VOLTAGE DROP

CALCULATION
AND LOAD FLOW
ANALYSIS

PRESENTED BY:
LEMUEL T. LADERO,PEE
 • Graduated at Adamson University BSEE 2002
• Registered Electrical Engineer April 2003
• Registered Master Electrician April 2003
• Former Project Electrical Engineer at Voltage Electrical
Contractor Corp.
• Former Electrical Superintendent at Makati Development Corp.
• Former Engineering Head at Aboitiz Power Corp (Energy
Efficiency Department)
ABOUT THE • Presently the General Manager of Triphasic Marketing &
Engineering

LECTURER •
•
Managing Partner at Apparent Power Construction Services
Professional Electrical Engineer April 2017
• ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer (ACPE)
• ASEAN Engineer Registered (AER)
• Certified Energy Manager
• Electrical Consultant at Highcom Thermotech Inc.
• Electrical Consultant at Chemico Manufacturing Inc.
• IIEE Metro Central Chapter PEC Sub-Committee Chairman 2018-
2019
• IIEE Metro Central Chapter Board of Director 2019-2020
• Technical Lecturer in Power System (Fault Calculation and
Protection Coordination)
• Master of Science in Electrical Engineering – Mapua University
 VOLTAGE DROP
WHAT IS
• describes how the supplied
VOLTAGE
energy of a voltage source is
DROP? reduced as electric current
moves through the passive
elements.
• is defined as the amount of
voltage loss that occurs
through all or part of a circuit
due to impedance or
resistance.
Philippine The PEC view of Voltage Drop
Electrical under Chapter 2.10.2.1 FPN.no.4
Conductors for branch circuits as
Code View of defined in Article 1.0 must be sized
Voltage Drop to prevent a voltage drop
exceeding 3% percent at the
farthest outlet of power, heating
and lighting load, or combinations
of such loads, and where the
maximum total voltage drop on
both feeder and branch circuit to
the farthest outlet or load does not
exceed 5 % percent.
 Allowable Voltage drop for branch
Allowable circuits at the farthest outlet of
power, heating and lighting load,
Voltage Drop or combination of such loads is 3%
percent of the supply voltage.

The VD must less than or equal

to 3 percent of supply voltage.
VD ≤ 3%
 Allowable voltage drop on both
feeders and branch circuits to the
Allowable farthest outlet is 5 % percent of the
voltage supply, provided reasonable of
Voltage Drop operation.

Feeder + branch circuit

The VD of both feeder & branch
circuit must be less than or equal
to 5 % of supply voltage.
VD ≤ 5%
 𝟑 Relationship
of Three-Phase
Voltages

480Y/277V Wye-Delta Voltage Relationship

 The square root of three is the ratio of
the line-to-line or phase-to-phase voltage
(480 V) to the line-to-neutral or phase-to-
neutral voltage (277 V) in three-phase
power systems. Previous figure illustrates
𝟑 Relationship that this relationship is based on simple
of Three-Phase geometry.
Voltages The voltage relationship between 277 V
wye and 480 V delta from the next figure
can be thought of as simple right-triangle
geometry, where the hypotenuse is 277 V
and the adjacent side to the 30° angle is
half of 480 V, or 240 V.
 𝟑 Relationship
of Three-Phase
Voltages Wye-Delta Voltage Relationship – Right Triangle Geometry

the length of the 240 V side of both right triangles is

related to the length of the 277 V sides by the
cosine of 30°. Alternatively, we could have used
the 60° corner for reference in Figure 8 and stated
that the relationship between 240 V and 277 V was
defined by: sin(60°) = 0.866 = 240 V / 277 V to get
the same result. The approximate value of 0.866 is
actually √3 / 2, as one might expect from the
voltages
The Square Root of
Three in Three-
Phase Voltage-Drop
Calculations
Trigonometric
ratios in the unit
circle
Voltage Drop
Phasor Diagram Enlarged from Below

in IEEE Standard
141 (Red Book)

IEEE Phasor Diagram of Voltage Drop

Voltage Drop
Phasor Diagram
in IEEE Standard
141 (Red Book)

Vertical Components of Phasor

Diagram of Voltage Drop
Voltage Drop
Phasor Diagram
in IEEE Standard
141 (Red Book)
Voltage Drop
Phasor Diagram
in IEEE Standard
141 (Red Book)

