + … + n  = n2 n–1
 1  2  i  n

(b) The total number of occurrences of all letters is

 Discrete Numeric Functions and Generating Functions 93

 n  n  n
  + 2  + … + n  = n22–1
 1  2  n

n 21
By symmetry, each letter occurs = 2n–1 times
n

¤ 2 C(n,i) z = (1 + 2z)
n
i i n
8.37
i=0

Setting z = 1, we obtain

¤ 2 C (n , i ) = 3
n
i n

i =0

 n  m
8.38 (1 + z)n (1 + z)m = (1 + z)n+m. Thus, the sum is   .
 k 

8.39 (a) A(z) = (1 + z)2n+1 – z n+1(1 + z)n which easily gives the values for ar.
 2n  2 n  1  n  2n  2 n  1
(b)   +   +…+   =   +   +…
 n  n 1  0  n  n 

 2n  i   n
+   +…+  
 n   n

 2 n  1
which is an =   .
 n 

2 2 2 2 2
 r  r r  r  r
8.40 (a)   +   +   +…+   +…+   is the constant term
 0  1  2 i  r

of the product
(1 + z)r (1 + 1/z)r = (1 + z)r (z + 1)r z–r
= (1 + z)2r z –r
 2r
Therefore it is the coefficient of z r in (1 + z)2r which is   .
 r 

(b) (1 – 4z)–1/2

=1+ ¤
d
(  1/ 2) (  1/ 2  1) (  1/ 2  2) {[1/ 2  (r  1)] (–4z) r

r =1
r!
94 Solutions Manual of Elements of Discrete Mathematics

¤ 4 (1/2) (3/2) (5r/!2){[(2r  1)/2] z

d r
r
=1+
r 1

¤
d
2 r [1 – 3 – 5 – { – (2 r  1)] r
=1+ z
r 1
r!

 2r ( 2r )!
But   =
 r  r! r!

=
[( 2 r) ( 2r  2) ( 2r  4) { (2)] [(2r  1) (2r  3) { (5) (3) (1)]
r! r!

=
2 r ( r!) [( 2r  1) ( 2 r  3) { (5) (3) (1)]
r! r!
which is the coefficient of zr above.