BUILDING MATERIALS Riprap – known as rock lining is a constructed layer

Site Works and Earth Works of stone, placed to prevent erosion, scouring or
sloughing of a structure or embarkment

Gabion system -
Acronym
Modular Concrete Blocks
AASHTO (American Association of State
Geo - Synthetics
Highway and Transportation Officials) – s
Geo - Textiles
standard setting body which publishes specification,
Geo – Membrane
test protocols and guidelines which are used in
Geo – Composites
highway design and construction throughout the US.
Geo – Nets
Geo – Cells
ANSI (American National standards Institute) – a
private non-profit organization that oversees the
Geo Textiles – most common geo-synthetics.
development of voluntary consensus standards for
Consist of woven or non-woven fabric made from
products, services, processes, systems and personnel
polymeric materials used for:
in the United States
Reinforcement – used for reinforcement
ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials) – not for profit standards development
Termite Roofing
company, develops and publishes technical standards
for materials, products, systems and services. It
develops technical documents that are a basis for Termite “anay”
manufacturing, management, procurement, codes Wood Borer “bukbok”
and regulations
Physical Barriers
USCS (Unified Soil Classificatory System) – Chemical Barriers
adopted by ASTM

AASHTO Soil Classification System

Boulders – above 75mm Pavements
Gravel – 75mm to No, 10 sieve
Coarse Sand – No 10 to No 40 sieve Pavement Types:
Fine Sand – No 40 to No 200 sieve Flexible Pavement
Silt Clay Particles – passing No 200 sieve Rigid Pavement
Turf Pavement
ATTENBERG Limits
Liquid Limit – moisture content at which a soil Paving Patterns:
changes from the liquid state to the plastic state

Plastic Limit – water content at which a silt or clay

material will just begin to crumble when rolled into Roads and Parking
thread approx. 3.2mm in diameter

Fill Materials BUILDING MATERIALS

Plastic Index – defined as the liquid limit minus the Concrete
Cement Materials
[plastic limit, range of water content over which
sediment behaves

Fill Materials – soil, crushed stone and sand used to

raise an existing grade or as a man-made deposit. Concrete
Concrete Materials
Granular Fill or Filters – soil materials conforming
to above general fill requirement and to ASTM C33,

Metal Reinforcement for Concrete

Site Protection
size 67

Barrow Fill – soil materials suitable as fill or sub B U I L DConcrete

Processed ING MATERIALS
grade Masonry
 Tilt Turn Window

Tilt and Slide Window – feature two sashes that

Mortars and Plaster slide from side to side

Parts of Window

Sash and Glazing

Elements of Sash
Pane
Stone Glazing
Brick Rails
BUILDING MATERIALS Muntins
Metal Stiles
Non-Ferrous Metal Mullions

BUILDING MATERIALS
Glass and Glazing
Properties of Philippine Timber
Ferrous Metal
BUILDING MATERIALS
Wood Type of Glass
Crown Glass
Sheet glass

Properties of Philippine Timber Glass

Plate Glass
Light Admission Float Glass
Vision
Ventilation Glass Based on Products:
Escape Annealed Glass
Architectural Element Heat Strengthen Glass
Fixed Window – cannot be opened, consisting a Obscure Glass
Patterned Glass
Types of Operation Wired Glass
stationary sash and frame. It provides 0% or no Tempered Glass
ventilation Structural Glass
Laminated Glass
Fixed Frame Acoustic Glass
Security Glass
Frameless Spandrel Glass
Tinted Glass
Double Hung Window – provides only 50% Reflective Glass
maximum opening. It consists of two sashes both Insulating Glass
sliding vertically on separate tracks Low Emissivity Glass
Glass Block
Sliding Window Glass Brick

Awning Window
Glazing
Hopper Window Glazing
Casement Window Glazing Materials:
Wood Sash Putty
Pivoted Window Metal Sash Putty
Elastic Glazing Compound
Jalousie Window Polybutene Tape
Polysulfide Elastomer Sealing Compound
Compression Materials
Gaskets Jalousie Window
Stabilizers and Metal Joining Units
Tilt Turn Window

Glazing System Tilt and Slide Window – feature two sashes that
slide from side to side
Glazing
Double Glazing

Face Glazing Parts of Window

Wet Glazing
Dry Glazing Sash and Glazing
Flush Glazing
Structural Gasket Glazing Elements of Sash
Tolerances for Glass Glazing Pane
Glazing
Rails
Muntins
Stiles
Mullions
Curtain Wall System

