m

2, beiu au charachenche euahoms for fotoweng fep

ftopt. it) T Pup Plopo
cS-R Pu'p flops
(ov) k fp ttop
D fup topt

S-R pfops

H
R S

0
0

D Up foP

O0
 etiep
T' T

ODo

o
rg1

J
D

D
D

D'tfrenu befwun hafeh and flpftop stuow how R lup

now SR uG

ftap ohow can be on verid D up PoP

Conu tion 0 -R flp fuop

eto
fup-pop.
SR fap fap-
SR
fup op u imilar to S-R tatch txpeef clock
ehgnal and anND gahs. u etrault reponels to dutw da
oclock pul to tunputt Sand R .
D fuiy fop
Dfup tuop á a modiHed sk tup wuld has an

addih mal r l u . LA pruns a ipus from beamn

 vallu D f - Yop.
fup- ftop m
Spt
Shpt for conuurom caaracltn'ahe ub lip- fo
tubG o D Up-0P
tonshtt au
Stp 1 u
aud eratiton tabb 4 -R fup: fop
S

Stp 2: Usun etut-map cuu ftnd diu boc t an exprtnom

and R tn tm f

S D D =

Stp 3: u concnut "s erut dngram u enunom 7

S-R
fup-fop nlo D
flp- fp.

3.
Explau u wookung o7 SR lateh NOR gdhs qnol
sluow
uung
hoce hhe R lath be wud fo
can wrVh dibounwg.
ssA smplt letch etp be Conshueud by ahhvalu co fud ba
u) lo a NOR 9ali cir coit.
 th olcatd a tu iputs a -R -0. hu i cu ca
ean ou
a
sfab wrth =0 anod =1,
s e

lf

S1 R-0 - -o
te memoe
S0 R:0
8f t ciaut beca
aS=o4 R-o stabb con d
octpet
P1 fuds vlo a t torclng
omd

t r l o f t gah allowmDÝ ca, olp o6eto be

- o a d - 0 tud
b s-1 of a l becalM
circut becaiu
S 1 4e> o ? t n wnstab.covdtAbm
T

both bputs and outp t a lord 9

7O u Ceond fal.
cend fal.
d i0 changto1, Loadný
uurfor
20

0o
co

S0 -1
S-o R0 =0 g:1 i ah L m
 not
nat charg
l
taat
t b
b ee
a aa
w g 1 fedk
Thi dotuit ofu clarg
a) S-0 4 lro
causwg P o m a
0.

6ac o * w f H gat bact o

o P wiU Cun abang baceo1
l u n aang

6 0 R: 1 S wiu becaw e-4 t u t

to g-1 a n d hpat

thd outp dt to 0
oultaony

R o O mditHo valat
R0

Latch ra PrOperlg n E
are
both 1 . PG) and a 6 ofh O.

T ney d'ag ramo - R lafeh

un cluang to 1 out tum 91, chavgu to 1 a suowed

urnt (92e4ponee me o dlay i 7 Cath) Lalt
At um ?a
R umu AP elangs back -to O, dbu v t Chaog
f vn4 3 chan gs 9o 7, and chanya bak to a a hoa
uvu (E) talu.
V dur aton lu S tor R) DpPt Palet wrost nom aly b
drat 9tat ad
Ordrfor a
chage 6 u tfat
 on equaluen a t exprta u
next Stai aloeh ui 9ma
i l p r s shal and p u wft be eferrcdto a anat
Stal equalion cha acefs4t eguaton.
Tu otabl talu tlo Latl a cirtleod. Nol a t Yor al Stal
P- exept wlun = R:1 -Mabog R -1, a olo eat tmbinat
tii
aullo vws eimplityung tu next-fal equalioin.
Prsent Next Steu *
prSnt Outpcu P
Stall SRSR SR SR
SR eR SR LR
O6
01
1 1
O

0
0
0

Lnpdt no?
allouwd

-R Latal oftn wwd as a Component n m Comp

-U latlea end fip- topd aund asyn chronouw yrluny

Ano tur ungul applucod 0 t -R lath for dbeun ui
9euiluo.
 40 amedh anitas Suif opehed a cloed. Thu 3tn veh
wmtact
qtt r
w dd 70
o bralh or bounu epn and ctostd
eural

befor s& ettlg

befon LUlig do wn to uut foal p o i o .
unts
1 proclus a nefvy transim and tud nois ean co eefevt
produce
nefy
afh
wfh tu pre Opertllon a lofe ti ait.