If Conductor X > R, the Error Increases as

Power Factor Increases
Voltage Drop
Phasor Diagram
in IEEE Standard
141 (Red Book)

If Conductor X > R, the Error Increases as

Power Factor Increases
Phasor Diagram
of Resistance,
Reactance,
and
Impedance
Phasor Diagram of Resistance, Reactance, and
Impedance for 250 KCMIL Copper Conductors in
Steel Conduit at 0.85 PF
Phasor Diagram
of Resistance,
Reactance,
and
Impedance
Phasor Diagram of Resistance, Reactance, and
Impedance for 500 KCMIL Copper Conductors in
Steel Conduit at 0.85 PF
Phasor Diagram
of Resistance,
Reactance,
and
Impedance
Phasor Diagram of Resistance, Reactance, and
Impedance for 500 KCMIL Copper Conductors in
Steel Conduit at Selected Power Factor Values
Estimated Vdrop
Derived from
Impedance
Phasor Diagrams

Applying 300 Amps to the Impedance Phasor

Diagram for 500 KCMIL Copper Conductors in Steel
Conduit at Selected Power Factor Values
 Let’s see two most common methods for
calculation of voltage drop – approximate
and exact methods:

1. Approximate Method
Voltage Drop Voltage drop EVD = IR cos θ + IX sin
Formulas θ where abbreviations are same as
below “Exact Method”.

2. Exact Method # 1
If sending end voltage and load PF are
known
 where:
• EVD – Voltage drop, line-to-neutral, volts
• Es – Source voltage, line-to-neutral, volts
• I – Line (Load) current, amperes
• R – Circuit (branch, feeder) resistance,
ohms
Voltage Drop • X – Circuit (branch, feeder) reactance,
Formulas ohms
• cosθ – Power factor of load, decimal
• sinθ – Reactive factor of load, decimal

If the receiving end voltage, load current

and power factor (PF) are known.

ER is the receiving end voltage.

 2. Exact Method # 2
If receiving or sending mVA and its
power factor are known at a known
sending or receiving voltage.

Voltage Drop
Formulas or

where:
• ER – Receiving line-line voltage in kV
• ES – Sending line-line voltage in kV
• MVAR – Receiving three-phase mVA
 • MVAS – Sending three-phase MVA
• Z – Impedance between and receiving
ends
Voltage Drop • γ – The angle of impedance Z
• R – Receiving end PF
Formulas • S – Sending end PF, positive when lagging
 Single-Phase Formulas for Error and Actual
Vdrop:

Voltage Drop
Formulas

Three-Phase Formulas for Error and Actual

Vdrop:
 Example No. 1

What would be the voltage drop for a

12A load powered by 230 VAC with 3.5
mm2 conductors with a one way length
Calculations of 30 meters in PVC conduit. Lets
assume a power factor of 0.9.

Single Phase
VD = 2 x I x Z x L

3.5mm2; R = 2; x = 0.054
 = 25.84
cos  = 0.9
sin  = 0.48
 Example No. 1 (continuation)

2(0.9) + 0.054(0.48)
Z = 1.8 ꭥ / 305 meters @ PF 90
Calculations
Therefore

30
VD = 2 x 12 x 1.8
305
VD = 4.25V

%VD = 425
= 1.84%
230
 Example No. 2
What would be the voltage drop for a
50HP motor at 480V 3 with 100 mm2 with
a one way length of 70 meters in steel
conduit? Lets assume a power factor of
Calculations 0.85 which results in a value of 0.080 ꭥ /
305 meters (PEC Table 10.1.1.9) for
effective Z @ 0.85 PF. The full load current
for this motor is 65A.
VDROP = 3 xIxZxL
VDROP = 70
3 x 65 (0.080)
305
VDROP = 2.067 volts
 Example No. 2 (continuation)
This would be a voltage drop of
2067 V
x 100 = 0.43% ;
440 V
Calculations
Therefore
Voltage Line-Line will be
480 – 2.067 = 477.93V available @ the load
LOAD FLOW
ANALYSIS
 Load flow studies determine if system
voltages remain within specified
limits under normal or emergency
operating conditions, and whether
LOAD FLOW equipment such as transformers and
ANALYSIS conductors are overloaded.
Load flow studies are commonly
used to: Optimize component or
circuit loading. Develop practical
bus voltage profiles
LOAD FLOW
ANALYSIS
 1. Solve for Power Flow at Bus 1 and voltage Level at
Bus 3.
2. Determine the same if a 450 kVAR of capacitor is
connected at Bus 3

