LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The lighting designer must account for design considerations, such as:

quantity/qualit psychological user needs and

visual tasks space functions
y of lighting needs preferences

color
coordination
flexibility of temperature & architectural glare and visual
with day
function rendering features comfort issues
lighting
issues

security issues
maintenance budget controls
operating costs and life-safety
issues concerns requirements
consideration

building and
energy codes
electrical codes
 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS FOR Visual Comfort and Performance
• Illuminance
LIGHTING SYSTEM • Distribution
Climate
• Daylight availability
• Glare
• Temperature • Direction
INDE PE NDE NT VAR IABL ES

Site Visual Amenity

• Latitude • Outside view
• Local daylight availability • Appearance

PA R A M E T E R S
• Atmospheric conditions • Apparent brightness
• Exterior obstructions • Colour
Room • Privacy
• Ground reflectance
• Geometry • Social behaviour
• Surface reflectances Thermal Comfort
Window
• Size Device Characteristics
• Placement Building Energy Use
• Orientation
Lighting Energy
• Daylighting system
• Shading system • conditioning energy
Lighting System
• SSpace hading system
• Ambient and task system
• Peak demand
• Control system
Task Economy
• Reading, writing Codes and Standards
• Computer or self-illuminating equipment
• Occupancy schedule Construction & Systems Integration
AIMS OF LIGHTING
4.1.1 Lighting Engineering Criteria Lighting requirements are based on the following
lighting engineering criteria: -

Lighting level,
Luminance distribution,
- Glare restriction,
- Direction of incidence of light and shadow effect,
and - Colour appearance and colour rendering.

A lighting installation can satisfy the requirements laid down, only if all !he quality
criteria are complied with; one or other quality criterion may be given priority,
depending on the nature and difficulty of the visual task or on the type of room.
The size of the critical details of the task:
- Their contrast with the .background,
-The speed at which these details have to be perceived,
-- The desired reliability of recognition, and
- - The duration of the visual work.
-The quality requirements of the lighting increase with the difficulty of the visual
task.
LIGHTING
4.1 Principles of Lighting as per NBC 2005
4.1.1 Aims of Good Lighting
Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and has three primary aims.
The first aim is to promote work
and other activities carried out within the building;
the second aim is to promote the safety of the people using the building; and
the third aim is to create, in conjunction with the structure and decoration, a pleasing
environment conducive to interest of the occupants and a sense of their well-being.

4.1.1.1 Realization of these aims involves:

a) careful planning of the brightness and colour pattern within both the working areas and
the surroundings so that attention is drawn naturally to the important areas, detail is seen
quickly and accurately and the room is free from any sense of gloom or monotony
(see 4.1.3);
b) using directional lighting where appropriate to assist perception of task detail and to give
good modeling;
c) controlling direct and reflected glare from light sources to eliminate visual discomfort;
d) in artificial lighting installations, minimizing flicker from certain types of lamps and paying
attention to the colour rendering properties of the light;
e) correlating lighting throughout the building to prevent excessive differences between
adjacent areas so as to reduce the risk of accidents; and
f) installation of emergency lighting systems, where necessary.
 VISUAL COMFORT-
Illuminance is the amount of light falling
on a surface Distribution of illumination & luminance Luminance is the amount of light
reflected from a surface.
Maximum contrast ratios among all task, background, and remote surfaces within the occupant’s field of view

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ILLUMINANCE & LUMINANCE

task location is often ambiguous, requiring one to either
consider all views within the space or to select several
representative task locations

greater variation is
variation in luminance variation in luminance
permitted between
across the immediate between the task and
the task and remote
task background
surfaces

