Theoretical Grammar

6. Morphemes and principle of their classification

The Morpheme – is the smallest meaningful unit having sound form and occurring in
speech only as part of a word.

Classifications of morpheme:

 According to meaning: lexical (roots): sing, pen, boy; grammatical (inflections):

pens; lexico-grammatical (affixes): deforestation.
 According to form: free (can stand alone as a word): sad, bamboo; bound (depend
on their meaning on being conjoined to other terms): distinction, useless; semi-
bound (can function as a free morpheme and a bound morpheme): a man of forty –
mankind.
 According to linear characteristics: continuous (linear): lived; discontinuous: be +
ing; be/have + en; be + ed.

MORPHEME

Mode of Free Free Free Bound Bound Bound Semi-

function ↓ ↓ bound
↓
Meaning Lexical Lexi- Gram Lexical Lexi- Gram Gram
↓ gram gram

Representatives Root 1
Vmodal V aux Derivatives Affixes: Inflexions
words 2
V link ↓ ↓ 1
Prefixes 1outer
↓ 3
Post- 2
Suffixes 2inner
Positives 3
zero
Examples Boy, run 1
can, Do, Boys, runs 1
re-, un- -est, -ed
1

may will, 2
–ful, 2
foot-feet
2
be, seen have -dom 3
boy, red
3
up, out
Zero morpheme has no graphic representation, sound image, meaning of its own.
Cannot be separated from the word.

Polysemantic Morphemes – express several grammatical meaning at a time. The

inflexion –s in the word form: “He reads” signals the meaning of: singularity, third
person, common aspect, indicative mood, non-perfect.

Monosemantic Morphemes – express only one grammatical meaning at a time: big-

bigger – biggest

Synonymic Forms – differ from one another by their structure. The inflexion –s and
–en for the plural number (boys, oxen)

7. Grammatical categories of the Noun and Verb.

 Grammatical categories of the Verb

Tense – denoting the reflection of objective division of time: present/past/future (I) +

future in the past (future II)

Mood – expressing any supposition: non-fact (the subjunctive mood and the
conditional mood), fact (indicative mood), command (imperative mood)

Voice – active, passive (the subject is not the doer of the action)

Aspect (duration) – marks the duration of the action in the form of the verb as
opposed to unmarked duration in the other member of aspectual opposition.
Continuous – Non-continuous; Perfect – Non-perfect

Person-Number is a joint category has one common exponent –s: third person, sing.
present, formal expression, in the auxiliary verbs be, have. It stands outside opposition
in the verbal system.

Grammatical categories of the Noun

Number is related through the opposition: the singular form – the plural form; is
restricted in its realization by the dependent implicit grammatical meaning of
countableness, uncountableness; is realized only within subclass of countable nouns.

The singular form may denote: oneness (individual separate object): pin;
generalization (the meaning of the whole class): The dog is a domestic animal;
indiscreteness (or uncountabieness): rain, water.

The plural form may denote: the existence of several objects (books), the inner
discreteness (trousers), a set of several objects (wheels of the vehicle), various type of
referent (wines).

All nouns may be subdivided into three groups:

1) The nouns in which the opposition of explicit countability/uncountability is

expressed: book – books.
2) The noun with homogenous number forms. The number opposition is not express
formally is revealed only lexically and syntactically in the context: Look! A sheep
is eating grass. Look! The sheep are eating grass.
3) The nouns in which this opposition is not explicitly expressed but revealed and
lexical correlation in the context. There are two groups here: Singularia tantum
(whole group made up of similar items: baggage, food, fruit; fluids: water, tea;
solids: cheese; gases: air) Pluralia Tantum (names of objects consisting of several
parts: pants, scales; names expressing collective meaning: goods, wages; some
innormal states of the body: creeps.

Some grammatical peculiarities of uncountable nouns:

Plularia Tantum Nouns:

 Scissors, sweets, wages – are;

 Phonetics, politics – is/are (Is politics taught at your college (science); What are
you politics? (політичні переконання);
 Series, species – is/are (depending upon the context)

But! Physics – only is.

Singularia Tantum Nouns:

Collective nouns (foliage, machinery – is);

Names of attributes (cattle, police, people – are; poultry – is/are).

Noun of mixed nature:

Fish, trout – is/are (Much fish is exported now. There are only three fishes in the net)

Sheep – is/are (I see a sheep. Sheep are useful animals).