Solution:

1. Solution by Per Unit Method

1.1 Assume a common Power Base and convert
SOLUTION all impedances say, common Power Base = 150
MVA

150
%XU1 = = j1
150

150
%ZT1 = (0.0575tan -16) = 8.625  80.538
1
= 1.418 + j 8.508

VAZ
%Z =
VL 2
 (150 x 106)(0.4343 + j0.09633)
%Zcable1 =
(13,8000)2

= 0.3421 + j0.0758

2. Solve for total current

SOLUTION 419 + 335 – j259 – j208
IT(480v) =
0.48 3

= 886.907  -31.77
0.48 3

= 1066.78  -31.77
 1.3 Draw Z Diagram and simplicity

SOLUTION
 1.4 Solve for Voltage Level at Bus 3

%Z VL2 (1.7601 + j9.5838)(480)2

Ztotal = =
VA 150 x 106

= 0.0027 + j 0.0147 = 0.0149 79.59

SOLUTION
 VRN = 277 – [1066.78  -31.77 (0.0149  70.59)]
= 277 – 15.895  47.82
= 266.59  -2.5
VRL = 266.59 3
= 461.75 volts @ Bus 3
SOLUTION
1.5 Power Flow at Bus 1
P = Load + Losses
= [419 + 335 – j250 – j208] + 3[(1066.78)2(0.0027+
j0.0147)]10-3
= 763 – j517 kVA ; PF = 82.78%
SOLUTION
 2. Power Flow at Bus 1 and Voltage Level at Bus 3
when 450 kVAR is connected
2.1 Solve for Total Current

IT (480V) = 423 + 338 – j262 – j210 + j450

0.48 3

= 915.7  -1.66 aMP

SOLUTION 2.2 Solve for Voltage Level at Bus 3
 VRN = 277 – 915.7  -1.66 (0.0149  79.59)
= 274.5 volts
VRL = 274.5 3 = 475 volts @ Bus 3

2.3 Power Flow at Bus 1

P = Load + Capacitor + Losses
= [761 – j472] + j450 + 3 [(915.7)2(0.0027 + j0.0147)]10-3
SOLUTION = 768 – j58 kVA ; 770 kVA @ 99.7% Pf
FIRE PUMP
Article 6.95
Philippine
Electrical
Code
 ▪ Governing codes
▪ Scope of Article 6.95 of PEC/ Not
Covered
▪ What is a Fire Pump
▪ Most common type of fire pumps
▪ When is a fire pump required
Topics to be ▪ Automatic Fire Pump system and
Operation
discussed ▪ Planning for fire pump location
▪ Power sources for electric motor-driven
fire pumps
▪ Design Considerations and
Computations
▪ Summary
 PEC Philippine Electrical
Code (Article 6.95)
NFPA 70 National Electrical Code (NEC)
NFPA 20 The Standard for the Installation
of Stationary Pumps for Fire
Governing IBC
Protection
International Building Code
Codes IFC International Fire Code
NFPA 5000 Building Construction
and Safety Code
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
NFPA 110 Standard for Emergency
and Standby Power
Systems
 6.95.1.1 Scope under Philippine Electrical
Code
Article 6.95 covers the installation of electric
power sources and interconnecting circuits.
It also covers switching and control
equipment dedicated to fire pump drivers.

Governing Article 6.95 doesn’t cover:

