Script for Ethics Report

Jason: Good day, we are the 2nd group, and today we are going to present and
explain the meaning behind the topics of Stages of Moral Development, Cultural
Relativism, and Ethnocentrism.

Jason: Kohlberg’s 6 stages of Moral Devleopment. Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?

Lawrence Kohlberg is an American psychologist who theorized that humans
develop their moral judgements in 6 stages

Nelson: What is Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development? Kohlberg's theory

proposes that there are three levels of moral development, with each level split
into two stages. He claims that our development of moral reasoning happens in 6
stages. The stages themselves are structured in three levels which are the Pre-
Conventional, Conventional and Post-Conventional.

Jason: Lawrence Kohlberg interviewed boys between the ages of 10 and 16 to

support and confirm his theory wherein he analyzed how would they justify their
decision and found out that that humans progress through the stages in a
hierarchical order, as their cognitive abilities develop.

Nelson: LEVEL 1 – PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY. This level lasts at the age of 9.

In this level, children’s moral decisions are shaped by the consequences of
following or breaking their rules including the standards of adults. (PWEDE
BASAHIN) For example, if an action leads to punishment is must be bad, and if it
leads to a reward is must be good.

Jason: In this level, there are 2 stages that it contains. The 1 st is the Stage 1.
Obedience and Punishment Orientation that means of an individual needs to be
good to avoid being punished. The 2nd is the Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange
that means of individuals have different viewpoints and motivated by their self-
interest.

Nelson: LEVEL 2 - CONVENTIONAL MORALITY. This level happens in most

adolescents and adults. In this level, individuals morality is centered around what
society regards as right, the fairness of rules is seldom questioned. Individual’s
view of what is right and wrong is influenced by the social system.

Jason: In this level, there are also 2 stages that it has. The 1 st is the Stage 3. Good
Interpersonal Relationships that means of interpersonal accord and conformity
guide our moral judgments in order to be seen as being a good person by others.
The next stage is the Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order that means of
individuals value authority and want to maintain social-order as it is important to
follow the rules, otherwise chaos breaks out.

Nelson: LEVEL 3 – POST-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY. Not every person reaches

this level. Only 10-15% are capable of the kind of abstract thinking as most people
take their moral views from those around them and only a minority think through
ethical principles for themselves. In this level, individuals follow a universal ethical
idea their judgment is based on their own chosen principles whereas their
reasoning is based on individual rights and justice.

Jason: In this last level, there are only 2 stages left. The 1 st is the Stage 5. Social
Contract and Individual Rights that means of everyone understand rules as a
social contract as opposed to a strict order in which the question of “Does a rule
truly serve all members of the community?” will arise. The last stage is the Stage
6. Universal Principles that means of individuals are guided by universal ethical
principles. Individuals in this stage believe that rules are valid only if they are
grounded in justice. The commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to
disobey unjust rules.

ETHNOCENTRISM:

Jason: “Ethnocentrism” is an ancient phenomenon coined by William Graham

Sumner, an eminent professor of political and social science at Yale in his
Folkways (1906) and has long served as a cornerstone in the social analysis of
culture. (BASAHIN NALANG)
Jason: “Ethnocentrism” has the greek word of “ethnos” meaning (ethnic group,
nation, or people ) combined with the word center in which the overall
translation is a specific ethnic group, nation, or people is in the center.

Jason: Ethnocentrism is the belief that your culture is natural and correct while
other people’s cultures are incorrect, unnatural, or inferior.

Jason: Ethnocentrism can be a contributing factor to prejudice, racism, and

xenophobia. In all these instances, you’re considering yourself and your culture to
be the best compared to all others.

Jason: The following are the common examples of Ethnocentrism which are
(BASAHIN NALANG)