Case There are two cases – Common and Genitive. There are no cases at all:

 the form ‘s is optional because the same relation may be expressed by the
‘of-phrase’: the doctor’s arrival – the arrival of the doctor;
 ‘s may be appended to the whole group; The man I saw yesterday’s son;
 It may follow a word which is not a noun, as in somebody else’s book.

Agentive Case John opened the door.

Instrumental Case The key opened the door.
Dative Case John gave his friend some money.
Factitive Case The key was damaged.
Locative Case Chicago is windy.
Objective Case John stole the book.

The category of case (The common case – The Genitive or Possessive Case)

Possessive Genitive Mary’s father – Mary has a father.

Subjective Genitive The doctor’s arrival – The doctor has
arrived.
Objective Genitive The man’s release – The man was released
Adverbial Genitive Two hour’s work – X worked for two hours
Equation Genitive A mile’s distance – the distance is a mile
Mixed Group Yesterday’s paper – Nick’s school

Gender The meaning of gender may be expressed by different means;

  Lexically: man – woman, cock – hen, bull – cow;
 By the edition of a word: grandfather – grandmother, male cat – female cat;
 By the use of suffixes: host – hostess, hero – heroine.

8. Syntactic relation. Principal and secondary members of the sentence.

 The principal parts of the sentence are the subject and the predicate. The subject is a person-
modifier of the predicate. The predicate is a process-modifier of the subject-person. They
constitute the backbone of the sentence. The secondary parts of the sentence are the object,
the attribute, the adverbial modifier.
 The secondary parts of the sentence modify the principal parts or each other. The object is a
substance-modifier of a processual part. The attribute is a quality-modifier of a substantive
part. The adverbial is a quality-modifier of a processual part or the whole of the sentence.
D. PRINCIPAL PARTS
Subject
■ The subject is the principal part of a two-member sentence which grammatically
independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part (the
predicate) is grammatically dependent, i. e. in most cases it agrees with the subject in number
and person. The subject can denote a living being, a lifeless thing or an idea.
 Subjects are typically nouns or other pronominal units and any dependent words before or
after it:
The teacher told the class to sit down. (determiner + noun)
Doesn’t he eat meat? (pronoun)
Spring is like a breath of fresh air after a winter indoors. (noun)
Callum is so good at sport. (proper noun)
They don’t open the shop on Sundays. (pronoun)
Surfing is becoming more and more popular. (gerund)
The wounded were taken good care of. (substantivized adjective)
Of course, the two were quite unable to do anything. (numeral)
To live is to work. (infinitive)
 It as the subject
Don’t drink the milk. It smells terrible. – notional personal
It’s the best flat we’ve seen so far, isn’t it? – notional demonstrative
I know it’s going to rain today! – formal impersonal (denotes natural phenomena)
It’s getting a bit late now, so let’s watch a DVD at home, shall we? – formal impersonal (denotes
time and distance)
It’s good that she’s doing more exercise. (or, more formally: That she’s doing more exercise is
good.) – formal introductory (introduces or ‘anticipates’ the subject or object of a sentence,
especially when the subject or object of the sentence is a clause. Most commonly, such clauses
are to + infinitive and that clauses.)
It was nice to talk with them again. (or, more formally: To talk with them again was nice.) –
formal introductory (introduces or ‘anticipates’ the subject or object of a sentence, especially
when the subject or object of the sentence is a clause. Most commonly, such clauses are to +
infinitive and that clauses.)
It was his sister who ran the marathon in New York, wasn’t it? – formal emphatic
It's great living here. – formal introductory (to express opinions)
It's nice to meet you. – formal introductory (to express opinions)
We also use it when a clause is the subject of a verb such as appear, seem, look, occur, which
soften the statement, making it less direct:
It seems they’ve all lost contact since they met at the wedding.
It occurred to me that we might visit them while we are in South Africa.
Predicate
■ The predicate is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or
quality of the person or thing denoted by the subject. It is grammatically dependent upon the
subject.
■ The predicate may be considered from the semantic or from the structural point of view.
According to the meaning of its components, the predicate may denote an action, a state, a
quality, or an attitude to some action or state ascribed to the subject. These different meanings
find their expression in the structure of the predicate and the lexical meaning of its
constituents.
► The simple predicate  is expressed by a finite verb.
Adam lives in Bangor.
The telegram contained exciting news.
► The compound nominal predicate : link V + predicative (i.e. complement = a nominal part of
speech: N/ Adj/ ProN)