1. Performance, maintenance, testing, or
Codes internal wiring of the system
components.
2. Installation of pressure maintenance
(jockey or makeup) pumps; Article 4.30
governs that, whether or not the fire
pump supplies these pumps.
3. Transfer equipment upstream of the fire
pump transfer switch(es).
 ❖ A Fire pump is an equipment that is
designed to provide the required
water pressure and flow to sustain a fire
What is a Fire protection system as part of the
emergency life safety system.
Pump?
❖ The fire protection package consist of
▪ adequately sized fire pump(s),
▪ jockey pump(s),
▪ Necessary controllers and drives
▪ disconnecting means, transfer
switch(es),
▪ Properly sized wiring and other
accessories.
What is a Fire The core principle of Art.
6.95 is that the fire pump
Pump? motor must run no matter
what – because it exist solely
to protect the facility and
people who work there…..
 ELECTRIC
Most Common
Types of Fire ➢ Electric driven fire pumps are more
Pumps compact.
➢ Simple to design and maintain.
➢ Less of Environmental headache.
➢ No need for external fuel storage
facilities. But,
➢ Entirely infrastructure dependent.
Most Common DIESEL
Types of Fire
➢Requires combustible liquid fueling /
Pumps refueling area.
➢Requires a dedicated fuel storage for
its operational sustainability (5.07
liter/Kw or 1 gal/HP plus 10% -
NFPA 20). However,
➢Diesel fire pump can operate
anywhere as long as there is fuel.
 ▪ The Fire Code of the Philippines
requires all buildings higher than
When is a Fire 15 meters (measured from the
Pump Required? road) to be provided with
sprinkler system.
▪ the largeness and height of the
building.
 Automatic Fire Pump System Uses Two Pumps:
▪ The main Fire Pump which delivers the large
water volume to the sprinkler system during
fire.
Automatic Fire ▪ The smaller (low flow/ high head) Jockey
Pump System Pump that maintains the pressure of the
system during normal condition
and Operation (compensating for normal low water volume
losses due to plumbing leaks).

▪ Operation - In case of fire however, and

sprinkler head(s) opens, there will be a
considerable pressure drop in the system over
what the Jockey Pump can supply for, then
the main Fire Pump starts to deliver the high
water volume required to quench the fire.
 Fire Pumps must be protected against:

Planning For ▪ Explosion and Fire

Fire Pump ▪ Rain and Sun

Location ▪ Flooding and Earthquake

▪ Vandalism and other conditions.

Therefore, fire pump location should be

selected properly.
 ❖ Location for the Fire Pump in a room
with at least:
▪ 2 hrs. of fire rating or separation (for
buildings not sprinklered and high
Planning rise)
Considerations ▪ 1 hr. (for sprinklered building but not
including high rise)
should ▪ 15.3 meters (50’) away from the
building when installed outdoors.
include: (NFPA 20 Section 4.12, IBC Section
9.3)
▪ For special requirement for High Rise,
refer to NFPA 4.12.1.1.2 (10)

❖ Fire Pump rooms must be dedicated for

the fire pump and its associated
equipment only.
 Section 6.95.1.3 Electric motor-driven fire
pumps shall have a reliable source of power

❖ Reliable power supply As defined by NFPA 20

Power Sources (Annex A) means:
Requirement for ▪ The power supply has not had any
shutdowns for longer than 4 hours in the
an Electric Motor previous year.
Driven Fire Pump ▪ Has not experienced power outages that
were not caused by natural disasters or
grid failures.
▪ The fire pump has not been supplied by
overhead conductors.

❖ An alternate power supply from a standby

generator as an emergency power
alternative source.
 Section 6.95.1.3 (a) Individual Sources

Power Sources A single power supply source to the fire

Requirement for pump(s) under Section 6.95.1.3 of the PEC
mandates that
an Electric Motor ▪ this be from a reliable power source
Driven Fire Pump ▪ capable of carrying indefinitely the
sum of the locked-rotor current (LR of
the fire pump(s),the pressure
maintenance (Jockey) pump
motor(s) and the full load current of
the associated fire pump accessory.
 Section 6.95.1.3 (a)(1) Electric Utility Service
Connection

The fire pump(s) shall be permitted to be:

Power Sources ▪ Supplied by a separate service, or a tap
Requirement for ahead of and not within the same cabinet,
enclosure, or vertical switchboard section
an Electric Motor of the disconnecting means (see Figure A)

Driven Fire Pump Section 6.95.1.3 (a)(2)

▪ “On-site Power Production Facility’’ that is
continuously running ( a standby generator
does not meet this requirement)

Section 6.95.1.3 (b) Multiple Sources

• Multiple Sources or feeders from two or
more sources.
Power Sources
Requirement for
an Electric Motor
Driven Fire Pump
FIGURE A
 A. Power Conductors
connected to the Fire Pump
and Motor
Design B. Voltage Drop of conductors
Consideration C. Overcurrent Device
Selection
D. Transformers
E. Pump controllers
 A. Code Requirement in Sizing
CONDUCTORS CONNECTED TO THE FIRE PUMP

▪ 125% of the full load current of the fire

pump motor and jockey pump loads plus

Design 100% of the auxiliary loads.