Cwrtk

at 6

T TuL ipus fo uu with Clu fovrwrg i'g. coph o

ttuu
rtsk tor oeonettd to
to a doopc1 4u). tlu pad- ototon

onfacha a ano6 a s / luat tlln tuu uitcd td 6eltuw a 2

b u latch t h p l l s e co0 aluways 6e af cogjt 0, and

zu tatt etpat wit not ehoo p sfali

r i tars n olla9am oluous auor happens slun stita

Htbpec frt 6.
* at th
Scwitelh uaus a, bowras o c u r
u R ipat , alr
P u A aracts b, bounts octur a7 iput

ttu Swit acltw

&huorf dlay lafcl Srat

ttu Sevtek ernfa t boru

S. ohat up-tlop? explau de gat D- latch t e f a nea

ditgrom and tnwg dgram.

Bns Uppep a o u wst ch

6Pt}dara
On k two kall t p t t a'1' and oer orpac0 r a o.

Latd
Gy atd D
a a d D tsu/9iu 9 . beoto) 4as i p u , a data
1Dnd a gal /p l 9) 7h b RtTd Can 6e conrucledA

auns-R lath and gtrs

does
l n 6 -0 S= k - O) $ no4

and D 1, S:1 and P:0, e0 o 1 whp 6> 4 fO»6

Ln okur woitc, uhin I , tu eutpe fotoos th bcbpu

add wlun G0. Hu i p u t holete d t valu yp.
Tu typ of latdh d quo ePrrid to cda ran spaitnt
La th becaust uwl , du hpy u dmu as Difp.
from d ruth tab4, t eluaracl itthe eqn. frr Ct latch

L
 rut tabe.
D

D
0

01
1
G'g GD

, byi u
vi pm en talan 7-fap fop tom Dfup-fop
Tfu'p-foPt naku d bg D
ip ftop
and antcdun w - OP 9a
Ttu D tip á 7 to g': ¬T
8't rg wtdch t tu cl arackerish

Qt= T +7g'
T
charactri sA eqn.
map
tu abu.
 Asfgoment 2
,Evplau tu operalow peat olilcto circuft cofh neat l t .
-Peak dtcor oluttck lotds u mort valu allauey bora
by tdu lp ional
attaho

Ng

Durng penilbui haly eyol a n ipat Dod comduds g

capaa br ouarqu
capae'lb h peat yaluu o u eipw. lapoalor
taur 4 charga valu k n/cad and wnt l

-chargs uth auelp o7 soitd

rhu op-anp conn eckd as a Yoltage folocwer and lg
outpud otagg will be equal to u rop CTO Capacio
drop
wicl pnui peat ual 7 u Ppleo uota arss
osl Mma uat foy long peiols Unht net mort ighr
peak otturd at au pu
for -w
tor - y aput, a dibol unnm brutd anol
capaci rtans uotage.
hu peat uauu at 91 Cannot be eog niktd h u lhs
han pruousy oeutel peak h du p ignal,
pePel
VO

cat

- Vs a t

frans fos chara cktnshes

waufprms
peak d tolas

04 Drw UL DC loadltn and DC palvý

maut z pt. o

t for s bax bas. Pumi B- 1bo and neguct VBE-

VgE
Vce 3cU
1.Sm
sk

6te Ry 1.s MA t.sY o°J

Re =sk

Negt t v
VOuA
XIO
Re Re

fe m A
 Vt Va
-

Je

30-0

be lcad une
wun Se 0 Ver VeRe

fwwun Uer:0
CVe-SeRe
Vcr feR

V =6mA.

- *Vcea

08. Jn u erultsloucn el'con

Rp 2yok2 Rc 2 ak2
ransíslor eita f SD. Dra t De

ltad ue and krmiu tu operulni4

peuit.

V 12 V
 .9U
Vgt
Vcc-VaE 2-0.+

Sa: 41.0 u A

SDXy9.0suA
Se
Se 35 mA

VeF Ve -Le e
= 12
-.35 Y ro x».0 1o
I2 -S-19
VcE 6-83V.
DC Load u e :
s.
whin Jc: o, ce Vc 12
wrhun UeE O 23

O Vec S Re

I us69,s o.s2,,
12 '
T S. 45 m A

with u ue lp
tp neat urait dia qra and wau fon
Cxplauh u eovobny p n p 7 otlavalioi. oscitlao?

Dns
tns lularalion eseiatos do nen- toear elechonie oscatlor
ctrulf at 2covais ceniuolL
b» tapschu
90n
9inusof adad op ignad
an guuar / Sawtco a'YH,
C

wW Vgal

-Vaut
V
Vs a

Vo
vs a
T

Thu cir cuft leotcs tEI comparalor and fudbatt ntieore.

S e l i t g gtt whe zhl ocdpu
RR ferm
rm an thu ting .

