" MATHEMATICS "

ASSIGNMENT 2
SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD HAMZA AKBAR
SUBMITTED TO: MAM DR. RUQAIYYA ISMAIL
SUBMISSION DATE: 17−10−2022.
TOPICS:
Complex Numbers,
Cartesian Product,
Complex Number System
Properties of Complex Numbers.
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COMPLEX NUMBERS :
A Complex Number is any number that can be written as a +
bi, Where, I is the imaginary unit and a and b are real
numbers.
A + bi
“a” is called the real part of the number and “b” is called the
imaginary part of the number. EXAMPLE:
Complex number standard form description of parts
7i-2 -2+7i
The Real part is -2 and The Imaginary part is 7.

COMPLEX NUMBER SYSTEMS :

DEFINITION 1 :
“CARTESIAN PRODUCT “

Let A and B be two sets. The Cartesian product of A and B ,

written A × B
B is defined as ;
A×B=
{( a, b)|aeA. beB}
EXAMPLE1
Let A= {a.b. ,c}, B= {1.2} then,
AxB= {(a.1). (b.1). (c.1). (a.2). (b.2).(c.2)}
BxA= {(1.a). (1.b). (1.c). (2.a). (2.b). (2.c)}.
EXAMPLE:2
Let , A=B=R then
R×R = {XeR . YeR}
There is no real number which satisfies the equation x2 +1 = 0
Such equations led to the introduction of complex numbers.
The term ‘COMPLEX NUMBER’ was introduced by the German
Mathematician “CARL FRIENDRICH GAUSS (1777-1855).
Complex number systems :
Definition 2 :
Let C= RxR , the Cartesian Product of real numbers. Suppose
the elements of C satisfy the following conditions ;

1. ( a.b)=(c.d) — a=c,b=d

2. (a.b)+(c.d) — (a + c, b + d)
R(a.b)=(ra.rb) . In particular
-(a.b)=(-a.-b)
 3. (a.b) (c.d) = (ac-bd,ad+bc)
Thus , C is called the Complex Number System and (a.b)
E is called the complex number a called real part and b is
called the
Part of the Complex number (a.b) .
If we put z=(a.b) then, we write a=re(z) and b=im(z).
Remark 1 :

1. Defines the equality of two complex numbers.

2. Defines the addition (sum) of two numbers.
3. Defines the product of a real and complex number.
4. Defines the product of two complex numbers.
Properties of complex numbers
According to the property,
X +iy =u+iv
And u, v, x and y are real numbers.
Therefore, from the definition of equality of two complex
numbers, we conclude that x = u and y =v.

1. For any three the set complex numbers u, v and z satisfy

the commutative, associative and distributive laws.
1.u+v=v+u (Commutative law for addition).
2.u.v=v.u (Commutative law for multiplication).
3.(u+v)+z=u+(v +z) (Associative law for addition)
4.(u.v)z = x(y.z) (Associative law for multiplication)
5.x(v + z) =x.v + x.z (Distributive law).

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ASSIGNMENT NO: 3
TOPICS :

Conjugate of a Complex Numbers, Modulus of complex

Numbers,
Properties of modulus.

Conjugate of a Complex Number Conjugate of a complex

number z = x + iy is x — iy and which is denoted as z-.
For example, the conjugate of the complex number z = 3 - 4i
is 3 + 4i. Consider the complex number z = a + ib. For this, we
can define the following formulas.
Addition: z+z—=aib+(a—ib)=2a which is a complex number
having imaginary part as zero. Here,
Re(z+z—)=2a,
Im(z+z—)=0
Subtraction:
Z-z—=atib-(a—ib)=2bi Here,
Re(z-z—)=0,lm(z-z—)=2b
Geometrically, reflection of the complex number z = x + iy in
x-axis is the coordinates of z—.

Modulus of complex numbers:

Modulus of a complex number. Given a complex number
z=a+ biz=a +bi the modulus is denoted by |z||z| and is
defined by
|z|=√a2+b2(7)(7)|z|=a2+b2 .

If the modulus of a complex number is always a real number

and in fact it will never be negative since square roots always
return a positive number or zero depending on what is under
the radical. Notice that if z is a real number (i.e. z=a+
0iz=a+0i) then,
|z|=√a2=|a||z|=a2=|a|
Where the |·||·| on the zz is the modulus of the complex
number and the |·||·| on the aa is the absolute value of a
real number (recall that in general for any real number aa we
have √a2=|a|a2=|a|).So, from this we can see that for real
numbers the modulus and absolute value are essentially the
same thing.
In computing the modulus the sign on the real and imaginary
part of the complex number won’t affect the value of the
modulus and so we can also see that,
|z|=||¯¯¯z||(11)(11)|z|=|z¯| and
|−z|=|z|(12)(12)|−z|=|z|.

Properties of Modulus Function:

Now, that we have the formula for the modulus function and
the graph of the modulus function, let us now explore the
properties of the modulus function:

Property 1: The modulus function always gives a

non−negative number as output for all real values of x. Thus,
the modulus function is never equal to a negative number.
|x| = a; a > 0 → x = ± a ;
|x| = a; a = 0 → x = 0 ;
If |x| = a, then a can never be less than zero.
Property 2:
Case 1: (If a > 0): Inequality for a positive number
|f(x)| < a and a > 0 → −a < f(x) < a
|f(x)| > a and a > 0 → −a < f(x) (or) f(x) > a Case 2: (If a < 0):
Inequality for a negative number.
|f(x)| < a and a < 0 → there is no solution for this.
|f(x)| > a and a < 0 → this is valid for all real values of f(x).
Property 3:
If x , y are real numbers, then
|−x| = |x|
|x – y| = 0 <-> x = y
|x + y| ≤ |x| + |y|
|x – y| ≥ ||x| − |y||
|xy| = |x| |y|
|x/y| = |x|/|y|, y not equal to zero.
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…….THE END…….

WRITTEN BY:
MUHAMMAD HAMZA AKBAR.