Glazing System
Curtain Wall system

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE BUILDING MATERIALS

Style HARDWARE
Light Admission
Vision
Ventilation Hardware
Escape
Architectural Element Rough Hardware
Fixed Window – cannot be opened, consisting a
Nails
Types of Operation
Nails – straight, slender piece of metal having one
stationary sash and frame. It provides 0% or no end pointed and the other enlarged and flattened for
ventilation hammering into wood or other building materials as
a fastener.
Fixed Frame
Nail Heads:
Frameless Flat Counter Sink – for nail concealment, light
construction, flooring and interior rim
Double Hung Window – provides only 50% Gypsum Wallboards – for gypsum wallboards
maximum opening. It consists of two sashes both Finishing – nail concealment, cabinetwork, and
sliding vertically on separate tracks furniture
Flat – for general construction
Sliding Window Large Flat – for tear resistance, roofing paper
Oval – for special effects, cladding and decking
Awning Window
Nail Shanks:
Hopper Window Smooth – for normal holding power and
temporary fastening, provide a lot of versatility for
Casement Window dozens of jobs which is why they are the most
common type of nail.
Pivoted Window
 Spiral or Helical – for greater holding power,
permanent fastening
Ringed – for highest holding power and
permanent fastening, used most for soft to
medium density wood
Barbed – with excellent holding power, this nail is
designed to be used on strong, hard woods.
Knurled or Fluted – consisting of vertical thread to
make it strong, this type of nail can be used in
masonry and cinder blocks to prevent cracking
Nail Points:
Diamond Point – very common nails and used for
a variety of general purpose jobs, 35 degree angle,
length about 1.5 diameter
Blunt Point – these can be difficult to work with
because of the blunt tips but they do a good job of
working with the wood without it cracking
Long Diamond Point – for fast driving, 25 degree
angle, may tend to split harder wood species
Duck Bill Point – for ease for clinching
Long Needle Point
Chisel Point
Size:
Identified by gauge, length and by penny. This term
is still use
Methods of Fastening:
Manual – by use of hammering devices or tools
Power Driven – use of mechanized tools and
equipment in fastening the hardware to a surface
 Pneumatic Nailer and Stapler are driven by
compressor in attaching or fastening
hardware materials to wood, metal or
concrete
 Power Driven Fasteners use gunpowder
charges to drive a variety of studs into
concrete or steel.
Kind of Nails:
Cut Nails – a nail having a tapering rectangular
shank w/ a blunt point
Wire Nails – nail made by cutting and shaping a
piece of round or elliptical wire
Clinch Nails – made from open hearth or
Bessemer steel wire and used only in place where
it is desired to turn over the ends of the nails to
form a clinch
Types of Nails:
Common Wire Nail – nail having a slender shank,
flat head and a diamond point.
Finishing Nail – having a slender shank and a
small, barrel shaped head that is driven slightly
below the surface and covered with putty or the
like
Brad Nail – small finishing nail
Box Nail – having a flat head and shank more
slender than a common nail of the same length
Casing Nail – a small conical head and a shank
more slender than a common nail of the same
length, used in finish work in which the head may
remain visible
Ring Shank Nail – having a series of concentric
grooves on its shank for increased holding power.
Roofing Nail – having a barbed, threaded or
cement coated shank and a broad flat head for
fastening shingles
Metal Lath Nail – designed for securing metal lath
Staple Nail – knowns as electrician staple nail, it
is a u shaped piece of metal or heavy wire w/
pointed ends driven into a surface to hold a hasp,
pin or bolt.
Roofing Nail – having a bared, thread or cement
coated shank and a broad flat head for fastening
shingles or the like.
Concrete Nail – a hardened steel nail having a
fluted or threaded shank and a diamond point for
hammering into concrete or masonry
Coated Nail – these are common or box nails
which have been coated for a particular purpose
Duplex Nail – used in building temporary
structures as scaffolding and formwork, also
called form nail or scaffold nail.
Nail Construction Methods
Toe Nailing – to secure by nailing obliquely to the
surfaces being joined, alternate nails may be
driven at opposite angles to provide increased
holding power.
Face Nailing – to fasten by nailing perpendicular
to the face of the work
Blind Nailing – to secure by nailing in such a way
that nail heads are not visible on the face of the
work
End Nailing – to fasten by nailing into the end of a
board parallel to the grain of the wood, end nailing
provides poor resistance to withdrawal
Set – to sink a nail head slightly below the surface
with a nail set
Clinch – to secure a nail or screw in position by
hammering down the protruding point
Screws – a metal fastener having a tapered, helically
Screws
threaded shank and a slotted head, designed to be
driven into wood or the like by turning as with a
screwdriver
Types of Drive:
Slotted
 Single slot – the original screw drive with
one slot in the head
 Combination – a combination of slotted and
Philips drive
 One Way – can be installed with the use of a
normal slotted drive but needs special tools
for removing
Crosshead
 Philips – the most popular X-shaped head
drive in use today
 Pozidrive – very common in Europe, look a
lot like a Philips but with 4 more contacts
 Frearson – similar to philips
Socket
Hex or Allen
Torx
Square
 Nylon I
Combination nsert Lock
Nylon Insert Jam Lock
Head: Wing
Countersunk Head Cap
Raised Head Acorn
Round/Domed Head Flange
Flat Tee
Oval Square
Pan Prevailing Torque Lock
Round K-lock or Kep
Truss Coupling
Hexagon Slotted
Hex Washer Castle
Slotted Hex Washer
Socket Cap
Button Washer
Fillister Head
Bugle HEAd Washer
Security Head Type of Washer:
Square Shoulder Flat
Binding HEad Fender
Finishing
Thread Types: Split Lock
Coarse Thread External Tooth Lock
Fine Thread Internal Tooth Lock
Wood Screw Square
Dock
Ogee
Kind of Screws
Metal Screw
Drywall Screw
Rivets