We completed the project and won a prize.
The mail was late.
► The compound verbal modal predicate : a modal verb / phrase /a verb with a modal
meaning + non-finite verb form
You should have told me about it yesterday.
He is sure to be waiting for us.
After getting lost, Susan decided to learn how to read maps.
► The compound verbal aspect predicate : a verb with the meaning of the beginning,
repetition, duration or cessation of the action + non-finite verb form
I kept glancing at her through the rest of the play.
I used to write poetry myself when I was his age.
That view had come to give him a feeling of ease and happiness.
► There is a type of predicate in which we have elements of two types of predicates – the
mixed predicate. Such predicates contain three components.
~ The compound modal nominal predicate.
He greatly longed to be the next heir himself.
Don't think I mean to be unkind.
~ The compound aspect nominal predicate.
The grey house had ceased to be a house for family life.
I began to feel rather hungry.
~ The compound modal aspect predicate.
And all the while he felt the presence of Pat and had to keep on resisting the impulse to turn
round.
Something happened nearly a year ago that altered my whole life. I had to begin living all over
again.
He ought to stop doing nothing and criticizing everybody.
► There is a special kind of predicate expressed by a phraseological unit, such as to get rid, to
take care, to pay attention, to lose sight, to have a wash, to give a push, etc.
When we clear the forests we get rid of such inconveniences.
I went to the bathroom and had a good wash for it had been a dusty journey.
She gave an unkind throaty laugh.
The characteristic feature of this predicate is that the first component, i. e. the finite verb, has
lost its concrete meaning to a great extent and forms one unit with the noun, consequently the
noun cannot be regarded as an object to the verb. This can also be easily proved by the
impossibility of putting a question to the second component.
E. SECONDARY PARTS
Object
■ The object is a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun that is affected by the action of a verb.
Types of Objects
Objects can be:
► Direct objects are the results of action. A subject does something, and the product is the
object itself. It is the thing or person that is affected by the action of the verb.
They didn’t take their mountain bikes with them.
A: Have you seen the car keys?
B: Yes I had seen them earlier.
► Indirect objects receive or respond to the outcome of an action. An indirect object is usually
a person (or animal) who receives a direct object. The indirect object always needs a direct
object with it and goes before the direct object.
She gave the dog its dinner.
Do I owe you some money?
► Objects of a preposition (prepositional) are nouns and pronouns in a phrase that modifies
the meaning of a verb and are managed by prepositions. 
My childhood was passed with a grandmother. (Dickens)
I want to thank you for your kindness.
► Cognate objects
There is a special kind of object in English which has the following peculiarities.
~ It is used with intransitive verbs though it has no preposition.
~ It is expressed by a noun which is either of the same root as the verb or is similar to it in
meaning.
But she died a dreadful death, poor soul...
He’s lived a life and traveled the world lifting people’s spirits, sights, motivation.
He slept a deep leaden sleep, and dreamed of the submarine.
Rachel smiles a pretend smile back.
They had danced a single dance in London, and now they spent an afternoon together.
The warrior died a horrible death and had been dragged into the pits of hell.
► Complex object
The direct and the prepositional indirect object may be simple and complex.
The complex object consists of two components, of which the second stands in predicate
relation to the first. The two components form an indivisible unit and consequently must be
regarded as one part of the sentence. The complex object can be non-prepositional and
prepositional.
I observed Agnes turn pale.
Thus these two waited with impatience for the three years to be over.
The first component of the complex object is a noun in the common case or in the possessive
case, a personal pronoun in the objective case, or a possessive pronoun; the second is an
infinitive, a participle, a gerund, seldom a noun, an adjective, a word denoting state, or a
prepositional phrase.
He hated her to work in the boarding house.
On looking towards her again, I perceived her face clouded with embarrassment.
He could see the man and Great Beaver talking together.
She thinks herself very clever.
As he spoke, he felt himself unusually on edge.
 It as the object
Sometimes the pronoun it is used as a real (notional) object.
She pulled out a cigarette and let it dangle between her lips unlighted.
But sometimes it only introduces a real object expressed by an infinitive or gerundial phrase or
by a subordinate clause. In this case it is a formal introductory object. The formal it is mostly
used after certain verbs followed by adjectives (sometimes nouns). Here belong such verbs as
