Unit 1 Introduction of Microprocessor

Unit 1: Introduction (4 Hrs.)

 Definition of microprocessor and its application
 Evolution of microprocessor,
 Von Neumann and Harvard architecture
 Components of microprocessor
o Microprocessor: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU), Registers
o Memory
o Input / Output
 System Bus: Data, Address and Control Bus
 Microprocessor with Bus Organization
Definition of microprocessor and its application
Introduction
 The word Micro is derived from a Greek Word Micros which means small (in size, quantity, number
and dignity) and the word micro is represented by the Greek letter MU (µ).
 Processor means a device that processes on binary data i.e. 0’s and 1’s.
 To process means to manipulate. It is a general term that describes all manipulation.
 Processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions.
Definition of the microprocessor(MP)
 A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register based electronic
device implemented by either LSI or VLSI technique, on a semiconductor (Silicon) chip that
 Accepts binary data as input,
 Reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory,
 Processes data according to those instructions, and
 Finally provides result as output.
 A microprocessor is holding some control and logic circuits that is capable of making arithmetic and
logical decision based input data and produces corresponding arithmetical and logical output.
 It has computing and decision making capabilities. It communicates and operates in the binary
number 0 and 1, called Bits.
 The microprocessor recognizes and processes a group of bits together. This group of bits is called a
“word”. The number of bits in a Microprocessor’s word is a measure of its “abilities”.

Uses of Microprocessor
 In this growing world, none of the sectors are or will be away from the uses of microprocessor.
Some of the fields are listed below:
 PC, Machines, Calculator, Car, Bike, Bus etc
 Communications Devices like Switch, Routers, Hub, Gateways, Repeater etc
 Industrial machines like Robots.
 Home Appliances like Bell, Fridge, A.C., Micro-oven etc.
 Test Instruments like CRO, Oscilloscope
 Computers like Desktops, Laptop, Servers, PDAs, Tablet PC
 And more……………

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 Unit 1 Introduction of Microprocessor

Applications of Microprocessor
 The microprocessor has created a significant impact in its various fields. The availability of low
cost, low power and small weight, computing capability allows user to use it in different applications.
 Nowadays, a microprocessor based systems are used in automatic testing produ ct, speed control of
motors, traffic light control, light control of furnaces, moving message display etc.
 Since microprocessor Applications are unlimited similar like uses. But some vital applications
of microprocessor are illustrated below in following three grouped categories:
1. As a Reprogrammable Systems (General Purpose MPs).
2. As an Embedded systems(Microcontrollers) and
3. As a Special Purpose MPs.
1. Reprogrammable Systems
 In reprogrammable systems, the microprocessor is used for computing and data processing. These
systems include General Purpose Microprocessors (GPMPs) capable of handling large data, mass
storage devices (such as disks and CD-ROMs) and peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, monitors,
printer etc.
 Desktops, Laptops, PDAs, Tablet PCs and Servers etc are the best typical illustration of this type.
2. Embedded Systems
 In embedded systems, the microprocessor is a part of final product and is not available for
reprogramming to end users.
 The Embedded Systems are combination of hardware and software sections designed for specific
purpose/Application. It is also called Microcontroller (MC). The Block Diagram of MC is shown
below.

MPU

Memory I/O

Peripheral Devices

Timer
A/D Converter
Serial I/O

Fig 1 Block Diagram of Microcontroller (MC)

 Microcontroller (MC) may be called a CPU on chip, since it has basic features of microprocessor
with internal ROM, RAM, Parallel and serial ports, timer, A/D Converter within single chip or we
can say microprocessor with memory, I/O ports and peripheral devices is called as microcontroller.
This is widely used in washing machines, VCD player, microwave oven, and robotics or in
industries and more later on.
 Microcontroller can be classified on the basis of their bits processed like 8bit MC, 16bit MC.
A 8- bit microcontroller means it can read, write and process 8 bit data.

