Name: M. HAMZA AKBAR Class: BS- Psychology (2ndsemester) Subject: ISLAMIC STUDIES Submitted to: SIR YAQOOB Assignment#t ‘Topic:- INTRODUCTION TO BASIC CONCEPTS OF QURANIC STUDIES: 1). Definition and Primary means of Preservation 2) Compilation and Revelation of Quran (1)Definition and Primary means of Quran Preservation: ‘© The literal meaning of Quran is that which should be recited, read, or studied and rofers to the book embodying the revelation from Allah to Prophet Muhammad. Basic concepts in the Quran is 0 useful resource prepared as a guide to thinking same basic concepts like soul, conscience, wisdom, Loyalty, submission to Gad, brotherhood, madesty, prayer, ascribing partners to God ete. © SOUL: In Islam AL-Ruh primarily implies the animated breath of life Blown in a living, which departs his physical body at the point of death. Allah the Exalted si ‘Then he fashioned him (man) in due proportion and bresthed into him his Rub and gave you ‘hearing, sight, hearts litte is the thanks you ive”. (32:5 _Al-Ruh which departs the body is of two types: 1).Al -wafat al- Sugra 2) Al-wafat alseubra Lesser death] (Actual death) Happening during night In both occasions the Ruh departs the body, although the nature of departing isnot of equal degree. For instance when one fall asleep , his Ruh does not completely separate his physical bady rather it wandersbout remains in one way ar other ashe breaths, sueh when he is ahout to wake up, it returns to him as ‘soon as the blinking of an eye, ‘Allah is he who takes away the souls at the time of their death, those that die not during their sleep. He keeps those souls for which he ordained death and sends the rest for the term appointed. Verily there are signs for people who understand”. ‘+ CONSCIENCE: It is.a judge having spiritual quality that differentiates between right and wrong. Conscience is like inspiration when a man does something wrong deep inhis heart feels guilty, when aman does something g00d he feels pleasure and satisfaction. Human conscience is of two types: 11) Pure conscience: (Nafs-2-Mutminah). its celf-differentiating between good and bad, according to divine injunctions. ‘2)Impure conscionee: (Nafs-e-eummarah).It is evil self it does not differentiates between good and bad itis demonic and vicious self. The Quran regards such vicious and cruel people worse than animals and hard stones. ‘© WISDOM: According to Quran, wisdom is of greatest value for human. Theresa verse in Al- Bagarah which states; “whoever is granted wisdom has indeed been granted abundant wealth” (2:265) ‘© LOYALTY: “lovaity is remembering Allah and remaining close to him even after your pain has ceased ‘Lowe for all, and hatred for none” is motto of this community and we will follow and believe it with our hearts ‘+ SUBMISSION TO GOD/ISLAM: Submission to God means “submission to the will of God”. It means to obey God in all matters-to de the things that God asks us to do, and to refrain from doings the things that God, (2}-Compilation and Revelation of Quran:- ‘Meons of Revelation:. Wahy'in the sense of ‘revelation’ is guidance from God for His creation, brought by the Prophets, who received the word from Alish through one of the means mentioned in the following Qur’anic verse: ‘itis not fitting for a man that God should speak to him except by inspiration, ar from behind A veil, or by sending of a messenger to reveal with God's permission what God wills: for He is Most High, Most Wise’ (a2: 51)* Meons of revelation are:‘© Inspiration, e.g. in a dream (see 37:102, where itis related that Ibrahim receives guidance in 3 vision, while Asleep, to sacrifice his son). Speech hidden away (see 27:8, where itis related that God spoke ta Musa from the fire) Words (speech) sent through a special messenger from God (see 2:97, where itis related that God sent the Angel Gabriel as the messenger to Muhammad to reveal His message) The Quran revealed to Muhammad Prophet Muhammad, the last of God's messengers, reesived the revelation of the Qur'an through 3 special messenger Sent by God for this purpose: the Angel Gabriel, who recited to him God's words exactly. The Descent of the Qur’an:- According to Suyut [al Itqan fi ulum al quran, Beirut, 1973, Vol. I pp. 39-40] on the basis of three reports from ‘Abdullah Ibn ‘Abbas, in Hakim, Baihagi and Nasal, the Qur’en descended in two stages © From the lauh al-mabrfuz, the ‘well-preserved tablet, to the lowest of the heavens (bait al-fzza} ofthe world, alitaaether, in the laila al-gadr. ‘+ From the heavens to earth in stoaes throughout the twenty-three years of Muhammad's jethood, and first in The laila al-gadr of Ramadan, through the Angel Gabriel. This second descent from the heaven to the heart of the Prophet is referred to in Sura al-isra’ (17) and Sura ol furan ‘+ BEGINNING OF THE