to think, to find, to consider; to make, etc.
He found it impossible to utter the next word. – notional
She made it clear from the beginning that she had come with Bing. – formal introductory
(introduces or ‘anticipates’ the subject or object of a sentence, especially when the subject or
object of the sentence is a clause. Most commonly, such clauses are to + infinitive
and that clauses.)
Attribute
■ The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence which qualifies a noun, a pronoun, or any
other part of speech that has a nominal character. The attribute can be either in pre-position or
in post-position to the word it modifies.
The attribute of a noun may be an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, a numeral, an adverb, a
participle, a gerund, an infinitive or a phrase.
Fresh milk is wholesome. (Attribute – an adjective)
The room above is large. (Attribute – an adverb)
His voice shook. (Attribute – a possessive adjective)
He himself said this. (Attribute – an emphatic pronoun)
A rolling stone gathers no moss. (Attribute – a participle)
She hated the idea of borrowing. (Attribute – a prepositional gerundial phrase)
Birds of the same feather flock together. (Attribute – a prepositional phrase)
His will to live pulled him through the difficult times. (Attribute – an infinitive)
■ The apposition is a special type of the attribute which is expressed by a noun, often with
accompanying words.
~ The close apposition consists of a proper name and a common name which explains it. E.g.
Professor Brown, Mount Doom, the city of London.
~ When we use two noun phrases next to each other in a clause, and they refer to the same
person or thing, we call this the loose or detached apposition. The loose or detached
apposition follows the modified word and is separated by commas. The second noun phrase
tells us something more about the first noun phrase (its identity or its qualities).
The living room,  the biggest room in the house, looks out on to a beautiful garden. (The living
room and the biggest room in the house are the same room.)
Timothy,  their youngest child, is very musical. (Timothy and their youngest child are the same
person.)
We can also reverse the order of the phrases:
The biggest room in the house,  the living room, looks out on to a beautiful garden.
Their youngest child, Timothy, is very musical.
Prof. Brown, our teacher, knows something.
Kennedy, President of America, was assassinated.
Adverbial modifier
■ The adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb, an
adjective or an adverb.
According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial modifiers.
► Adverbial Modifier of Place and Direction. Identifying questions: where? where to? where?
how far? where from?:
He lives far from his parents.
► Adverbial Modifier of Time. Identifying questions: when? how often? how long?:
We owned an Alsatian dog once.
► Adverbial Modifier of Manner. Identifying questions: how? in what way? by what means?
Prepositions which may introduce them: with, without, by, by means of, with the help of, etc.:
Hooper danced badly, but with great energy.
► Adverbial Modifier of Cause (Reason). Identifying questions: why? for what reason?
Prepositions which may introduce them: because of, due to, owing to, on account of, for the
reason of, thanks to, etc.:
Thanks to my parents I got a decent education.
► Adverbial Modifier of Purpose. Identifying questions: what for? for what
purpose? Prepositions which may introduce them: in order, so as ( never used before an
infinitive complex), for (introduces nominal or gerundial phrases):
Jane has come to help us.
► Adverbial Modifier of Result. It refers to an adjective or adverb accompanied by an adverb
of degree too, enough, sufficiently, so… (as; too signals a negative result; enough suggests a
necessary amount of quality to perform the action; sometimes modifies a noun with qualitative
meaning; so… as implies a realized action:
It is too cold to go out.
► Adverbial Modifier of Condition. Identifying questions: in what case? on what
condition? Prepositions which may introduce them: but for, except for, without; conjunctions if,
unless:
Without faith there can be no cure.
►Adverbial Modifier of Concession. It shows an idea that is in contradiction with what is
stated in the modified part of the sentence. Identifying questions: in spite of what? Prepositions
which may introduce them: in spite of, despite, conjunctions though, although, if:
Despite his smile, the man was difficult to deal with.
► Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances and Subsequent Events. It states a fact that
accompanies the event presented by the modified part of the sentence or an event following
the event presented:
We walked three miles without meeting anyone.
He woke up to see that it was dayligh
► Adverbial Modifier of Comparison. Conjunctions introducing them: than, as, as if, as
though, etc.:
A mountain is higher than a hill.
► Adverbial Modifier of Degree. Identifying questions: how much? to what extent?:
The story is extremely long.
SYNCTATIC RELATIONS