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 Unit 1 Introduction of Microprocessor

 Ex.8051 microcontroller, basically 8 bit specifies the size of data bus. The 8 bit microcontroller
means 8 bit data can travel on the data bus or we can read, write process 8 bit data.
 Microcontrollers are used in following sections:
Used in Consumer Electronics:- Toys, Cameras. Camcorders, Multimeter, Robots etc
Used as Consumers Products:-Washing Machines, Micro-Ovan, Bell, Digital Watch etc
Used in Instrumentations:-Oscilloscopes, ECGs, etc
Used in Communication Systems:- Switch, Router Gateway ,Hub , Repeater etc
Used in Office Equipments:- Fax Machines, Printers, Scanners etc.
Used in Emerging Multimedia Applications: Projectors, Cell Phone, PDAs, Answering
Machines, Cordless Phone etc.

3. Special Purpose MPs

In this system, the specific microprocessors are used for special purposes. It uses DSP IC (Digital
Signal Processor) as a heart of the system.
For Example TMS 320, TMS 1000 are the Special Purpose MPs.
These types of microprocessors are used in high end specific devices for numerous industries.
Evolution of microprocessor
 The microprocessor has become a more essential part of many gadgets. They are tabulated below with their
properties.

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A Basic Block Diagram of MP (Microprocessor-based system)

The following block diagram shows the basic block diagram of a microprocessor or microprocessor-based
system. Here microprocessor interchangeably used as CPU

Microprocessor
Input Output
Device Device

Memory

Fig 1 Block Diagram of a Microprocessor Based Machine (Device)

 Here, the microprocessor based system holds the following discrete sub systems:
1. Input Device,
2. MP (Microprocessor),
3. Memory, and
4. Output Device.

1. Input Device:-
 The devices through which binary information (data or instructions) are fed from outside world
into the microprocessor are called Input Devices.
 Examples: Keyboard, Switches, A/D Converters, Mouse, Scanner, MIC, etc.
2. MP (Microprocessor):-
 It acts as the brain of the microprocessor based system (Ex computer).
 It performs arithmetical and logical functions and has decision making capacity.
 Each microprocessor has a fixed set of instructions.
 Microprocessors can be classified on the basis of their bits processed like 8bit MP, 16bit MP.
A 8- bit microprocessors means it can read, write and process 8 bit data.
 Examples:
Intel processors like: 8085, 8086,. 80486,……, I3,I5 , I7 etc.
Texas Instruments (TI) processors are TMS 370, TMS 1000,TMS 7000.
Motorola Processors like M68000, M68030.Power PC 601, PowerPC G5.
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Processors like V-11, Alpha 21064, Alpha 21264.
 It includes the following Sub function units: ALU, Register Arrays and Control Units

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ALU

CPU Register
Array

Control
Unit

Fig 2 Shows Internal Sub-Systems of MP

a. ALU:
The ALU performs the Arithmetic operations like addition, Subtraction and logic
functions like AND, OR, Exclusive OR (XOR) functions.
b. Register array:
It is the area of MP, consisting of various registers identified by letters B, C, D, E, H, L.
These Registers primarily used to store temporary data during the executions of
program.
Some of the Registers can be directly accessible to the users through the instructions.
c. Control Unit:
o This unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to all operations in the
microprocessor based system.
o It controls the flow of data between Microprocessor, Memory and the Peripherals.
3. Memory:-
It is the medium which stores the binary information’s as data and instructions temporarily or
permanently.
RAM and ROM are the primary memory whereas Hard Disk, CD, Magnetic Tapes are the Secondary
memory.
Memory provides the data and instruction to microprocessor on request during the execution of
programs.
The information stored in memory can be easily read and altered.

4. Output Device: -
o The Devices through which the final output (data and instruction) of the microprocessor is transferred
or displayed to the outside world is called Output Device.
o Examples: LEDs, Seven-Segment LED (Light Emitting Diode), CRTs, Printer, X-Y Plotter, Magnetic
Tapes, Speaker, Digital to Analog (D/A) Converter etc.

