simply means coloring the microorganisms with a dye that

emphasizes certain structures.

Before the microorganisms can be stained, however, they must be

_______ (attached) to the microscope slide

a thin film of material containing the microorganisms is spread over

the surface of the slide

smear side up, or by covering the slide with _________ for 1 minute.

Stains are salts composed of a positive and a negative ion, one of

which is colored and is known as the __________.

The color of so called basic dyes is in the cation; in acidic dyes, it is

in the anion.

Preparing colorless bacteria against a colored background is called

___________.
Basic dyes- _________, __________, ___________ and ______, are
more commonly used.

Gram Stain developed in _____by the Danish bacteriologist

____________.
Bacteria that retain this color after the alcohol has attempted to
decolorize them are classified as __________.

bacteria that lose the dark violet or purple color after decolorization
are classified as __________.

All bacilli (?) are Gram negative EXCEPT ?

All cocci (?) are Gram positive EXCEPT ?

___________ usually are not stained by Gram staining but if

stainable are usually Gram negative.

the causative agent of tuberculosis

the causative agent of leprosy.

This stain is also used to identify the pathogenic strains of the genus
_______.
C-
A-
M-

C-
I-
A-
S-

2 types of acid fast stain

All bacteria are non acid fast with the exception of ___________ and
_________ (partially acid fast)

Used to color parts of microorganisms, such as endospores, flagella

or capsules

gelatinous covering of microorganisms. Demonstrating the presence

of a capsule is a means of determining the organism’s virulence, the
degree to which a pathogen can cause disease.

is a special resistant, dormant structure formed within an cell that

protects a bacterium from adverse environmental conditions.
Examples include, Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain, Dorner, Wirtz-
Conklin.

are structures of locomotion too small to be seen with a light

microscope without staining. (Leifson or Fischer and Conn

involves positively charging the cell surface with a cationic agent,

cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and then staining the cells with an
acid dye, congo red.

used to stain metachromatic granules

Burri’s method ; utilizes Donner or nigrosine

India ink method or Nigrosin to demonstrate capsule of C.

Neoformans

Factors that affect microbial growth

Availability of nutrients- various chemical compounds that
organisms use to sustain life.
Moisture- water is essential for life
Temperature- every microorganism has an optimum growth
temperature
__________ are organisms that love high temperatures
__________ are organisms that love cold temperatures
_____- refers to the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution and
thus the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. (Acidophiles vs
Alkaliphiles)
Osmotic Pressure and Salinity
______________ is the pressure exerted on a cell membrane by
solutions both inside and outside the cell

___________- concentration of salts in and out of the cell (Osmosis:

movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane, from a
solution having a lower concentration of solute to a solution having a
higher concentration of solute)
Gaseous Atmosphere
Barometric Pressure

________- refers to an increase in size

_____________- refers to an increase in the number of organisms
rather tan an increase in their size.
______________- used in microbiology laboratories to culture
bacteria
________________ medium- one in which all the ingredients are
known

________ medium- one in which the exact contents are not known.
Complex media contain ground up or digested extracts from animal
organs (heart, liver, and brains) fish, yeasts and plants.
________ media (also known as broths) are contained in tubes and
are thus often referred to as tubed media
________ media are prepared by adding agar to liquid media and
then pouring the media into tubes or Petri dishes, where the media
solidifies.
________ medium- a broth or solid medium containing a rich supply
of special nutrients that promotes the growth of fastidious organisms.
It is usually prepared by adding extra nutrients to a medium called
nutrient agar (ex. Blood)

_________ medium- permits the differentiation of organisms that

grow on the medium
(ex. MacConkey agar is frequently used to differentiate among
various gram negative bacilli that are isolated from fecal specimens.
Gram negative bacteria capable of fermenting lactose produce pink
colonies, whereas those that are unable to ferment lactose produce
colorless colonies.)

medium- used to discourage the growth of certain organisms

without inhibiting the growth of the organism being sought.
Ex. Thayer-Martin medium- Neisseria
Loeffler’s medium- Corynebacterium

____________ agar - used to culture important, fastidious, bacterial

pathogens, such as Neisseria gonorrheae and Haemophilus influenza
__________ agar- inhibits the growth of Gram positive bacteria and
thus is selective for Gram negative bacteria

_________ agar - inhibit the growth of Gram negative bacteria and

are thus selective for Gram positive bacteria

a liquid medium that supports the growth of all categories of bacteria

from obligate aerobes to obligate anaerobes.

__________ - unwanted organisms in the culture media

_________ phase - bacteria do not increase in number; bacteria

absorb nutrients, synthesize enzymes

________ phase - bacteria multiply so rapidly that the number of

organisms doubles with each generation time

________ phase - nutrients are used up, concentration of toxic waste

products from metabolizing bacteria build up, rate of division slows,
number of bacteria that are dividing equals the number of bacteria
that are dying.

__________ phase - overcrowding occurs, concentration of toxic

waste products continues to increase and the nutrient supply
decreases.
_________ - involves the destruction or elimination of all microbes,
including cells, spores and viruses. When something is sterile, it is
devoid of microbial life. It can be accomplished by physical or
chemical methods.

Dry heat
Autoclaving (steam under pressure)
Ethylene oxide gas
Various liquid chemicals (such as formaldehyde)
Certain types of radiation (ultraviolet [UV] light and gamma
rays)

_______________- describes the elimination of most or all

pathogens (except bacterial spores) from nonliving objects.

_________ - chemicals used to disinfect inanimate objects; do not

kill spores
___________ - solutions used to disinfect skin and other living
tissues
___________ - is the reduction of microbial populations to levels
considered safe by public health standards, such as those applied to
restaurants.