should be kept to a
maximum of 2.5:1 to typically 3:1 typically 10:1
3:1

•For good visibility, some degree of uniformity across the task plane is desirable.
•Poor visibility and visual discomfort may result if the eye is forced to adapt too quickly to a wide range of light
levels
The distribution of illuminance and luminance is a measure of how lighting varies from point to point across a
plane or surface.
•.
 the luminance of exterior
obstructions (e.g., opposing semi-
reflective buildings) or the ground
(e.g., snow) varies with task location
and solar conditions;
greater luminance variations when
sun is a variable-position light source, so the
sheer number of conditions one must evaluate
is large
occupants may accept much
spaces are lit by
daylight than when they are
artificially lit,
• 4.3.1 Luminance Distribution in the Task Area The
luminance of the immediate surroundings of the task
should, if possible, be lower than the task luminance,
preferably not less than l/3 of this, value. This implies
that the ratio of the reflectance of the immediate
background of a task to that of the task itself should
preferably be in the range 0.3 to 0.5.
• 4.3.2 Luminance of Ceilings, Walls and Floors The
average luminance in the peripheral field of view
should, if possible, be not lower than 1/10th of the
task luminance.
• 2.23 Light Loss Factor Ratio of the average
illuminance on the working plane after a
specified period of use of a lighting installation
to the average illuminance obtained under the
same conditions for a new installation.
•
 VISUAL COMFORT-
Directionality & shadowing
• For some tasks, sufficient directionality is required to model and evaluate
three-dimensional objects and surfaces.
• The greater the amount of diffuse light, the less shadowing occurs, reducing
an occupant’s ability to evaluate the depth, shape, and texture of a surface.
• balance between diffuse and directional light
• For horizontal tasks, sidelighting from daylighting systems can enable better
visibility than lighting from an overhead electric lighting installation.
• Direct sunlight is typically directional with sufficient diffuse light from the
sky to balance out the contrast of a three-dimensional object.
 VISUAL COMFORT-
Directionality & shadowing
• .

Good Shadowing-
creates modeling, Bad shadowing-
defining texture and creates distracting
revealing shape and contrast and prevents
form. from seeing task details
Recommmended value of illuminance - NBC
Lighting level requirements for various areas
 VISUAL PERFORMANCE

• V i s u a l t a s k describes any situation when people are interacting with objects in a

space using the vision.
• Our ability to perform a visual task depends on how well our eyes perceive the details
of the task.
• General illumination levels of all working areas within a building should be 150 lux.
Factors determining the visibility of task

Size Task luminance

Contrast Colour differences,

Movement Time
2.6 Contrast A term that is used subjectively and objectively. Subjectively, it
describes the differ’ence in appearance of two parts of a visual field seen
simultaneously or successively. The difference may be one of brightness or colour,
or both. Objectivel,y, the term expresses the luminance difference between the
two parts of the field by such relationship as: - Contrast = LO - Lb Lb Lb is the
dominent or background L, is the task luminance. luminance. Quantitatively, the
sign of the contrast is ignored.
 VISUAL PERFORMANCE

An increase in size contrast and color Movement affects

of the visual task difference between visual performance as
improves its a task detail and well. The accurate
detection of a moving
visibility, influenced the background are
object depends on
by the physical size crucial for visibility the predictability of
of the task, the of the object. the movement, the
viewer’s distance, contrast, luminance
and the angle of and the size.
view.
 VISUAL PERFORMANCE-
Contrast
• Contrast is the relationship between
the brightness of an object and its
background.
• The average contrast should be above
0.5

Luminance object - Luminance background

Contrast=
Contrast Luminance background

Luminance Colour
Contrast Contrast
INTERIOR LIGHTING SYSTEMS AND METHODS
 LIGHT DISTRIBUTION
• Provides majority illuminance and surface brightness.
• It is a general lighting which is used to provide basic illuminance to different
LIGHTING SYSTEM
spaces.
AMBIENT It helps to reduce contrast between bright light sources and their
LIGHTING surroundings.
• it facilitates basic visibility for safe utilization of space.
• It could be direct or indirect
TASK LIGHTING • Design ambient light to illuminate majority of the space to about one third
the task illumination level.
• Example: uplighters ,down lighters ,grid lighting, strips, coves, fluorescent
ACCENT LIGHTING
lighting

DIRECT

INDIRE
CT
TASK
AMBEINT LIGHTING ACCENT
LIGHTING LIGHTING
LIGHTING SYSTEM LIGHT DISTRIBUTION
 Increases the illuminance of a particular task at close range.
 The type of lighting and the light level vary with the task.
AMBIENT  General reading will require a lower light level than detailed accounting tasks.
LIGHTING  Computer use may require light on an adjacent written task, but not on the
computer screen itself.
TASK LIGHTING  Provide task lighting that is under the control of each worker.