▪ Wire sizes shall be adjusted to maintain a
Consideration voltage drop
➢ Starting Of not more than 15%
(using the locked rotor value) from
the source to the controller (line side)
➢ Running 5% voltage drop using
115% of the full load current of the
fire pump from the source to the
motor terminal which ever conductor
size is larger.
 A1. Steps in Sizing Conductors
1. Determine the motor full load current
from the motor nameplate or from the
Table
2. Multiply the full load current by
Design 1.25 per Table 4.30.14.4 Full load
current PEC
Consideration 3. Select supply conductor size per Table
3.10.2.6 PEC based upon the
current calculated in step 2. Use
75 degree Celsius column as
appropriate.

3.1 Conductors from controller to

wye delta or Part winding motor
(6 leads)
 3.2 Part winding – Each conductor
carries 50% of the motor full load
current
3.3 Wye delta – Each conductor
carries 58 percent of the motor full
Design load current.

Consideration 3.4 Parallel conductors may be

required for large motors

4.Verify that the conductor size will provide

compliance with the voltage drop
limitation
5.Consult motor manufacturers connection
diagram for proper connection to
controller.
 Section 6.95.1.6 Wiring Methods

❖ Conductor runs shall be protected, either run

outside the building or in Rigid Steel conduit or
intermediate conduit encased in 50mm (2’’)
concrete when run inside the building .

Design ❖ All wiring from motor controllers to the pump

motors shall be in:
Consideration ▪ rigid metal conduit or
▪ intermediate metal conduit or
▪ liquid tight flexible metal conduit or
▪ liquid tight flexible non-metallic conduit
type LFNC-B or
▪ fire resistant cables (MI – mineral insulated) –
can be used to add to the reliability of the
fire pump wiring.

❖ 1 hour fire rating is required for Fire pump wiring.

 C. Overcurrent protection for individual sources
must comply with 6.95.1.4 (a) or (b):

1. Individual Sources. The OCPD(s) must

be selected or set

▪ to carry indefinitely the sum of the locked-

Design rotor current of the largest fire pump motor
and pressure maintenance pump
Consideration motor(s), plus 100 percent of the full-load
current of the other pump motors and fire
pump accessory equipment.

▪ If the locked-rotor current value doesn’t

correspond to a standard OCPD size, use
the next standard OCPD size per 2.40.1.6 of
PEC. The requirement to carry the locked-
rotor current indefinitely doesn’t apply to
fire pump motor conductors.
 2. Assemblies. Overcurrent protection
must be provided by an assembly listed
for fire pump use. The OCPD must not
open:
▪ Within 2 minutes at 600 percent of
the full-load current of the fire pump
Design motor(s).
Consideration ▪ With a re-start transient of 24 times the
full-load current of the fire pump
motor(s).
▪ Within 10 minutes at 300 percent of
the full-load current of the fire pump
motor(s).
Also, the trip point for the circuit breaker
must not be field adjustable.
 Sizing the automatic transfer switch

1. Initially, size the ampere rating of the

transfer switch to be equal to or next
size greater than the required feeder
conductors.
Design
2. Verify that the over current device used
Consideration on the utility line side, CB1, does not
exceed the maximum allowable circuit
breaker or fuse size allowed for the
transfer switch. If it does, increase the
transfer switch rating to one that
includes CB1 as an allowable upstream
breaker.
 Sizing the generator circuit breaker

The objectives for sizing and selection of this

overcurrent device are:

1. Where a generator serves the fire pump, PE C

4.30.1.6 permits you to use the values in Table
4.30.14.4. Instead of setting the circuit breaker at
Design locked rotor, Table 4.30.4.2 sizes the circuit
breaker at a maximum of 250 percent of the
Consideration largest motor, Then the FLC of all the other
motors (jockey pumps) that are being fed by
the generator must be added.
2. selectively coordinating this breaker with locked
rotor protection within the fire pump controller,
and
3. having sufficient available fault current from the
generator to clear a faulted fire pump circuit
without opening other branches of the
generator supplied emergency system.
 D. Transformers – Section 6.95.1.5
A. SIZE –Section 6.95.1.5(a)
If a transformer supplies an electric fire pump
motor, size it at least 125 percent of the sum of the
fire pump motor(s) and pressure maintenance
pump(s) motor loads, plus 100 percent of the
ampere rating of the fire pump’s accessory
Design equipment [695.5(A)].

