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Heat transfer by combined free and forced convection in vertical tubes

Article  in  Heat and Mass Transfer · March 1988

DOI: 10.1007/BF01637126

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Jacek Kasz
Cracow University of Technology
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 W~rme-
Wfirme- und Stoffiibertragung 23, 61-68 (1988) und StoffObertragung

9 Springer-Verlag 1988

Heat transfer by combined free and forced convection in vertical tubes

H. Brauer, Berlin, M. Dylag, and J. Kasz, Krak6w, Poland

Abstract. The influence of free convection on forced convection heat R centre-line

transfer becomes important in laminar flows. Numerical methods w wall
have been applied for a study of mixed convection in vertical tubes z axial direction
for the following conditions: temperature-dependent fluid density,
constant wall temperature and parabolic profile of axial velocity at
the tube entrance. Both cases: heating and cooling have been consid-
ered.
1 Introduction
Wiirmeiibergang bei Uberlagerung von freier und erzwungener
Konvektion in senkrechten Rohren The problem of laminar flow and heat transfer in the entry
Zusammenfassung. Der Einflul3 der freien Konvektion auf den region of tubes arises in m a n y important technological
Wfirmeiibergang kann bei laminarer Str6mung bedeutsam werden. applications, as for instance in atomic reactors, heat ex-
Theoretisch-numerische Methoden wurden angewendet, um eine changers, evaporators, boilers etc.
Untersuchung dieses Wfirmefibergangproblems ffir folgende Bedin-
The general tendency of compact heat exchanger design
gungen durchfiJhren zu k6nnen: temperaturabhfingige Dichte des
Fluids bei konstanter Wandtemperatur und parabolischem Profil is to use tubes of very small diameters, which not only en-
der Axialgeschwindigkeit am Einlauf des Rohres. Es wurden sowohl hance heat transfer but also allows to minimize the material
Beheizung als auch Abkfihlung des Fluides behandelt. and manufacturing costs [1]. Moreover, the flow in thin
tubes ist laminar in majority of cases.
Nomenclature The subject of laminar flow forced convection in tubes
% kJ/(kg K) specific heat at constant pressure has been studied extensively. It is also recognized that some
d m tube diameter other phenomena can interact with forced convection and
g m/s 2 gravitational acceleration may alter the temperature and velocity fields as well as the
~h kg/(m 2 s) mass flow rate heat transfer rate significantly.
p Pa pressure
c~ kJ/(m 2 s) heat flow rate One example is axial heat conduction, which becomes of
r m radial coordinate importance at low Reynolds numbers. A comprehensive
R m tube radius study of interaction of laminar forced convection with axial
T K temperature heat conduction was delivered by Brauer [2].
To K fuid entrance temperature
Another example is combined free and forced convection,
T~ K fluid wall temperature
wr m/s radial velocity where the forced flow rates are often small. In this case free
wz m/s axial velocity convection effects can be significant at even moderate Gras-
m/s mean axial velocity hof numbers, especially in a vertical duct with heated or
z m axial coordinate cooled wall.
fl 1/K volumetric coefficient of expansion
r/ kg/(m s) dynamic viscosity Depending on flow direction (upwards or downwards)
2 kJ/(m s K) thermal conductivity and thermal b o u n d a r y condition (heating or cooling) the
v m2/s kinematic viscosity two cases can be distinguished: aided and opposed free and
kg/m 3 density forced convection.
Subscripts The characteristic dimensionless criterion of the influence
of free convection on forced convection is a ratio Gr/Re.
dyn dynamic
fo forced convection Combined free and forced convection (or mixed convec-
fr free convection tion) in vertical tubes has been studied by numerous re-
o inlet searchers both experimentally and theoretically. A compre-
r radial direction hensive review was provided by Petukhov, Polyakov and

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