Vo a Usat s fudbact vO Hag tnoasn as pp hehot

hrceho

Yolt a VU7
Vr RlVcad)

when oukput voHag i

voHag Ve at -kat fu dback to#ar u
toown as lowt hashold voltag V,7.
V7
Ver Rr Veat)
Rr4 R

trtguuny sosu'daton found by onefan r'g w thu

alun by capaibr fo charge r u o Vr and u Lsa,
by
hu capad@r etburge f79- V VoHagt d a femclws iy
ouunby
Vl4) =Vmax +(Vit4ta/ Vmar )e
Con efder dtt thuargng o capacilo0 vm Vey toVvr ,Vor
ihsvan tanteus uol a , Uy hí viad voNag af 9 a I vel=

CO cap Rcalr cacild ur

 VurVsa lu,-Urss), E"leyc

Vsas-Vor

Vsat Ver
og ov bo He ncls
Vnat - Vor

Usas-Vr Vt-Ver
Vsas-VT LVs-Vur

Amoult tume tatn by capaeilor To tuarge fom Uyr to V

Prmoult

to Ver
i taual fo char9g-trt capad r prm Vr
a RyClogat -Ver |
Tuni tabnfor 0 u oscilIatios, T- e, =

Vsat -or
puny fo= r
Rc o Voas -Vr
Vsat-VoT
fm ea and 6
Vsat
ac
Vaa- Vaat Vsar
Re
'TRRg Ch 2R+R
R

TPotal me cquind for 1 ostidalioi

 Stplauj vo Hag turnt and u*aat
o uokag
ans volta to utrnt
onuar ei tú fioatin load.
R
A
ww
w Vcc
Vo

lcad
R tu fto atung load.
Sunc uo lHage at mos Vf.

' t é ebser ud aat #u sami Ulrrunt lo es

ugA a,
Stgna souru and load,
Thtrfon n a eoUnA kousy
be ub h
pouid i loud drtuui.
o Hag o uont tonuyra1 i t roundd load
R R
w w

whin end ts load gr0unolkd, it i not poa?b

7
placu u oad itht fud bac toop 7 p-amp. he
rnnt uuO UGu du load ten be caloulatd a

Vo-V
R

lead
-U + Wo-VA
R
 R
wtf, hy = 1 + 2

Vo Vz
fun
R

hus urrent Ii proporttonad o uoha at bpd T applbr

urrent to
voka onuror l to U to eonatt tto V,
OP ampp edrutt
bngicer thu mp

w
gVer
Vo

Sna, cutr tnt MiLough du p-amp ngaGi64.

By
By ufrlu al goound conup?, a moclt A á gre mded Dodl
wfu be uir tually groundc Thutso Va 0,
R
.'. Uo&L edput pwpootfordto du ipat curdnt
D Ad iraft sCrk a4 to eonuter.
bt. 0 i t a no n non- uiear mpupre
970 n- lnear ap a}rer a efrauf wulch 9ues mo-
un ear tlalhoisslup 6/w eapas and odp af iy rali.
Non- lun ear rap giOalios Caen be acletuc u eimph way
beycast onnceher a non- i e a r do:bt u e h as PN Fuo tha
 oltods fudbaok pah.
t o tu eircuit ououn eloco, lar9e ehange ei d/p
trtot ve kr
(aus small ehang otpe vetast. hi cdrul' d a
ampufrer, ar net tu 0P vo ta togav'Am 7 pu uetaa

Vet

R Vo
VEE
Ln tu #9., diod b wd - u udbact pali, By
groend Conapt hod & d
9rDundid oedi n asd be urtllirtual
9 Odd p:0.
R

ut be CUrrut huougk Tu oliod, Uokag a C& 08 dtod

U e , nu Ua= o, votbaz atrOH di'od -V

wMut, U uoltaay sauiyatnt

Anet a t Hoougk opamp í nigli6

fppealia:
Thuy o d bioly bula n ditito s.

)wist ú ach u pf tr? lovm pon aclu fUs and paiut f a

 nd
hcluu Op-unp cus achu olme, aditoo
capaci los au patu elumots.

y enclo na a
capottr d prdsot loep, idutbs tuas

acbhus furr can be obiohed

Prwith tornponds such au eperalov apip,rnsalr
and othur achuu lments acihu
an kro a n au frto.
PasiuLMs
PRlers wi wmpound uuh l e s wit
a a p , ratslos and COpounds an knoan
Gtulr a chut th muos
pasta f brs
bcluHhn nguins ttu L do not nled an ekHrv ar
erna poe upp ly for Poat w a for epratiomo
peratb

D to
pud6act toop4 tnd Pasn'uffce haue a 6etir

for gu latng au achiu habjtty and can irtaod

t mpound maMy on ib ai
t0lallon and nof
lAas fu qun ey l l tatr Tlu auw no auitahon
dut. fo aih' olnmenks s t e t f t qalny.

hln ur ulks at morc

Compa c and uss y and a bcetky und uauy t
bptral h grtat speud ha tun. Thty con gumt m o
POatr op<ra aith tus
Can be fa bn otlud bo lC
Speed.
DitRoult twfashcal in
ypom md proolu ctioy matig
Cfoam u dy dergud
mgdidcnt compoun ds.