E. THE COMPOUND SENTENCE

■ The compound sentence is a composite polypredicative construction built on the principle of
coordination. Coordination can be expressed either syndetically or asyndetically:
 syndetically, i.e. by means of coordinating conjunctions (and, or, else, but, etc.) or conjunctive adverbs
(otherwise, however, nevertheless, yet, etc.). E.g.: The darkness was thinning, but the street was still
dimly lighted.
 asyndetically, i.e. without a conjunction or conjunctive adverb. E.g.: The rain fell softly, the house was
quiet. (Collins).
■ The main semantic relations between the clauses connected coordinatively are copulative,
adversative, disjunctive, and causative-consecutive. Accordingly we can distinguish the
corresponding types of coordination.
► Copulative coordination (єднальний зв’язок) expressed by the conjunctions and, nor, neither … nor,
not only … but (also). With the help of these conjunctions the statement expressed in one clause is
simply added to that expressed in another.
It was a nice little place and Mr. And Mrs. Smith were proud of it.
► Disjunctive coordination (розділовий зв’язок) expressed by the conjunctions or, else, or else,
either…or, and the conjunctive adverb otherwise. By these a choice is offered between the statements
expressed in two clauses.
He knew it to be nonsense or it would have frightened him.
► Adversative coordination (протиставний зв’язок) expressed by the conjunctions but, while,
whereas and the conjunctive adverbs nevertheless, still, yet. These are conjunctions and adverbs
connecting two clauses contrasting in meaning.
The room was dark, but the street was lighter because of its lamps.
►Causative-consecutive coordination (причинно-наслідковий зв’язок) expressed by the
conjunctions for, so and the conjunctive adverbs therefore, accordingly, consequently, hence.
For introduces coordinate clauses explaining the preceding statement. Therefore, so, consequently,
hence, accordingly introduce coordinate clauses denoting cause, consequence and result.
After all, the two of them belonged to the same trade, so talk was easy and happy between them.
F. THE COMPLEX SENTENCE
■ The complex sentence is a composite polypredicative construction built up on the principle of
subordination. The complex sentence of minimal composition includes two clauses – a principal one and
a subordinate one.
■ The subordinate clause is joined to the principal clause either by a subordinating connector
(subordinator) or, with some types of clauses, asyndetically, without subordinators.
 Syndetically, i. e. by means of subordinating conjunctions or connectives. E.g.: He thought that the
train arrived at 6. 
 Asyndetically, i. e. without a conjunction or connective. E.g.: The book you gave me is very interesting.
■ The subordinate clauses are:
► the subject clause;
► the predicative clause;
►the object clause;
► the attributive clause;
► the adverbial clause.
►The subject clauses perform the function of subject to the predicate of the principle clause and
answer the questions Who? What? E.g.: What you say is interesting. Subject clause are connected with
the principal clause by means of that, whether, if, who (whom), whose, what, which, when, where, how,
why, whoever, whatever.
► The predicative clauses perform the function of a predicative nominal part of the predicate. E.g.: The
trouble is that I have lost his address. Predicative clause is connected with the principal clause by means
of the same subordinators as in case with subject clauses: that, if, whether, as if, as though, what,
when… E.g.: The difficulty is whether we shall be able to get documents in time.
► The object clauses perform the function of an object to the predicate-verb of the principal clause and
answer the questions Whom? What? About what? For what? E.g.: He told us that he felt ill. Object
clauses are connected with the principal clause by means of the same subordinators as in case with
subject and predicative clauses: that, if, whether, as if, as though, what, when. E.g.: He told them what
he had seen there.
► The attributive clauses serve as an attribute to a noun (pronoun) in the principal clause. This noun or
pronoun is called the antecedent of the clause. Attributive sentence answer the
questions What? Which? E.g.: I know the man (antecedent) whom you mean.
► The Adverbial clauses perform the function of an adverbial modifier. It can modify a verb, an
adverbial modifier. It can modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb in the principal clause. According to
their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial clauses of:  time; place; cause (reason); 
purpose; condition; concession; result; manner; comparison.

G. THE COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

■ The compound-complex sentence combines elements of compound and complex sentences. A
compound-complex sentence is comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses.
Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very
much.
There was a song in every heart; and if the heart was young the music issued at the lips.
When we won the state championship, the team captain jumped for joy, and the fans cheered.
Oral topic

