VITAMINS OTHER NAMES ACTIVE FORM FUNCTION BIOCHEMICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL/ CELLULAR

FUNCTION ROLE
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin B1 ✓ Anti-neuritic Thiamine - Nerve tissue metabolism and conduction Decarboxylation - Energy production
THIAMINE vitamin pyrophosphate - Synthesis of neurotransmitters (Ach) Decarbonylation from carbohydrates
✓ Anti-beriberi (TTP) - Regulates nerve-impulse transmission - Nucleotide synthesis

B1 ✓
vitamin
Aneurin
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TTP) as coenzyme of enzymes catalyzing:
Pyruvate

α-Ketoglutarate
Pyruvate DH

α-Ketoglutarate DH
acetyl coA

succinyl coA
Glycolysis in the Krebs’s
cycle
Krebs’s cycle
Ribose 5-P + Transketolase Sedoheptulose 7-P + Pentose phosphate pathway
Xylulose 5-P Glyceraldehyde 3-P
Branched- chain α-keto acid oxidation
Vitamin B2 ✓ Vitamin G Flavin adenine - Electron transfer Oxidation-reduction - Energy production
RIBOFLAVIN ✓ Lactoflavin dinucleotide Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as coenzyme for: from foodstuff
(FAD) Pyruvate Pyruvate DH acetyl coA Carbohydrate breakdown - Lipid breakdown and

B2 Flavin
mononucleotide
(FMN)
Succinate

Hypoxanthine
Succinate DH
Glycerophosphate Glycerol 3-
phosphate DH
Xanthine oxidase
Fumarate
Dihydroxyacetone
-PO4
Xanthine
Krebs’s cycle
Triglyceride synthesis
Phospholipid synthesis
Purine catabolism
synthesis

Xanthine Xanthine oxidase Urate Purine catabolism

Acyl- coA DH fatty acid breakdown
Glutathione reductase Anti- oxidation
Assaying riboflavin status -
(erythrocyte GSH reducatase)
Flavoproteins in electron transport chain

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as coenzyme for:

L-amino acid oxidase
Cytochrome C reductase

Vitamin B3 ✓ Nicotinic acid Oxidized form: - Electron transfer Oxidation-reduction NADH

NIACIN ✓ PP factor - NAD NAD and NADP as coenzymes of: - Energy production
✓ Nicotinamide - NADP Lactate Lactate DH Pyruvate from foodstuff

B3 ✓ Niacinamide
Reduced form:
-
-
NADH
NADPH
Malate
Hydroxybutyrate
Glucose
Isocitrate
Malate DH
Beta-OH-butyrate DH
Glucose DH
Isocitrate DH
Oxaloacetate
Acetoacetate
Gluconate
Alpha-ketoglutarate
-
-
Lipid synthesis
Lactic fermentation
NADPH
- Synthesis of lipids,
Glutamate Glutamate DH Alpha -ketoglutarate + Ammonia nucleotides &
neurotransmitters
- Antioxidation
- Detoxification of drugs
& toxins
- Anti-pathogen action

BIOCHEMISTRY B: VITAMINS 1 SAMSON, A.C.B.

 Vitamin B5 ✓ Filtrate factor Coenzyme A - Component of coenzyme A which functions in the transfer of acyl groups Acyl transfer - Energy production
PANTOTHENIC ✓ Everywhere - Component of acyl-carrier protein domain of fatty acid synthetase from foodstuff
ACID vitamin Pyruvate +CoASH Pyruvate DH complex Acetyl CoA - Fatty acid synthesis
α- Ketoglutarate CoASH α- KG DH complex Succinyl CoA

B5 Fattyl acid + CoASH

Ketoacyl CoA + CoASH
Detoxification of benzoic acid
Synthesis bile salts
Thiokinase
Thiolase
Acetyl CoA
Acyl CoA + Acetyl CoA

As acetyl CoA
- Combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid- first step the Krebs’s cycle
- Combines with choline to form acetylcholine
- Combines with sulfonamide drugs to facilitate their excretion
- Precursor of cholesterol/ steroid hormones
- Activation of some amino acids: valine, leucine and isoleucine
- Essential function in lipid metabolism
As succinyl CoA
- Involved in heme biosynthesis
As acyl carrier protein
- Involved in fatty acid biosynthesis
- Extra-mitochondrial lipogenesis