ACCENT LIGHTING

TASK LIGHTING
 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
GENERAL LIGHTING (sometimes referred to as ambient
light) is intended for general illumination of an area.
this would be a basic lamp on a table or floor, or a fixture on
the ceiling
TASK LIGHTING is mainly functional & is usually the
most concentrated, for purposes such as reading,
cooking, drafting and the like. For example
reproductions may require task lighting levels up to
1500 lux and some inspection tasks or surgical
procedures require even higher levels
ACCENT LIGHTING is mainly decorative, intended to
highlight pictures, plants, or other elements of
interior design or landscaping
LIGHTING SYSTEM LIGHT DISTRIBUTION
• Highlights particular architectural features or artwork.
• If the ambient light level is too high, no amount of
AMBIENT accent lighting will increase the brightness of a feature
LIGHTING enough to make the contrast apparent
• Selective use of accent lighting increases its effect. Too
TASK LIGHTING much accent lighting will wash out the impact of any
single feature.
• Accent lighting can be used for statues, paintings,
ACCENT LIGHTING moldings, graphics etc.
E.g.: low voltage spot lights ,truck lights, mini spots,
picture lights, uplighters etc.

IMPROVES REDUCES THE

AMOUNT OF BALANCES THE ADDS VISUAL
THE VISUAL LIGHTING CONTRAST RATIOS INTEREST,
COMFORT IN ENERGY USED. BETWEEN OBJECTS IN AN
A SPACE OCCUPANT’S FIELD OF
VIEW,

PROVIDES FLEXIBILITY IN
CONTROLLING WHAT IS
ACCENT LIGHTED
LIGHTING
 LIGHTING FIXTURES
An important property of light fixtures is the luminous
efficacy (meaning the amount of usable light emanating from
the fixture per used energy), usually measured in lumen per
watt.
A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its
efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from
the "bulb" to the surroundings.
The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher
efficacy it has.
Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but
increase the directionality and the visual comfort
probability.
 METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
• indirect lighting can create a diffused and shadow
free light effect
• it can be regarded as an uneconomical lighting
principle.
FRONT LIGHTING: is quite common, but tends to
make the subject look flat as its casts almost no
visible shadows.
SIDE LIGHTING: Lighting from the side is the less
common, as it tends to produce glare near eye level.
BACK LIGHTING either around or through an object is
mainly for accent.
 METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
 UPLIGHTING (indirect)
is less common, often used to bounce indirect light
off the ceiling and back down.
It is commonly used in lighting applications that
require minimal glare and uniform general luminance
levels
• It uses a diffuse surface to reflect light in a space and
can minimize disabling glare on computer displays and
other dark glossy surfaces.
• It gives a more uniform light output in operation.
• indirect lighting is completely dependent upon the
reflectance value of the surface
 METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
 DOWNLIGHTING
This is the most common, with fixtures on or recessed in the
ceiling casting light downward
This tends to be the most used method, used in both offices
and homes
Although it is easy to design it has dramatic problems with
glare and excess energy consumption due to large number of
fittings
 SPACE AND WORKPLACE CONSIDERATIONS
• Employ a control system that is easily reconfigured and
commissioned
FLEXIBILITY • Use portable lighting equipped with a cord and plug
• Use lightweight luminaries suspended from the ceiling

• style or aesthetic,
APPEARANCE OF • efficient principles.
SPACE AND LUMINAIRE • choose among decorative luminaries that “hide” the light
source, such as a diffusing bowl.

• Colour Temperature: acceptable color temperature range

of 3000K to 4500K.
COLOR APPEARANCE • CRI: Color quality is assessed natural daylight are often
CRI 100

• Depends upon reflectance of the surface

LUMINANCE OF ROOM finishes
SURFACES • minimize the use of dark surfaces.

• Voltage fluctuation is usually the cause of

 LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES
• Turning lights on and off according to occupancy as
Occupancy detected by occupancy sensors
Sensing

• Turning lights off according to program using programmable

Scheduling: relays, timers and other time clock devices.
• Appropriate for predictable occupancy patterns.

• Daylighting controls typically employ a photo sensor, linked

Daylighting to a switching or dimming unit that varies electric light
output in response to available daylight.