4. Traditional and Innovative Mass Media

Traditional Mass Media can be defined as a form of mass communication

available before the onset of digital media. This includes broadcast television, radio,
print, such as newspapers and magazines, and out of home, which mainly includes
billboard advertising. 
A newspaper is a publication printed on paper and issued regularly, usually once
a day or once a week. It gives information and opinions about current events and news.
There are some types of newspapers: free newspaper (offered free in racks at places like
coffeeshops), paid newspaper (have a cover price), tabloid (has small pages and not much
serious news), broadsheet (a serious type of newspaper that is printed on a large sheets of
paper).
Radio and TV are widely used in today's world. It is the quickest means
ofspreading news and information. Radio plays an important role inreflecting the life of
society and building opinions. It performs the service of information well enough but on
TV everything is much more real. Radio and TV keep us informed about current events,
extend the education,provide the cultural recreation, allow us to follow the latest
developmentsin science and politics and offer an endless number of programmers
whichare both instructive and entertaining. So they give us a lot of usefulinformation and
are exciting.
Magazines provide information on a wide range of topics such as business,
culture, hobbies, medicine, religion, science, and sports. Some magazines entertain their
readers with fiction, poetry, photography or articles about TV, or movie stars.Magazines
are designed to be kept for a longer time in comparison to newspapers and that is why
they are printed on a better paper and have covers. Magazines, unlike newspapers, do not
focus on daily, rapidly changing events. There are specialized magazines intended for
special business, industrial and professional groups, and consumer magazines intended
for general public. There are several kinds of consumer magazines.
The most popular and widespread modern mass media is Internet.
Everybody knows that the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces
hundreds of millions of users all over the world. The Internet has already entered our
ordinary life. It's hard to imagine our lives without Internet nowadays. It has become an
important part of every person's life. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be
counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet
today, because there are hundreds of millions of users and their number is growing.
The Internet is quickly becoming the center of mass media. Everything is
becoming accessible via the internet. Rather than picking up a newspaper, or watching
the 10 o'clock news, people can log onto the internet to get the news they want, when
they want it. For example, many workers listen to the radio through the Internet while
sitting at their desk. Even the education system relies on the Internet. Teachers can
contact the entire class by sending one e-mail. They may have web pages on which
students can get another copy of the class outline or assignments. Some classes have class
blogs in which students are required to post weekly, with students graded on their
contributions.

6. Youth Cultures and Generation Gap

The term youth culture refers to the ways that teenagers conduct their lives. Youth
culture can pertain to interests, styles, behaviors, music, beliefs, vocabulary, clothes,
sports and dating. The concept behind youth culture is that adolescents are a subculture
with norms, mores, behaviors, and values that differ from the main culture of older
generations within society.
Personal appearance is one of the most visible indicators of teen culture. Looking
at how young people dress and groom themselves is a powerful indicator of the current
state of youth culture. Twenty-first century youth seem to have a “less is more mindset,”
focusing on low maintenance hairstyles and minimal makeup, if any. Fashions tend to be
casual with modern youth.
Youth culture can also be seen in terms of the type of entertainment that is popular
among young people. Modern youth tend to connect with peers digitally, spending hours
interacting with friends via social media sites, whereas previous generations spent hours
talking on the phone. Video games have become important to many teens. Teens today
often spend hours playing online games, forming bonds with gamers that they get to
know in the virtual world. Even before online gaming, video games were a part of youth
culture.
Each generation of youth tends to engage in a bit of rebellion against societal
norms established by previous generations. For modern teens, environmental
responsibility is a major emphasis, Many teens commit to minimizing their
environmental impact and speak out to encourage others to do so. Youth in the 21st
century tend to be quicker to speak out and mobilize against injustice and in favor of
inclusiveness than previous generations.
Generation Gap
Generation Gap is the difference in the thought process of how people think and
perceive things. So, there are might be a generation gap between a parent and a child and
even between two friends, because one might think in the present, and other in the future.
There is no doubt that the problem of parents and children is one of the most pressing
issues in the modern world. Some people think that it is impossible to overcome
differences between members of different generations, while others insist that people of
different generations can meet each other halfway and even become bosom friends.
It is not uncommon that some parents often disapprove of their children’s musical
preferences, clothing styles, political views and choice of friends. In my opinion,
misunderstandings between parents and children cause many problems and may lead to
serious conflicts. One simple solution that can be put forward is frank and open deep
conversation. Hence, parents should understand that every child is an individual and that
to err is human. Besides, some parents put much pressure on their children to perform
well at school. In my view, parents should make children aware of the importance of
study in their life, but they should not punish them for bad grades. I am convinced that
the main task of every parent is to teach children the difference between right and wrong
and to establish trust relationship with them. So, parents must express deep concern, be
careful, sincere, loving and heedful of advice. They must also go with the times in order
to understand their adolescents better and not be too exacting and adamant.