Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Two-factor

What is ANOVA?

 Stands for analysis of variance and tests for differences in the effects of independent variables on a dependent
variable.

Note: The t test is used to compare the means between two groups, whereas ANOVA is used to compare the means
among three or more groups.

 It is a statistical test used to analyze the difference between the means of more than two groups.

What is ANOVA Two-Factor Analysis?

 A two-factor ANOVA is used to estimate how the mean of a quantitative variable changes according to the levels
of two categorical variables. Use a two-way ANOVA when you want to know how two independent variables, in
combination, affect a dependent variable.

What is the difference between a one-way and a two-way ANOVA?

 The only difference between one-way and two-way ANOVA is the number of independent variables. A one-way
ANOVA has one independent variable, while a two-way ANOVA has two.

For Example:

 One-way ANOVA: Testing the relationship between shoe brand (Nike, Adidas, Saucony, Hoka) and race finish
times in a marathon.

 Two-way ANOVA: Testing the relationship between shoe brand (Nike, Adidas, Saucony, Hoka), runner age group
(junior, senior, master’s), and race finishing times in a marathon.

Assumptions of the Two-Factor ANOVA

1. Normality – The response variable is approximately normally distributed for each group.

2. Equal Variances – The variances for each group should be roughly equal.

3. Independence – The observations in each group are independent of each other and the observations within
groups were obtained by a random sample.

Example 1:

Suppose we want to explore

how a detergent and a particular water
temperature affect the dirt removal of
laundry. We also want to check if the
combined effect of detergent and
water temperature can affect the dirt
removal.
Example 2:

Suppose a botanist wants to know if plant growth is influenced by sunlight exposure and watering frequency.
She plants 16 seeds and lets them grow for one month under different conditions for sunlight exposure and watering
frequency.

After one month, she records the height of each plant. The results are shown below: The following are in
centimeters.

Formulate or state your hypothesis.

Note: Always po na 3 an hypothesis san two-factor ANOVA. Dapat meda an kada independent variable, and meda
liwat hypothesis regarding sa effect san independent variables to each other or interaction san independent
variables sa ka da usa. For example po an sa detergent and water temperature na factor san pagtanggal san dirt sa
imo laundry sa example no. 1. Pwede an water temperature na imo guin gamit is high, pero mas effective siya sa
detergent no. 1 dire sa detergent no. 2. At the same time an imo naman detergent no. 2 mas nagwowork sa low
water temperature dire sa high. So meda variation ngan effect an kada independent variables sa kada usa asya
kelangan ig test kun significant ba iton na variation. (Hehehe, hope nagets niyo)
LET A = No. of ALL samples/observations
B = No. of samples within each COLUMNS
C = No. of samples within each ROWS
D = No. of samples within each GROUPS
TC = “Total of Column”
TF = “Total of Row”

Steps to perform a two-way ANOVA by Hand

1. Calculate the Correction Term (Cx)

2. Calculate Sum of Squares Total (SST)

Note: Ig square mo ngatanan na

sample.

3. Calculate Sum of Squares of Column (SSC)

Note: Ig square mo an total san kada

column.

4. Calculate Sum of Squares of Row (SSR)

Note: Ig square mo an total san kada row.

5. Calculate Sum of Squares of Interaction (SSI)

Note: Ig square mo an total san kada

Group.

6. Calculate Sum of Squares Within/Error (SSE)

7. Fill in ANOVA Table

C – No. of Columns (Sunlight Exposure) = 4
R – No. of Rows (Watering Frequency) = 2
N – Total No. of plants = 16
n – No of. Plants in a group = 2

= Numerator Degree of Freedom

= Denominator Degree of Freedom

9. Interpret the results and make a conclusion or decision

Hypothesis no. 1

Since the computed value is greater than the tabular value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, the amount of
sunlight exposure has a significant effect in the growth of plants.

Hypothesis no. 2

Since the computed value is greater than the tabular value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, the frequency of
watering the plants has a significant effect on its growth.

Hypothesis no. 3

Since the computed value is greater than the tabular value, the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is no
significant difference in the interaction of the two factors.