Bolt
Rivet – are short pins made of malleable metal such
Self-Drilling Screw as steel, copper or iron having a head at one end.
Bolt Single Rivet Snap
Blind Rivet
Type of Bolt
Machine Bolt Type of Rivet Heads:
Carriage Bolt Counter sunk, raised
Stove Bolt Counter sunk, flat
Eye Bolt Button, coned neck
Plow Bolt Button, straight neck
Set Bolt Pan, coned neck
Tension Control Bolt Pan, straight neck
Toggle Bolt
Expansion Bolt
Molly Bolt Hinges
J-Bolt
U-Bolt Hinge
Turnbuckle Full Mortise hinge
Clevis Half Mortise Hinge
Foundation Bolt Full Surface Hinge
Eye Foundation Half Surface hinge
Bent Foundation
Rag Foundation Type of hinges:
Lewis Foundation Butt Hinge
 Loos Pin Hinge
 Loose Joint Pin
Nuts  Fast Pin Hinge
Strap Hinge
Nuts Cross Garnet
Type of Nuts Dovetail Hinge
Hex Paumelle hinge
Olive Knuckle Hinge
 Spring Hinge
Spring Tension hinge
 Adjustable Tension Drawer s Locks
Half Surface Adjustable Tension
Full Surface Adjustable Tension
 Non-adjustable Tension
Shelf Support
Full surface non-adjustable tension

Spring Butt hinge

Single Acting Spring
Double Acting Spring Handles, Push and Pull Bars
Spring Pivot hinge
Top pivot Hospital Arm Pull
Bottom pivot Push and Pull Handle
Horizontal type Push Bar
Vertical type Combination Stop and Holder
Gravity Hinge
Rising Hinge Stops, Bumpers and Closer
Parliament Hinge
Floor Door Holder
Invisible Hinge
Door Jamb Type Bumpers
Projection hinge
Door Stops and Holders
Gate Hinge
Door Holders
Door Closers
Furniture Hinge:
Standard Butt Hinge
Stop Hinge
Lift off Butt Hinge Exit Devices
Desk hinge
Tipped hinge Panic Hardware
 Ball tipped Hinge Fire Exit Hardware
 Ball Tipped No Mortise Hinge Crash Bar
 Steeple Tipped Hinge Panic Bar
 Steeple Tipped Hinge No Mortise Hinge Panic Bar vs. Exit Bar
 Finial Tipped Hinge
 Finial Tipped Hinge No Mortise Hinge
Piano hinge Latches
Back Flap Hinge
Counter Flap hinge Thumb Latch
Concealed Hinge Rim Latch or Rim Lock
Barrel hinge Tubular Latch
Clock Case Hinge Mortise Latch
Pivot Hinge Push Pull Latch
Cabinet Glass Door hinge Hospital Latch
Barrel Hinge
Friction Catch
Lock Set
Cabinet Catches
Magnetic Pressure Catch Rim Lock and Latches
Ball Catch Mortise Lock and Latches
Unit Lock
Bore in Lock and Latches
Cabinet Knobs Interconnected Lock
Other Door Lock
Screw in Door Bolt or Barrel Bolt
Bolt on Chain Devices
Flush pull Bolt devices
Flush Ring Automatic Door Bottoms
Pull Door and Window Operators
Weather Stripping
Lid Stay:
Single Extension

