FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING Self-Pace Module ‘a. Definition of Surveying b. Plane and Geodetic Surveying . Types of Surveys d. Definition of Geomatics Overview: This lesson will provide an overview on the definition and types of surveying. The discussion will focus on application in the field of construction engineering and technology Duration: Week 2-3 (2 weeks) Targeting Learning Outcomes Course Intended Learning | -Definition of Surveying and Geomatics Outcomes -Differentiate Plane and Geodetic Surveying Describe types of surveying Essential Questions What are types of surveying needed in the construction and engineering? Learning Targets ‘At the end of this module, you should be able to learn what are the types of surveys needed in construction and engineering Reference! Elementary Surveying, by Ghilani ond Wolf Elementary Surveying by La Putt Introduction Surveying has been important since the beginning of civilization. Its earliest applications were in measuring and marking boundaries of property ownership. Throughout the years its importance has steadily increased with the growing demand for a variety of maps and other spatially related types of information and the expanding need for establishing accurate line and grade to guide construction operations Today the importance of measuring and monitoring our environment is becoming increasingly critical as our population expands, land values appreciate, our natural resources dwindle, and human activities continue to stress the quality of our land, water, and air. Surveyor’s Detailed Task 1. The determination of the size and shape of the earth and the measurements of all data needed to define the size, position, shape and contour of any part of the earth and monitoring any change therein. 2. The positioning of objects in space and time as well as the positioning and monitoring of physical features, structures and engineering works on, above or below the surface of the earth. 3. The development, testing and calibration of sensors, instruments and systems for the above- mentioned purposes and for other surveying purposes. 4. The acquisition and use of spatial information from close range, aerial and satellite imagery and the automation of these processes. 5, The determination of the position of the boundaries of public or private land, including national and international boundaries, and the registration of those lands with the appropriate authorities.6. The design, establishment and administration of geographic information systems (GIS) and the collection, storage, analysis, management, display and dissemination of data, 7. The analysis, interpretation and integration of spatial objects and phenomena in GIS, including the visualization and communication of such data in maps, models and mobile digital devices. 8, The study of the natural and social environment, the measurement of land and marine resources and the use of such data in the planning of development in urban, rural and regional areas. 9. The planning, development and redevelopment of property, whether urban or rural and whether land or buildings. 10. The assessment of value and the management of property, whether urban or rural and whether land or buildings. 11, The planning, measurement and management of construction works, including the e: costs. ation of Lecture Videos Please watch the YouTube Videos, (links provided) How does land surveying works? ‘What is geomatics Engineering? https://www.youtube.com/watchv=SPCewaAfaPA | https://www.youtube.com/watchn Hr uDXIORM Learning Tasks 1: Surveying Terminologies and Enumeration Submission: as posted in MS Teams Study and understand list of terminologies, classification and types of surveying, You can submit in ppt docx, pdf or image file format. You can also submit handwritten format, be sure to take the image of your handwritten assignment in image format (jpg, png or others). Submission will be thru MS Teams Assignment 1. Define and discuss what is Surveying? Geomatics? 2. Differentiate plane and geodetic surveying 3. Define and discuss the following: a. Cadastral Survey b. City Surveys Construction Survey d. Forestry Survey e. Hydrographic Survey f. Industrial Survey g. Mine Survey h. Photogrammetric Survey i. Route Surveys j. Topographic Surveys Class (Synchronous) DiscussiorTopics Distance by Tachymetry Distance by Graphical and Mathematical Methods Distance by Mechanical Devices Distance by Photogrammetry Distance by Pacing Distance by Taping This lesson will provide various ways of measuring horizontal distances. Direct and Indirect method of measuring horizontal distances Week 4-8 (5 weeks) Targeting Learning Outcomes Course Intended Learning | -Understand various ways of determining horizontal distances Outcomes Applications of different methods of measuring horizontal distances -Error is taping measurement Essential Questions What method should I use in determining the horizontal distance on’ different situations? Learning Targets At the end of this module, you should be able to learn different ways of measuring horizontal distances. Reference! Elementary Surveying, by Ghani and Wolf Elementary Surveying by La Putt A. Introduction Distance measurement is generally regarded as the most fundamental of all surveying observations. In traditional ground surveys, even though many angles may be read, the length of at least one line must be measured to supplement the angles in locating points. In