Consideration B. OCPD Section 6.95.1.5(b)

Size the primary OCPD to carry indefinitely the sum
of the locked-rotor current of the fire pump
motor(s) and pressure maintenance pump
motor(s), plus 100 percent of the ampere rating of
the fire pump accessory equipment. Secondary
overcurrent protection isn’t permitted. The
requirement to carry the locked-rotor currents
indefinitely doesn’t apply to fire pump motor
conductors.
 E. PUMP CONTROLER
Special considerations for Fire Pump Controllers
a. Service Disconnect – Special rules
pertaining to the service disconnects In
order to minimize inadvertent
disconnection
Design b. Conductor Protection
Consideration 1. Special overcurrent and physical
protection requirements for the power
supply conductors exist to minimize
potential interruption during a fire.
2. Coordinated overcurrent protection of
the motor branch circuit conductors to
trip the circuit breaker in the fire pump
controller rather than an upstream
device
 c. No motor overload protection – Fire pump
motor protection is limited to locked rotor
and short circuit protection only
d. Critical components- Certain conductors
and electrical components are not
protected from overcurrent in the interest
Design of getting a distressed pump going
e. No Ground Fault Protection – Ground Fault
Consideration protection is prohibited
f. Control Circuits:
1. External control circuits that extend
outside the fire pump room shall be
arranged so that failure of any external
circuit (open or short circuit ) shall not
prevent operation of pump(s) from all
other internal or external means
 ▪ Pump controller is required to be near the
pump which it controls
➢ Prudence dictates that the controller
should be installed at least 300mm
(12”) above ground to avoid water
Design damage.

Consideration ▪ Pump controllers need to be listed.

▪ Pump controller normally starts the pump
motor on reduced voltage but It is also
equipped with a bypass switch that
shunts the starter in case of emergencies.
Hence, the motor is started on a Full
Voltage Across the Line resulting in the
locked rotor current.
Listed

Listed fire pump controller transfer switch

 ▪ The PEC requires the fire pump to run at up to
a locked rotor current which is about 6 times
the full load current.
▪ Protective device (from the normal power
source) shall be rated to carry the locked

Listed rotor current.(preferably with an

instantaneous trip and no ground fault
protection).
▪ Protective device shall be locked in the closed
position to avoid accidental power
interruption to the pump. Disconnects to the
fire pump shall be marked “Fire Pump
Disconnecting Means”. Letters shall be at
least 25mm (1”) in height and visible without
opening the enclosure.
 ▪ If an alternate power supply is from a standby
generator set, the code does not require it to
be sized to carry the locked rotor current.
▪ Reduced starter tends to address and
alleviate the burden of the locked rotor

Listed current on the generator set (since the

generator set is only required to take on the
Fire Pump running current).
▪ Listed transfer switch (color red for fire pump)
is required to be located at the pump room
for the transfer of power to the emergency
generator supply. Again, the protective
device at the generator supply is marked
and can be locked in the closed position, to
avoid nuisance power interruption
 1. Ensure continuity of power.
It is very important that the fire pump is
powered continuously and inadvertent
power disconnection is averted.
2. Lock the disconnecting means.
Summary Make sure that the disconnecting means is
not accidentally exercised, interrupting the
power to the fire pump.
3. Allow the locked-rotor current.
▪ The overcurrent device should be set to
allow locked rotor current to flow without
tripping.
▪ The conductors are sized to no less than
125% of the full load current of the fire
pump motor and 100% of the auxiliary
loads that the circuit supplies.
 4. Carry only the full load current.
The overcurrent protection device
between the generator and the fire
pump controller is not required to carry
the locked rotor load of the fire pump
motor.
Summary 5. Design feeding through a transformer.
▪ The primary overcurrent protection
device has to be set to allow the
locked rotor current of the fire pump
and the full load of the associating
loads.
▪ The secondary overcurrent
protection is not allowed.
 6. Account for voltage drop.
The voltage drop at the fire pump
controller be 15% or less.
7. Protect conductors
▪ The conductors supplying the fire
Summary pump need to be protected from
physical damage.
▪ The conductors should be routed
outside the building if feasible.
▪ If routed inside the building, the
conductors have to be encased in 2
in.(50mm) of concrete.
 The Fire Pump being an essential element in
the Life Safety system must be maintained
every now and then.

End of
Presentation THANK YOU!