Drawer Runner / Drawer Slide

Full Extension
Telescopic Extension

Plaster
Plaster over expanded metal lath
Plater over Gypsum Lath
Plater over Masonry
Veneer plaster
Two coat plaster vs. three coat plaster
Skim coat
Gypsum Board
Standard Type - GRAY
Type X – Heat Resistant – RED
Moisture Resistant – GREEN
Aluminum Foil Laminated
Gypsum Products:
Jointing Compound
Gypsum Putty
Patching Compound
Glass – a hard, brittle, usually transparent or
BUILDING MATERIALS
GLASS AND GLAZING
translucent substance, produced by fusing silica
together w/ a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that
cools to a rigid condition w/o crystallization
Crown Glass – old form of window glass formed by
blowing and whirling a hollow sphere of glass into a
flat circular disk w/ a center lump left by the workers
rod
Sheet Glass – a flat, soda lime silica glass fabricated
by drawing the molten glass from a furnace or by
forming a cylinder, dividing it lengthwise and
flattening it
Plate Glass – a flat, soda lime silica glass formed by
rolling molten glass into a plate that is subsequently
ground and polished after cooling
Float Glass – a flat, soda lime silica glass that is
extremely smooth and nearly distortion free
manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a surface
of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly
Annealed Glass – that is cooled slowly to relieve
internal stresses
Heat Strengthened Glass – annealed glass that is
partially tempered by the process of reheating and
sudden cooling
Obscure Glass – has one or both sides acid etched
or sandblasted to obscure vision
Patterned Glass – glass having irregular pattern
formed in the rolling process to obscure vision or to
diffuse light, called figure glass
Wired Glass – flat glass or patterned glass having a
square or diamond wire mesh embedded within it to
prevent shattering in the event of breakage or
excessive heat
Tempered Glass – annealed glass that is reheated to
just below the softening point and then rapidly
cooled to induce compressive stresses in the surfaces
and edges of the glass and tensile stresses in the
interior
Structural Glass – specially ground and polished,
opaque colored glass obtained by the addition of
metallic oxides
Laminated Glass – two or more piles of flat glass
bonded under heat and pressure to interlayers of
polyvinyl butyral resin that retains the fragments if
the glass is broken also called safety glass
Acoustical Glass – laminated or insulating glass
used for sound control
Security Glass – laminated glass having exceptional
tensile and impact strength, consisting of multiple
plies of glass bonded under heat and pressure to
interlays of polyvinyl butyral resin
Spandrel Glass – opaque finish use for concealing
the structural elements in a curtain wall construction
Tinted Glass – glass having chemical admixture to
absorb the radiant heat and visible light that strike it,
also called heat absorbing glass and glare reducing
glass
Reflective Glass – glass having a thin, translucent
metallic coating bonded to the exterior or interior
surface to reflect a portion of the light and radiant
heat that strike it
Insulating Glass – double glass and made up of two
or more sheets of glass separated by a hermetically
sealed air space in between to provide thermal
insulation and restrict condensation
Low Emissivity Glass – glass that transmit visible
light while selectively reflecting the longer
wavelengths of radiant heat
Glass Block – a translucent, hollow block of glass
w/ clear textured or pattern faces
Glass Brick – a solid, impact resistant glass block
unit, sometimes having an insert or coated to reduce
solar heat transmission
 GLAZING
Glazing – is the installation of glass, the panes or ___________________Curtain Wall
sheets of glass or other transparent material made to system
be set in frames, as in windows, doors or mirror
_____________________Glazing
Materials
Wood Sash Putty – the cement composed of fine
powdered chalk or lead oxide mixed w/ boiled or
raw linseed oil

Metal Sash Putty – made of materials that adhere to

non-porous surfaces

Elastic Glazing Compound – made from selected

processed oils and color pigments compounded so
that it will remain plastic and resilient over a long
period of time

Polybutene Tape – a non-drying mastic made in

extruded ribbon shapes of various widths and
thicknesses and must be applied w/ pressure for
proper adhesion

Polysulfide Elastomer Sealing Compound –

compound composed of two part synthetic rubber
Compression Materials – extruded or molded
shapes made of rubber neoprene, vinyl or other
plastics
Gaskets – used between the glass and extruded
aluminum and wood framed windows
BUILDING MATERIALS
FINISHES
Architectural Concrete – Exposed concrete work
requiring special care in the selection of materials to
acquire the desired appearance