plane surveying, the distance between two points means the horizontal distance. If the points are at different elevations, the distance is the horizontal length between vertical lines at the points B. Distance by Tachymetry = Itis based on the optical geometry of the instruments employed and is an indirect method of measurement - Atransit or a theadolite is used to determine subtended intervals and angles on a graduated rod or scale from which distances are computed by trigonometry. = Subtense bar method is a convenient and practical device used for quick and accurate measurement of horizontal distances. © Please watch this video: httos://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23X2RaU-cHO. - _ Stadia Method - This method provides a rapid means of determining horizontal distances. It ‘was introduced in 1771 by James Watt of Scotland and was at that time referred to as a micrometer for measuring distances © (Please watch this video: httos://www. youtube. com/watch?v-oonSayl9D¥sC. Distance by Graphical and Mathematical Method = Unknown distances may he determined through their relationship with known distances geometrically. These methods are widely employed in plane table surveys, and in triangulation work. D. Distance by Mechanical Devices - ODOMETER - The odometer is a simple device that can attached to a wheel for purposes of roughly measuring surface distances. The wheel is rolled over the distance to be measured. and the number of revolutions of the wheel is directly registered by the device. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1XpDgQnaPs_ MEASURING WHEEL - A measuring wheel is very similar in operation to an odometer except that it isa more portable and self-contained measuring device. © Please watch the video: httos://www.voutube.com/watch?v=xe7ISsckiU& + OPTICAL RANGE FINDER - An optical rangefinder operates on the same principle as a rangefinder on a single-lens reflex camera. This device, which is usually hand-held or mounted on a small tripod, can be used to determine distances approximately simply by focusing, © Please watch the video: https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=2UGU8QYAfiA,E. Distance by Photogrammetry = The types of photographs used are those taken from aircraft with the axis of camera pointed vertically towards the terrain photographed. + The use Google Earth can also be applied in measuring horizontal distance F. Distance by Pacing = Pacing consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance. A pace is. defined as the length of a step-in walking. It may be measured from heel to heel or from toe totoe. + Please watch the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28tW_wdTrLU, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVW3Mt_Dgiw (Credits: www.jerrymahun.com) Sample Calculation: Determination of Pace Factor and Relative Precision ‘A45- m course, AB, on level ground was paced by a surveyor for the purpose of determining his pace factor. The number of paces for each trial taken are shown in the ‘accompanying tabulation NO. OF LINE TAPED DIST ass co AB 50 BA 53 AB 51 45.0 52 BA 53 AB 52 BA 53 a. Determine his pace factor. 1b) If the surveyor then took 771,770,768,770,772, and 769 paces in walking an unknown distance CD, what is the length of the line? J Assuming that the toped length of line CD is 667.0.m, determine the relative precision of the measurement performed.Solution: ‘a. Determining Pace Factor. 15m (length of line AB) 6 (number of trials taken on line AB) Sum= (50 + 53 + 51 +53 +52 +53) = 312 paces Mean =" =*"2. 52 paces (mean number of paces to walk line AB) Pace Factor, PF = * b. Determining the unknown length of CD n= 6 (number of trials taken on line CD) Sum= (771 to 770 + 768 + 770 + 772 + 769) = 4620 paces Mean = sme *2°5 770 paces (mean number of paces to walk line CD) Paced Distance, PD = Mean (PF) = 770 paces (0.865 m/ pace) Determining Relative Precision Taped Distance, TO Taped Distance, Pl 167.0 m (taped distance) of CD '66.1 m (paced distance) of CD PD __ 667.0-666. RP= “To es70 be7.0m" 09 Fad) The accepted precision for measuring distance by pacing usually varies from 1/200 or better.G. Distance by Taping «The use of a graduated tape is probably the most common method of measuring or laying, out horizontal distances. + Taping consists of stretching a calibrated tape between two points and reading the distance indicated in the tape. itis a form of direct measurement which is widely used in the construction of buildings, dams, bridges, canals and many other, engineering as well non- engineering activities. ‘© Please watch the video: https://www.youtube,com/watch?v=UMr3-SvoYVs ‘Types of Measuring Tapes Steel Tape - also known as surveyor’s tape, is made of a ribbon of steel 0.5 to 1.0 cm in width, and weighs 0.8 to 1.5 kg per 30 meters. Fiberglass tape - This tape is made by weaving fiber glass in a longitudinal and transverse pattern. They are strong and flexible and will not shrink or stretch | ee Other Types of Tapes ~ Metallic Tape, Non- Metallic Tape, Invar Tape, Lovar Tape, Wires, Builders Tape, Phosphor-Bronze Tape, Nylon Coated Steel TapeBasic Steps in Taping Observation of horizontal distances by taping consists of applying the known length of a graduated tape directly to a line a number of times. ‘Two types of taping procedure: 1. Measuring an unknown distance between fixed points, such as between two stakes in the ground. 