REVELATION: The revelation of the Qur'an began in the laila al-qadr of Ramadan (the 27" night or one of the odd nights after the 21~) after the Prophet Muhammad had passed the fortieth year of his lite (thatis around the year 610), during his Seclusion in the cave of Hira’ on a mountain near Makka. ‘Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari, 9 vols., Istanbul, 1978 (abbr. as Bukhari) and Siddiqui, Abdul Hamid: Sahih Muslim, 4 vols, Narrated Aisha the mother of the faithful believers: The commencement of the divine inspiration to Allah's apastle was in the form of good dreams which came like bright daylight (Le. true) and then the Love of seclusion was bestawed upon him. He used to go in seclusion in the Cave of Hira’, where he used to worship (Allah alone} continuously for Many days before his desire to see his family. Me used to take with him food for the stay.and then come back to (his wife) Khadija to take his food likewise again, till suddenly the truth descended upon him While he was in the Cave of Hira’. ‘The angel came to him and asked him to read. The Prophet replied “Ido not know how to read’. The Prophet added, ‘The angel caught me (forcibly) and pressed me so hard that | could notbearitany more. He then released me and again asked me to read and Ireplied, “I do not know how to read”. ‘Thereupon he caught me again and pressed mea second time till | could not bear it any more. He then released me and again asked me to read, but again | replied, “Ida not know how to read” (or what shall | read?).‘Thereupon he caught me for the third time and pressed me, and then released me and said: “Read, in the name of Your Lord, who created, created man from a clot. Read! And Your Lord is the most. (Bountiful. (Bukhari, , No. 3; Vi. No. 478; Muslim I, No, 30% The narration goes on ta tell us that the Prophet went back to his wife Khadija and recounted ta her his dreadful experience. She comforted him and both of them consulted Waraga, Khadlja's relative anda learned Christian, about it. Waraga told Muhammad that he had encountered the one ‘whom Allah had sent to Moses’ and that he would be driven Out by his people. + How Revelation come? Narrated Aisha, the mother of the faithful believers: Al-Harith bin Hisham asked Allah's apostle: ‘O Allat’s Apastle, How is the divine inspiration revealed to you?" Allah’s apostle replied, ‘Sometimes itis “revealed” Like the ringing of a bell, this form of inspiration is the hardest of all and then this state passes off after | have grasped what is inspired, Sometimes the Angel comes in the form of aman and talks to me and | Grasp whatever he says’, [aukhari, | No 2), © The First Revelation’ [See Su 190, | pp. 23-4. The first revelation that the Prophet Muhammad received isin the first verses from Sura af. ‘alag (96:1-3, gecording to Others 1-5): “Read in the name of your Lord, who created, created man froma clot. Read! And your Lord Is most bountiful. (He who taught) the use of the pen taught man which he knew not. (The remainder of Sura 96, which now has 19 ayat, was revealed on some later occasion. © The Pause ffotra} Alter the fist message thus received, revelation ceased fora certain periad (called fatra) and then resumed Narrated Jabir bin ‘Abdullah Al-Ansari while talking about the period of pause in revelation reporting the speech of the Prophet, ‘Whife Iwas walking, all of a sudden | heard a voice from the heaven. 1 Jooked up and sew the same angel who had visited me at the Cave of Hira’ sitting on a chair between the sky and the earth. got afraid of him and came back home and said “Wrap me {in blankets)" and then Allah Revealed the following holy verses (of the Qur'an): 0 you covered in your cloak, arise and warn (the People against Aliah’s punishment) .. up to “and all pollution shum”.’After this revelation come strongly and regularly, (Bukhari, I, end of No. 2. ‘= The Second Revelation The second portion of the Qur‘an revealed to the Prophet Muhammad was the beginning of Sura al- ‘rmuddaththir (74: 15). It now consists of 56 verses, the rest revealed later, and begins as follows: ‘O. covered in your cloak, arise and warn, Thy Lord magnify, thy raiment purify, pollution shun .." ‘+ Other Early Revelations: -Many hold that Sura al-muzzammil (73) was the next revelation. -Aecording ta others, Sura al-fatiha (1) was the third sura to be revealed. [Suyuti,Itqan, 1, p24.)