Stabilizers and Metal Joining Units – used
between two large glass panels as used in glass
curtain walls
CONCRETE WALL SURFACESystem
FINISH
______________________Glazing
Face Glazing – the setting of a glass pane in a
rabbeted frame
 Face Putty – the putty or glazing compound
formed on the exterior side of a glass pane
 Bedding – a thin layer of putty or glazing
compound laid in the rabbet of a window sash to
give a pane of glass an even backing
 Glazier’s Point – a small, pointed piece of metal
for holding a glass pane in a wood sash until the
face putty has hardened
Cement Plaster Finish or Stucco – a mortar
consisting of cement, sand and water
Float Finish – fine textured finish obtained by
smoothing a fresh concrete, plaster or stucco surface
w/ a wood float
Rubbed Finish – the surface of the concrete is
grinded a day or two after it has set using a brick of
carborundum, soft natural stone or emery, a sand
float finish is a method using fine sand instead of
grout
Brushed Finish – obtained by scrubbing or brushing
the concrete surface while still green w/ fiber or wire
brushes and water to remove the surface film or
mortar leaving the coarse aggregate exposed.

Wet Glazing Tooled Finish – Concrete surfaces may be finished

 Glazing Tape by tooling employing any methods for the dressing
or finishing
 Cap Sealant
 Glazing Bead
Sand Blast Finish – same appearance w/ brushed
 Heel Bead finished, produces granulated finish similar to
 Setting Blocks sandstone
Dry Glazing Exposed Aggregate Finish – decorative finish
Flush Glazing produces by sand blasting
Structural Gasket Glazing
Tolerances for Glass Glazing Integrally Pigmented – coloring agents are added to
mixture; it may be troweled, sandblasted, tooled, and
stamped