• Reducing electric lighting power during or in anticipation of

Demand power curtailment emergencies.
Limiting

• Adaptive compensation uses dimming devices or switching

Adaptive relays combined with automatic timers or photocells to vary
Compensation lighting according.
TERI
 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN LIGHTING

A substantial portion of the energy consumed on lighting maybe saved by utilization
of daylight and rational design of supplementary artificial lights.
Efficient luminaire also plays an important role for energy conservation in lighting. The
choice of a luminaire should be such that it is efficient not only initially but also
throughout its life. Following luminaries are recommended for different locations:
 For offices semi-direct type of luminaries are recommended so that both the work
plane illumination and surround luminance can be effectively enhanced.
 For corridors and staircases direct type of luminaries with wide spread of light
distributions are recommended.
In residential buildings, bare fluorescent tubes are recommended. Wherever the
incandescent lamps are employed, they should be provided
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN LIGHTING

Following recommendations may be followed in the choice of light sources for different
locations:
 For supplementary artificial lighting of work area in office building care should be taken to use
fluorescent lamps, which match with colour temperature of the daylight.
For residential buildings fluorescent lamps and/or CFLS of proper CRI and CCT are recommended to
match with the colours and interior design of the room.
For commercial interiors, depending on the mounting heights and interior design, fluorescent lamps,
CFLS and low wattage metal halilde lamps are recommended. For highlighting the displays in show
windows, hotels, etc, low wattage tubular or dichroic reflector type halogen lamps can be used.
For industrial lighting, depending on the mounting height and colour consideration fluorescent lamps,
high pressure mercury vappour lamps or high pressure sodium vapour lamps are recommended.
For the same lumen output, it is possible to save 75 to 80 percent energy if GLS lamps are replaced with
CFL and 65 to 70 percent if replaced with fluorescent lamps. Similar energy effective solutions are to be
chosen for every application area.
Similarly with white fluorescent tubes recommended for corridors and staircases, the electrical
consumption reduces to 1/4.5 of the energy consumption with incandescent lamps.
 COMPONENTS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
The provision of Artificial lighting is governed by:
– LAMP
• The actual source of light
– LUMINAIR
• The fitting in which the lamp is fixed
Light Fixture (Luminaire) Components
The diagram below identifies the components of a light fixture, also known as a luminaire. The diagram shows a recessed can fixture,
the components apply to all light fixtures. Keep in mind that some of the components are optional and will not be found on every l
uminaire. Descriptions of the components can be found below the diagram.
Wiring
Electrical wiring, which provides power to the luminaire. Depicted here is flexible conduit, but it can also be hard piped based on
electrical codes.
Junction Box
The junction box provides a location to connect the wiring that comes from the power source with the internal wiring for the light
fixture. Shown is a box attached to the top of the fixture; however, this is sometimes a separate box and sometimes the connection I
s made inside the fixture
Lamp Holder
The lamp holder or light socket is the receptacle that the lamp screws into.
Lamp
The lamp, often referred to as the light bulb, emits light when connected to a
power source. The lamp is often sold separately from the fixture. It is important
to use lamps in a wattage that are recommended for the fixture to prevent damage
or possible fire.
Reflector
The reflector provides a reflective surface to direct or spread the light from the lamp out
into the space. Parabolic reflectors focus light toward a point, while elliptical reflectors
spread light.
Lens
The lens is a transparent or translucent material used to direct or diffuse light.
In addition, the lens protects the lamp; however, it can also trap heat, which can
be problematic.
Trim
The trim or flange is a decorative element that is detachable. This piece is installed after
the finished wall or ceiling material is installed. Since ceiling materials require a space
between the fixture and the material, the trim piece is used to cover this space and
provide a clean finish.
Shielding & Diffusion Components
Shielding/diffusion components—lenses, wave guides, diffusers, baffles, louvers, and
the like —are used to reduce light emitted toward the user’s eyes (glare), redirect light,
concentrate light, widen the light pattern, or smooth out the light pattern.
Housings
Housings contain shielding/diffusing components as well as electrical components,
such as wiring connections, photosensors and other control devices. Advanced
luminaires may feature smaller, lighter, easier-to-install, or easier-to-maintain
housings.