-Among other early revelations, which the Prophet declared in Makies, are, according to some. reports, Sura 111, Sura 81, Sura 87, Sura 92, Sura 89, ete. Then revelation continued, ‘mentioning Paradise and Hell, and until mankind turned to Islam, then came revelation about halal and haram .. *[Suywti, Itgan, |, p.24.) Revelation came ta the Prophet throughout his lifetime, bath in Makko and Madina, i.e. over o riod roximately 23 Years, until shortly before his death in the year 10 after Mijra (632) +The Lost Revelatic Many Muslim scholars agree that the last revelation was Sura 2, verse 281: ‘And fear the day when ye shall be brought back to God. Then shall every soul be paid what It earned and none shall be dealt with unjustly.” Some also say that it was 2:282 or 2:278. [Kamal, Ahmad ‘Adil: ‘ulum al-Qur’an, Cairo, 1974, p.18.) It has also been suggested that all three verses were revealed on one occasion. The Prophet died nine nights after the Last revetation. Others hold that Sura 5:4 was the last to be revealed: ‘This day have perfected your rel completed My favour upon you ond have chosen for you Islam as your religion.’ jon for you, The opinion that this verse was the last revelation is not sound according to many scholars, since it was revealed during the last pilgrimage of the Prophet. This information is based upon ahadith from ‘Umar. Suyuti explains concerning the Verse in Sura 5 that after it nothing concerning ahkam and haf'al and haram was revealed, and in this sense it is the ‘completion’ of religion. However, revelation reminding man of the coming day of judgement continued and the last such Revelation is theabave verse. [Sabuni, tibyan pp. 18-9) © Compilation of Quran: The Quran is divided into thirty equal parts ‘Mokkon verses are revealed 1st but found in the end When Muslims learn Quran they start from the end-beginning Saat = End of time. Prophet ‘Muhammad said “He was the 1st sign of the end of the time of the beginning of the end of time. For Muslims the end of the time is their death. Ast Thirteen Years we mentioned the Quran focused on Tauheed, Akhirah, and Saat. During these thirteen years Quran focused on to strengthen their fait Medina Period: Thirteen years of oppression praphet Muhammad migrated to Medina (Hijra). In Medina many people began ta became Muslim Quran teaching radically changed from Mecca period to Medina period Focus of verses of Quran mave away from (Tauhid, Akhira and Saat). Over 23 years period Quran was revealed, © Ip Medina period Gabriel came to Prog sequence ‘an in order and began to move to put(+ Medina chapters are in the beginning and Meccan in the end ‘+ During Prophet lifetime the entire Quran was written but not collected together ‘© Entire Quran was written in his presence, ‘Muslim do not have doubts about this In 632 Prophet died. Before death Prophet{s.a.w) left companian behind him who memorized entire Quran Many of Companions used to recite to prophet and he listened. They started to teach people and Islam began to spread. 1n 633 their was a battle of Yamoma many of recitors of Quran were killed ,At this point Umor wanted to collect entire Quran and os Abu Bakr: because “Prophet Muhammad PBUH didn’t do it, so will not do it” Umar exploined to him ifthe all recitors of Quran die then Quran con get lost , thusAbu Bakr wos convinced and he Ordered to Zaid bin Thabit to collect the Quran. They began tocollect and set the criteria. Criteria is each piece of Quran must be brought and had written in the presence of Prophet with two witnesses It took them while but they did it They made into one compilation written on gazelle skin( Leather) Previously it was written on shoulder blades of Camels, Ribs, Stones, and Wood. They compiled into one Quran. Umar kept it and later on gave it to his daughter Hafsa. [At the time of Usman the third caliph, there was a Dispute in Azerbaijan regarding differences in recitations of the Quran. There was no standardized writing of Quran. There were no dots, diacritical marks, no vowels. People who did not memorize the Quran and started to learn from their teacher began to differ in recitation. Usman wanted to standardize the writi uron This was done in 658AD after the death of the brophet in 632AD. ‘+ Companion of Prophet who gathered the Quran into one compilation are the one who memorized the entire Quran from the prophet based on this oral tradition. © Quran is not itself a primary source in which Quran is protected; Protected through oral transmission, Zaid and three companions went back to Hafsa to collect the compilation of Quran and they prepored the Quran according to Usman recommendation, ‘© One of them was: Quran was written in Quraish Dialect or Pronunciation Eg. Momin and Mo'min; Malik and Malik Meaning was same but pronunciation was different Sometimes different pronunciation can change the meaning of the word Finally the Quran was standardized in Quraish Dialect which was a language of Prophet Muhammad Peace be Upon Him. '* Usman completed this project and send identical copies of Quran to various center of Muslims and governars, ‘+ Demanded them that all the Quran should be burned except those which is based on this THE END.spared by: MUHAMMAD HAMZA AKBAR.