Vitamin B6 ✓ Amino acid Pyridoxal - Precursor of pyridoxal phosphate - Transamination - Amino acid breakdown
PYRIDOXINE metabolism phosphate (PLP) - Coenzyme for several enzymes for amino acid metabolism - Racemization - Glycogen breakdown
PYRIDOXAL vitamin - Synthesis of ceramide - Decarboxylation
PYRIDOXAMINE ✓ Rat anti- - Synthesis of neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, & GABA - β/γ- elimination
dermatitis - Synthesis of histamine

B6 ✓
✓
factor
Adermin
Rat anti-
pellagra factor
-
-
-
-
Synthesis of porphyrins
Cofactor of glycogen phosphorylase
Coenzyme in protein metabolism
Coenzyme in carbohydrate and fat metabolism
✓ Vitamin H Amino transferases Amino acid breakdown
✓ Rat acrodynia Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen breakdown
factor Serine dehydratase Feeding serine’s breakdown product to
gluconeogenesis
Aminolaevulinic acid synthase Porphyrin synthesis

Vitamin B7 ✓ Anti-egg white Enzyme-bound - Carrier of activated carbon dioxide Carboxylation - Glucose & fatty acid
BIOTIN injury factor biotin - Coenzyme for carboxylation reactions synthesis
Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA carboxylase Malonyl CoA - Leucine synthesis

B7 Propionyl CoA
Pyruvate
Propionyl CoA carboxylase
Pyruvate carboxylase
Methylmalonyl CoA
Oxaloacetic acid

BIOCHEMISTRY B: VITAMINS 2 SAMSON, A.C.B.

 Vitamin B9 ✓ Folate Tetrahydro folic One-carbon group - Amino acid &
FOLIC ACID ✓ Folacin acid/ transfer nucleotide synthesis
Folic acid/ folate - Plays key role in one-carbon metabolism
✓ Pteroylglutamic tetrahydrofolate
- Essential for biosynthesis of several

B9 acid (PGA) (THF)

Tetrahydrofolate/ reduced folate
For biosynthesis of thymidine, AA, and purine
Carrier of one-carbon group moieties
-
compounds
Receives one-carbon fragments from
donors such as serine, glycine and
histidine and transfers them to
intermediates in the synthesis of amino
acids, purines, and thymidine
monophosphate (TMP)
- Most common form

N5-methyl-THFA Most prevalent form transported in the blood

N5, N10-methylene THFA Provides methyl group in the formation of
thymidylate for DNA synthesis and erythrocyte
formation
N10 formyl THFA Provides C atom that becomes C2 of purine
nucleus
N5-forminino THFA Histidine catabolism
N10-hydroxymethyl THFA Thymine synthesis

Vitamin B12 ✓ Anti-pernicious Coenzyme B12 - Acts as a cofactor of the one-carbon pathway, the synthesis of methionine: needed to produce - Intramolecular - Nucleotide synthesis
COBALAMIN anemia vitamin myelin and neurotransmitters that are needed for neurological development, maintenance rearrangements - Amino acid
✓ Extrinsic factor and functions - Methyl transfer metabolism

B12 ✓
of castle
Erythrocyte
maturation
factor
- Isomerization of methylmalonyl CoA: produced during the degradation of some AAs namely
isoleucine, valine, threonine, and methionine and FAs with odd-numbered carbon atoms
2 MAJOR FUNCTIONS
1. Transfer of methyl group methyl THFA to homocysteine to form methionine
-
-
Fatty acids breakdown
Folic acid regeneration

Homocysteine Methionine synthase Methionine

2. Rearrangement of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA by methylmalonyl CoA mutase
Methylmalonyl CoA Methylmalonyl CoA isomerase/mutase Succinyl CoA

Vitamin C ✓ Anti-scorbutic Ascorbic acid - Antioxidant - Proline - Collagen synthesis