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Differences between Microprocessor (MP) and Microcontroller (MC)
Microprocessor
1. Microprocessor is heart of microprocessor
based system. It is also called General purpose
Microprocessor which can perform numerous
complex functions based on system.
2. It is just a processor. Memory and I/O
components have to be connected externally
3. Since memory and I/O has to be connected
externally, the circuit becomes large and
Complex.
4. Cannot be used in compact systems and hence
inefficient
5. Cost of the entire system increases
6. Due to external components, the entire power
consumption is high. Hence it is not suitable to
use with devices running on stored power like
batteries.
7. Most of the microprocessors do not have power
saving features.
8. Since memory and I/O components are all
external, each instruction will need external
operation, hence it is relatively slower.
9. Microprocessor have less number of registers,
hence more operations are memory based.
10. Microprocessors are based on von Neumann
model/architecture where program and data are
stored in same memory module
11. Mainly used in personal Computers, Laptops,
Workstations, Servers, PDAs etc
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Micro Controller
1. Micro Controller is a heart of embedded system.
2. Micro controller has external processor along
with internal memory and I/O components,
Timer, A/D Converters on a single Chip
3. Since memory and I/O are present internally, the
circuit is small.
4. Can be used in compact systems and hence it is
an efficient technique
5. Cost of the entire system is low
6. Since external components are low, total power
consumption is less and can be used with devices
running on stored power like batteries.
7. Most of the micro controllers have power saving
modes like idle mode and power saving mode.
This helps to reduce power consumption even
further.
8. Since components are internal, most of the
operations are internal instruction, hence speed is
fast.
9. Micro controller have more number of registers,
hence the programs are easier to write.
10. Micro controllers are based on Harvard
architecture where program memory and Data
memory are separate
11. Used mainly in washing machine, MP3 players,
Toys, Bell, Traffic Light Control, Robots etc.
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 Unit 1 Introduction of Microprocessor

Structure (Organization) of Microprocessor based System

 Figure 1 shows a simplified but formal structure of microprocessor based system or a product.
It includes the following major components:
1. Microprocessor
a. ALU
b. Register Arrays
c. Control Unit
2. Memory
3. I/O (Input Output)
4. System Bus.
 These components are organized around a common communication path called a Bus.

1. Microprocessor:

 The microprocessor is a clock driven semiconductor device consists of electronic logic circuits
manufactured by LSI (Large Scale Integration) or VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technique.
 MP is capable of performing various computing functions and making decision to change the
sequence of program execution.
 The microprocessor is in many ways similar to CPU , but includes all logic circuitry, including the control
unit, on one single chip.

Microprocessor

Fig 1 Microprocessor Based System with Bus Architecture.

 The microprocessor can be divided into three segments for the sake of clarity, as shown in fig 1 above.
a. ALU
b. Register Array
c. Control Unit.

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a. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):

 This ALU unit performs arithmetic operations such as addition & subtraction and
logical operations like AND, OR, and Exclusive OR.
 This is the area of the microprocessor where various computing functions are performed
on data.
b. Register Arrays:
 It is the area of MP, consisting of various registers identified by letters B, C, D, E, H,
L.
 These Registers primarily used to store temporary data during the executions of
Program.
 Some of the Registers can be directly accessible to the users through the instructions.
c. Control Unit:
 This unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to all operations in the
microprocessor based system.
 It controls the flow of data between Microprocessor, Memory and the Peripherals.