CURTAIN WALLSYSTEM
_ ______________________Glazing

Form Board – form material may be used to impart
a surface texture to concrete
Form Liners – plastic thermoplastic or synthetic
rubber sheets formed in a variety patterns attached to
the inside faces of formwork
CONCRETE FLOOR FINISH
Wood Float Finishes – concrete aggregate is forced
below the surface and the surface is then leveled w/ a
straight wood screed and while the concrete is not
firmly set, it is given a float finish w/ a straight, flat
wood trowel called floats.
Exposed Aggregate – smooth crushed stone, most
commonly marble aggregate in concrete toppings
over concrete base slab
Steel – Troweled Finish – after the concrete
aggregate is forced below the surface, the surface is
then leveled w/ a straight wood screed and given a
wood float finish
Integral Colored Cement Floor Finish – when the
concrete still green but the surface water is gone, the
surface is leveled w/ a straight wood screed
Separately Applied Cement Finishes – designed as
non-slip, heavy duty, and colored cement
Swirl – moderately rough finish for horizontal
surfaces where slip resistance is required and
appearance is a consideration
Broom – Light or heavy rough finish for horizontal
finishes where slip resistance and appearance is a
consideration
Burlap Drag – medium to heavy texture for large
surfaces, such as roadway pavements where slip
resistance is required and appearance is of secondary
importance
Travertine Finish – finish coat of pigmented white
cement is applied by throwing it vigorously over
screeded and broomed for better bonding
Rock Salt Finish – produced by scattering rock salt
over a troweled surface and then dissolving the salt
after the concrete has hardened
Stamped Concrete – proprietary aluminum tools are
used to imprint various patterns in freshly placed
horizontal concrete surfaces
Dimpled – concrete cast over abed of crushed stone
or gravel aggregate against a polytethylene sheet
between them to prevent bonding
GRANOLITHIC FINISH
Granolithic Finish – consists of a topping w/ a
mixture of 1 part cement, 1 part sand and 1 part
finely crushed stone
Terrazo Finish – mosaic flooring or paving
composed of marble or other stone chips set in a
cementitious or resinous matrix and ground when
dry.
TERRAZO FINISH
Standard Terrazo – ground and polished terrazzo
finishing consisting mainly of relatively small stone
Venetian Terazzo – ground and polished consisting
of mainly large stone chips
Rustic Terazzo – uniformly textured finish
produced by washing the matrix prior to setting
Palladiana – a mosaic finish consisting of cut or
fractured marble slabs set by hand in the desired
pattern.
TILE FINISH
Cement Tile “machuca tile” – manufactured by
pressing in moulds a plastic mixture of cement and
sand
Ceramic Tile – small surfacing units made from
clay or mixture of clay
Glass Mosaic Tile – glass tiles are made from thin
pieces of glass w/ translucent glaze fired onto the
back of each tile
Porcelain Tile – harder than ceramic and offers
greater design flexibility
___________________Types of Ceramic
Ceramic Mosaic Tile – a porcelain or neutral Tile
clay
body
Glazed Weatherproof Tiles – durable tiles w/ semi
vitreous body and are suitable for use on all wall
both interior and exterior and on all floors except
those subject to heavy wear
Paver Tile – unglazed ceramic tile similar in
composition to ceramic mosaic tile but thicker and
larger in surface area
Quarry Tile – unglazed ceramic floor tile having a
natural clay body, also called promenade tile
Faience Tile – generally surfaced w/ a highly
colored opaque glaze and are always made by the
plastic method from natural clays
Ceramic Trim Tiles – trim tiles are variously
shaped units used for finishing an edge or angle
Asphalt Tile and Sheet – consists of thoroughly
RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
bonded compositions of thermoplastic binder and
insert color pigments formed under pressure while
hot and cut to size
Vinyl Tile and Sheet – composed principally of
polyvinyl chloride in combination w/ mineral fillers
and pigments
Rubber Tile and sheet – composed of natural or
synthetic rubber w/ mineral fillers
Linoleum Tile and Sheet – covering formed by
coating burlap or canvas w/ heated linseed oil
Cork Tile – resilient floor tile composed of
granulated cork and synthetic resin binders, finished
w/ a protective coat of wax or a film of clear
polyvinyl
chloride, it should be used only on a subfloor
suspended above grade
WOOD FLOORING FINISHES
Strip Flooring – consists of tongue and groove
boards, typically no more than 3 or 4 inches
_________________Type ofwide.
Wood
Flooring
Plank Flooring – composed of boards wider than
strip flooring as much as 1-20 inches wide, lengths
up to 16ft and has better quality and value than strip
flooring
Hollow Backed – pertaining to a wood or stone
piece having a back face hollowed out so that it can
fit more tightly against an irregular surface
Sleeper – any of a number of attaching a subfloor or
flooring
Solid Block Flooring – long wearing flooring
composed of solid wood blocks set in adhesive w/
their grain oriented vertically
Block Flooring – composed of square units
assembled at the mill and usually installed w/ mastic
over a wood sub floor or concrete slab
 Unit Block – made by joining short lengths of
strip flooring edgewise
 Laminated Block – made by bonding three or
more wood veneers w/ a moisture resistant
adhesive
 Slat Block – made by assembling narrow slats or
fingers of hardwood into larger units
Parquet – composed of short strips or locks of wood
forming a pattern
Floating Flooring – wood floors that are not nailed
or glued to the sub floor but instead float above it on
a thin pad of resilient foam
____________Laminate Engineered
Flooring
Laminate flooring “floating wood tile” – multi
layer synthetic flooring product fused together w/ a
lamination process
Engineered Wood – layered product made of an
actual but thin slice of hardwood on top of a base of
high quality plywood
Suspended Ceiling – suspended from an overhead
CEILING FINISHES
floor or roof structures to provide space for pipes,
ductwork, lighting fixtures or other service
equipment
Drop Ceiling – secondary ceiling formed to provide
space for piping or ductwork to alter the proportions
of a room
Plenum – space between a suspended ceiling and the
floor structure above
______ ___ Ceiling
Boards
Ceiling Boards – ship lapped boards often referred
to as beaded ceiling board. Thickness 3/8” and ½”
and widths of 4” and 6”
______ ____ Acoustical
Tile
Acoustical Ceiling – sound absorbing material
Acoustical Tile – made in various size and texture
Cellulose Fiber Tile – made from compressed sugar
cane or wood fibers w/ perforation on the surface
Mineral Wool Tile – felted rock wool w/ a fissured
surface. Mineral wool tile has limited acoustic values
Glass Fiber Tile – made of glass fiber held together
by binders
Cork Tiles – an acoustical tile made of cork
Metal Pan – an acoustical tile consisting of a steel
or aluminum pan having a perforated face and
containing a separate layer of sound absorbing
material
___________ Type of Acoustical Ceiling
Grid
Exposed Grid – metal grid of inverted tees
supporting the acoustical tiles of a suspended ceiling
Recessed Grid – metal grid for supporting a
suspended ceiling of acoustical tiles having rabbeted
joints
Concealed Grid – metal grid supporting the
acoustical tiles of a suspended ceiling, hidden w/
kerfs cut into the edges of the tiles
Kerf – groove cut into the edges of an acoustical
tiles to receive a spline of T shaped member of a
supporting grid
Cross Tee – secondary member of the grid
supporting a suspended ceiling system, usually a
sheet metal tee carried by the main runners
Main Runner – principal member of the grid
supporting a suspended ceiling system