ASCORBIC ACID vitamin - Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine in collagen formation hydroxylation - Antioxidation
- Hydroxylation of tryptophan in the synthesis of norepinephrine - Reduction

C -
-
-
-
Tyrosine metabolism
Hydroxylation of steroids in the adrenal cortex
Serves as reductant of ferric to ferrous ion
Involved in the conversion of folic acid to active THFA
- Involved in the hydroxylation of cholesterol to cholic acid
- Acts as regulator of cholesterol metabolism
MAJOR FUNCTION: coenzyme in the formation of tissue collagen or intracellular cement substance
Proline Prolylhydroxylase Hydroxyproline
Lysine Lysylhydroxylase Hydroxylysine

BIOCHEMISTRY B: VITAMINS 3 SAMSON, A.C.B.

 FAT- SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin A ✓ Retinol Retinal - Conversion of - Maintenance of
RETINOL ✓ Retinal Retinoic acid Beta-carotene - Stimulated by thyroid hormone, zinc, vit light to neural reproduction
✓ Retinoic acid E, insulin signals - Maintenance of vision

A ✓
✓
Β-carotene
Anti- infective
vitamin
Vitamin A1 alcohol (RETINOL) -
-

-
Reproduction
Differentiation of epithelial cells and
mucous production
Growth bone remodeling
- Growth factor -
-
-
Promotion of growth
Gene expression
Treatment of psoriasis,
acne, cancers
Vitamin A aldehyde (RETINAL) - Component of Rhodopsin
- Conversion of light to neural signals
- Oxidized to retinoic acid to act like
steroid hormones
Vitamin A acid (RETINOIC ACID) - Participates in glycoprotein synthesis
- Growth factor
All-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid - Regulate growth, development and
tissue differentiation

Vitamin D ✓ Vitamin D2: 1, 25- - Gene expression - Bone growth

CALCIFEROL Ergocalciferol dihydroxycholec 7-dehydrocholesterol - An intermediate in cholesterol synthesis - Calcium uptake
✓ Vitamin D3: alciferol - Converted to cholecalciferol in the dermis of humans

D ✓

✓
Cholecalciferol
Anti-rachitic
vitamin
Sunshine
(Calcitriol)

25-hydroxycholecalciferol
(CALCIDIOL)
vitamin 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
(CALCITRIOL)
24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
-
exposed to sunlight and transported to the liver bound
to vit D
Major form of vitamin D in the circulation and the major
storage form in the liver
- Stimulates gene expression or repress gene transcription
- Regulates plasma levels of calcium and phosphorous
(overall function)
1. Increasing uptake of calcium by the intestine
2. Minimizing loss of calcium by the kidney
Stimulating resorption of bone when necessary
- Another active metabolite of vitamin D3 formed in the
kidneys
- Less active

Vitamin E ✓ Rejuvenating Alpha- - Antioxidant in prevention of the nonenzymatic oxidation of cell components, particularly the - Reduction - Antioxidation
TOCOPHEROL vitamin (anti- tocopherol bilipid layer of the cell membrane - Regulation of enzyme
aging) - It helps scavenges free radicals stopping the chain of reactions that lead to damage and lipid action and different

E ✓ Anti-sterility
vitamin
peroxidation physiological
processes

Vitamin K ✓ Coagulation Menadione - Post-transitional modification of various blood clotting factors - Glutamate γ- - Blood clotting
MENADIONE vitamin Menaquinone Glutamyl residue γ-Glutamyl carboxylase γ-Glutamyl carboxyglutamyl carboxylation - Maintain bone density
MENAQUINONE ✓ Anti- Phylloquinone (Gla) residue
PHYLLOQUINONE hemorrhagic Vitamin K1 or Phylloquinone Major form of vitamin K found in plants
vitamin Vitamin K2 or Farnoquinone Found in putrid fish meal

K Menaquinone
Vitamin K3 or Menadione
Intestinal bacterial flora
The parent compound of the vitamin K series
Synthetic form of vitamin K which can be converted to
menaquinone when taken up in the body

BIOCHEMISTRY B: VITAMINS 4 SAMSON, A.C.B.