2. Memory:
 Memory stores information such as instructions and data in binary format (0 and 1). It provides this
information to the microprocessor whenever it is needed.
 Usually, there is a memory “sub-system” in a microprocessor-based system.
 This sub-system includes:
a. The registers inside the microprocessor used to hold data/result temporarily.
b. Read Only Memory (ROM) ; used to store information that does not change.
c. Random Access Memory (RAM) (also known as Read/Write Memory); used to
store information supplied by the user Such as programs and data.
d. The memory map is a picture representation of the address range and shows where the
different memory chips are located within the address range.
 To execute a program: the user enters its instructions in binary format into the memory. The
microprocessor then reads these instructions and whatever data is needed from memory, executes
the instructions and places the results either in memory or produces it on an output device.
3. Output Device:
o The Devices through which the final output (data and instruction) of the microprocessor is transferred
or displayed to the outside world is called Output Device.
o Examples: LEDs, Seven-Segment LED (Light Emitting Diode), CRTs, Printer, X-Y Plotter, Speaker,
Digital to Analog (D/A) Converter etc.
4. System Bus:
o The System bus is a communication path n\between the microprocessor and peripherals
o It is nothing but a group of wires to carry binary bits.
 All peripherals (and memory) share the same bus; however, the microprocessor communicates with
only peripherals at a time. The timing is provided by the control unit of the microprocessor.
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 The system bus connects the CPU with the main memory and, in some systems, with the level 2 (L2) cache. Other
buses, such as the IO buses, branch off from the system bus to provide a communication channel between the CPU
and the other peripherals.
 The system bus combines the functions of the three main buses, which are as follows:

 The control bus carries the control, timing and coordination signals to manage the various functions across
the system.

 The address bus is used to specify memory locations for the data being transferred. It is unidirectional.

 The data bus, which is a bidirectional path, carries the actual data between the processor, the memory and
the peripherals.
 The design of the system bus varies from system to system and can be specific to a particular computer design or
may be based on an industry standard.
 System bus characteristics are dependent on the needs of the processor, the speed, and the word length of the data
and instructions. The size of a bus, also known as its width, determines how much data can be transferred at a time
and indicates the number of available wires. A 32-bit bus, for example, refers to 32 parallel wires or connectors that
can simultaneously transmit 32 bits.
 The design and dimensions of the system bus are based on the specific processor technology of the motherboard.
This, in effect, affects the speed of the motherboard, with faster system buses requiring that the other components on
the system be equally fast for the best performance.

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Harvard architecture and Von Neumann

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Von Neumann Architecture

 It is named for Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann.
 The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-program digital computer.
 This architecture uses a Separate Central Processing Unit (CPU) and a Random Access Memory (RAM).
 Most modern computers inherit their basic design model from von Neumann's machine but are substantially more
complex.
 In this system, Both Programs (instructions) and data stored in RAM and the data to be processed is transferred from
RAM to CPU, and results are transferred back to RAM.
 Fig 1 below illustrates the block diagram of Von Neumann Architecture.
I/O

Result
Processing

Data Bus
Unit Operands

Status Opcode
Instructions/Data
Control
Data / Program
Unit Memory

Fig 1The Von Neumann Architecture

,,

The Von Neumann Architecture, the computer consisted of

a. A CPU, b. Memory and c. I/O devices.

 Since the program is stored in the memory. So, the CPU fetches an instruction from the memory at a time and executes it.
Thus, the instructions are executed sequentially which is a slow process.
 Neumann m/c are called Control flow computer because instruction are executed sequentially as controlled by a program
Counter.
 Such a computer implements a universal Turing machine, and the common "referential model" of specifying sequential
architectures.
 One shared memory for instructions (program) and data with one data bus and one address bus between processor and
memory. Instructions and data have to be fetched in sequential order (known
 as the Von Neumann Bottleneck), limiting the operation bandwidth. Its design is simpler than that of the Harvard
architecture. It is mostly used to interface to external memory.

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Von Neumann bottleneck

 The separation between the CPU and memory leads to the von Neumann bottleneck, the limited throughput (data transfer
rate) between the CPU and memory compared to the amount of memory. In modern machines, throughput is much
smaller than the rate at which the CPU can work. This seriously limits the effective processing speed when the CPU is
required to perform minimal processing on large amounts of data. The CPU is continuously forced to wait for vital data to
be transferred to or from memory. As CPU speed and memory size have increased much faster than the throughput
between them, the bottleneck has become more of a problem.

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