Spline – metal strip inserted into the edges of two
acoustical tiles to make a butt joint between them
______________Type of Suspended
Ceiling
Linear Metal Ceiling – system of narrow metal
strips, usually incorporating modular lighting and air
handling components
Integrated Ceiling – system incorporating
acoustical, lighting and air handling components into
a unified whole
Luminous Ceiling – translucent panels for diffusing
light from luminaires mounted above it
Louvered Ceiling – suspended ceiling of
multicellular louvers for shielding the light sources
mounted above it
PAINT FINISHES
___ Components of
Paints
Pigment – provides color and opacity
Binder/ Resin – Aids to keep the pigment I place
Extender – helps to improve bonding
Vehicle – is the liquid or fluid portion
Volatile Solvent / Thinner – reduce the thickness of
paints
Additives – change the properties of paints
_ ___ Transparent
Finishes
Wood Stains
 Oil Wood Stains – pigments are derived from
various earth clays. After they are dissolved in
linseed oil, the coloring particles remain
suspended between the oil molecules. For
spreading the color particles over large surfaces,
the ground oil color is thinned w/ turpentine
 Water Stains – these are made from aniline dyes
and mineral extracts which have been dissolved in
hot water
 Spirit or Alcohol Stain – these are mixed w/
alcohol solution aniline powders and warmed
alcohol
Wood Filler
 Paste Fillers – filler is applied w/ the grain and
allowed to dry flat for about 10min. it requires
about 24hours for drying before it can be sanded
 Crack Fillers – plastic wood putty, they used for
filling nails holes, cracks and dents
Shellac – an under or a preparatory coat for varnish
and wax finishes
Varnish – it is a resolution of resin in drying oil or
in a volatile solvent such as alcohol or turpentine,
drying time is from 4-24hrs
Lacquer – average drying time is 1-1/2 hrs. for fine
lacquer finishes, a special undercoat of lacquer sealer
is applied over a wash coat of shellac
_____ _ ___ Types of
Paints
Oil Paint – the vehicle is drying oil
Alkyd Paint – the vehicle is an alkyd resin; called
alkyd resin or oil resin emulsion paint
Epoxy Paint – having an epoxy resin as a binder for
increased resistance to abrasion, corrosion and
chemicals
Latex Paint – water base paint containing pigment
suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion
Enamel Paints – paints which use varnish as vehicle
Anti-Corrosive Paints – formulated w/ rust
inhibiting pigments to prevent or reduce the
corrosion of metal surfaces
Fire Retardant Paints – formulated w/ silicone,
polyvinyl chloride or other substance to reduce the
flame spread of a combustible material
Heat Resistant Paint – formulated w/ silicone resins
to withstand high temperatures
Oil-based Paint – known for surfaces that take a lot
of abuse like walls, metal and wood, usually used for
exterior projects and furniture
Water-based Paint – used for interior and exterior,
has a little to no VOC, meaning it is the safest to
work with, great w/ high cold and moist areas
Shellac Paint – to be used interior only
_____ ___ Types of Paint
Finishes
Base Coat
 Primer – used on bare, uncoated surfaces to
protect the material and create a uniform, flat
smooth surface
Finish Coat
 Flat or Matte – w/o gloss or sheen, good for
walls that have something to hide. Usually used
for ceilings
 Eggshell – cover walls imperfections well.
Usually for dining rooms and living rooms
 Semi-Gloss – offers a harder finish, suitable for
high trafficked areas, trim, kitchens and
bathrooms
 Satin Finish: ideal if you have kids or animals
because you can wipe off the surface easily
 High-Gloss – use on kitchens, door and window
trim, use in trafficked areas
 Enamel – any paint or varnish drying to a very
smooth hard, usually glossy finish. Matte Enamel:
finish for kitchen
 Colorfast – having color that will not fade or run
with washing, age or exposure to light
_____ _______ ___ Paint
Glaze Coat – A thin coat of transparentSystem color
applied to enhance the color of a painted surface
Mist Coat – A thin, sometimes pigmented coat
applied to a finish coat to improve its luster
Under Coat – A primer or intermedia coat applied
to hide the color of the substrate and improve
adhesion of the topcoat
Ground Coat – A primer or basecoat of paint
intended to show through a topcoat also called
ground color
Base Coat – A first coat of paint or other liquid
finish applied to a surface
Primer – A basecoat applied to a surface to improve
the adhesion of subsequent coats of paint or varnish
also called prime coat
Sealer – A basecoat applied to a surface to reduce
the absorption of subsequent coats of paint or
varnish
_____ _ ___ Paint Behavior and
Chalking Defects
 Surface dusting and thinning of the film
 Formation of white, chalky powder on the surface
 Cause: use of low cost paint, aging or weathering
Sagging, Running, Curtaining
 Marked by irregular wavy lines that texture an
otherwise smooth film
 Irregularity of surface due to uneven flow of
varnish or paint
 Cause: wrong application technique and paint
dilution
Alligatoring
 Incomplete form of peeling where the paint cracks
into large segments
 The edges of which break away from the surface
while the center remain attached
 Cause: repeated of application of new coats over
old coats no longer adherent
Checking
 Cracks are limited to a small area, unlike
alligatoring
 Cause: when the paint is applied during very cold
weather or due to the application of paint prior to
drying of undercoat
Bleeding
 Discoloration of coating
 Cause: soluble color in the underlying surface
Blistering
 Formation of blisters or pustules on a coating
 Cause: sue to underlying spots of grease, sap or
moisture, to excessive heat or direct exposure to
sun
Peeling
 Indicates imperfect attachment to the surface
 Swelling of paint film that occurs on walls as well
as on wooden or metal surface
 Cause: poor surface preparation, blistering and
absence of primer
Cracking
 Cracks on the surface
 Chipping of paint film which is due to cracks
developing throughout the entire paint system
 Cause: excess moisture on wood, expansion
contraction or structural movements
Efflorescence
 Crystalline or powdery deposits found on concrete
surfaces
 Cause: improper surface preparation and excess
moisture
Fading
 Gradient effect of paint color due to the ultra
violet light exposure of colors that are not lightfast
 Cause: use of too much colorant
Flaking
 Detachment of paint film from the underlying
surface in the form of flakes or scales
 Cause: when the bond between surface and paint
film is poor
Bleaching or Saponification
 Chemical reaction that occurs when oil based
products come in contact w/ alkaline surfaces
 Cause: when the painted surface is exposed to
chemicals such as alkalis
Wrinkling
 Paint film get shrinks and develops crawls on the
surface
 Cause: painting during extreme temperature
conditions, system incompatibility or uneven
application thickness
Mildew
 Algae and fungal growth found on surfaces
 Cause: changes in climate, improper surface
preparation and excessive moisture
Patchiness
 Uneven finish or scratch like things appearing on
the putty applied surface
 Cause: due to the highly absorbent nature of the
surface