2. Laying out 2 known or required or specified distance given the starting point marking Tay ing is performed in six steps: 1. Lining in, 2. Applying tension, 3. Plumbing, 4. Marking tape lengths, S. Reading the tape, and 6. Recording the distanceErrors in Taping ‘There are three fundamental sources of error in taping 1L Instrumental errors. A tape may differ in actual length from its nominal graduated length because of a defect in manufacture or repair, or as a result of kinks. 2. Natural errors. The horizontal distance between end graduations of a tape varies because of the effects of temperature, wind, and weight of the tape itself. 3. Personal errors. Tape persons setting pins, reading the tape, or manipulating the equipment, ‘The most common types of taping errors are discussed in the subsections that follow. They stem from instrumental, natural, and personal sources. Some types produce systematic errors, others produce random errors. Corrections in Taping Basic Rule in Application of Corrections in Taping “When measuring with tape too long, add; tape too short, subtract. Do the reverse when laying out.” too long — when the tape length is greater than the standardized length too short - when the tape length is lesser than the standardized length Correction due to Incorrect Tape Length © Incorrect length of a tape can be one of the most important errors. It is systematic. ‘Tape manufacturers do not guarantee steel tapes to be exactly their graduated nominal length—for example, 100.00m. Also, imperfections may be due to weer, worn, kinked or may be improperly repaired. Standardization procedure can be performed on various types of tapes with additional cost to the end user. The true length is obtained by comparing it with a standard tape or distance, in a specific. temperature, pull (tension) and support. ‘© The absolute value for the correction per tape length (Corr) is determined from the difference between the true actual length of tape or actual length of tape (TL) and the nominal length of tape (NL) or:Corr = TL-NL Correspondingly, corrected distances which are measured of laid out with a tape that is too long or too short can be determined from the following equations: C= Corr (5 CL=ML# C; Gz total correction to be applied to the measured length or length to be laid out CL= corrected length of the line to be measured or laid out ML = measured length or length to be laid out NL = nominal length of tapeSample Calculation 1 (Measurements with Tape) The length of a line AB measured with a 50m tape is 465.285m . When the tape is compared with a standardized tape it is found to be 0.016m too long in almost the same condition of support, tension, and temperature that existed during measurement of the line. Determine the correct length of the line. Given. Nl mM =50m (nominal or indicated length of the tape) }65.285m (measured length of line AB) Corr=0.016m, too long _(correction per tape length) Solution: = Corr (i) = 0.016 (2) CG =0.149m, too long (total correction to be applied to the measured length of line AB) CL=ML+C = 465.285 + 0.149m (+, too long and measuring procedure)Sample Calculation 2 (Measurements with Tape) A rectangular lot was measured using a 50m tape which was found to be 0.025m too short. If the recorded length and width of the lot are 180.455m and 127.062m respectively, determine the following: @. Actual dimensions of the lot b. Error in area introduced due to erroneous length of tape Given: NL =50m (nominal length of tape used) Corr=0.025m, too short (correction per tape length) W =127.062m (measured width of lot) L =180.455m (measured length of lot ) Solution a. Actual Dimensions of Lot 127.062m for width of the lot: | Corr ( <——— 480.455m > wt 0.025 a) = 0.064m, too short (total correction to be applied to the measured width of the lot) CL=ML+C = 127.062m - 0.064m (-, too short and measuring procedure){for length of the lot: G=Corr(™) = 0.02( 2") C; =0.090m, too short (total correction to be applied to the measured length of the lot) CL=MLEG, = 180.455m - 0.090m too short and measuring procedure) b. Determine the Error in Area Area = Length x Width ( uncorrected) Area’ = Corrected length x Corrected width Error = Area ~ Area’ Area=LxW = 180.455m x 127.062m = 22,928.973 sq.m Area’ = CL{length) x CL (width) 180.365m x 126.998m = 22,905,994 sq.m Error = Area — Area’ 22,978.973 sq.m. - 22,905.994 sq.m‘Sample Calculation 3 ( Laying out Dimensions with Tape) A building 38m x 45m is to be laid out with a 50m long measuring tape. if during standardization the tape is found to be only 49.950m. Determine the following: a. Dimensions to be laid out, using this tape, in order that the building shall have the desired length and width b. Using the same tape what should be the length of the diagonals? < 45m > Given , Width = 38m Length = 45m 38m ‘Solution: a. Determining the desired dimensions y Corr = TL NL = 49.950m - 50m = 0.05m, too short ( correction per tape length) For the width of the lot G= Corr (#:) = 0.05 (2% C= 0.038m, too short (total correction to be applied to the measured width of the lot) CL=MLtCG = 38m + 0.038m (+, too short and laying out procedure)For the length of the lot G=Corr(* ) = 0.05 ( =") C= 0.045m, too short (total correction to be applied to the measured length of the lot) CL=MLtC = 45m + 0.045m (+, too short and laying out procedure) b, Determining the Length of the Diagonals Using the Pythagorean Theorem D? = CL(width) ? + CL(length)? D = V38,038m? + 45.045" < 45.045 > 38.038m |