Lap Marks of Brush Marks

 When paint is applied on surface w/ brush and
bristle marks appears
 Cause: wrong termination techniques or paint
dilution
BUILDING MATERIALS
Grinning Refresher
 Visibility of background due to insufficient
opacity of paint film even after the final coat
 Cause: paint film not opaque enough to cover the
background surface ASTM CLASSIFICATION
ASTM C150 Portland cement
Blooming ASTM C33 Aggregates
 Dull patches are formed on the painted surface ASTM c330 Lightweight Aggregates
 Cause: due to improper ventilation, weathering, ASTM c94 Ready Mix concrete
defective paint ASTM A36 Structural Steel
ASTM A615 Billet Steel Bars
Blushing ASTM A616 Axle Steel Bars
 Appearance of a whitish substance on a surface of ASTM A185 Welded Wire Fabrics
varnish or enamel
 Cause: due to rapid evaporation of solvent or the
presence of excessive moisture during painting

Bittiness
 Small particles projects themselves out on the
surfaces of the film of paint or varnish yielding a
rough surface
 Cause: due to dirty brushes, dirty surface, dusty
atmosphere and also by stirring skin in the paint VERNACULAR TERMS
Framing Materials Estaka Stake
Banda y Filling materials – good
GYPSUM DRY WALL banda qualities
Escombro Earthfill
 Drywall Metal Corner Bead – provide a straight, Larga masa Concrete slab
smooth finished surface for outside corners of
kumunoy quicksand
gypsum wallboard assemblies while it protects the
corner from abuse and wear after installation

 Furring Channel – a hat shaped framing

accessory designed to furr out any surface for the
application of the final finish

 Meatal Studs – a roll formed channel type steel

component used for various framing systems,
often in line of wood studs

 Metal Track – a u-shaped framing component

used as top and bottom runners to secure wall
studs
TIMBER SPECIES
 Wall Angle – a steel framing profile that holds as
Kamagong Furniture, railing
the ends of the furring channel to the perimeter
Apitong Pile, post, beams, girder,
wall
purlin, door and window
Lauan Floorings, sidings, doors and
window
narra Veneer, plywood, floorings,
doors, windows, stair
Type of Cement
Type 1 – general use
Type II – used for structures in water or soil
Type III – High early strength
Type IV – Low heat Portland cement