ARSTRUC Module1 Introduction To Reinforced Concrete Design

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE

Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@gmail.com
ARSTRUC423: ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

Module 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete
1.1 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held together in
a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are
added to change certain characteristics of the concrete such as its workability, durability, and
time of hardening.
As with most rocklike substances, concrete has a high compressive strength and a very
low tensile strength. Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the
steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel reinforcing is
also capable of resisting compression forces and is used in columns as well as in other
situations, which are described later.
1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material
Reinforced concrete may be the most important material available for construction. It is
used in one form or another for almost all structures, great or small—buildings, bridges,
pavements, dams, retaining walls, tunnels, drainage and irrigation facilities, tanks, and so on.
The tremendous success of this universal construction material can be understood quite
easily if its numerous advantages are considered.
These include the following:
1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most other
materials.
2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water and, in fact, is
the best structural material available for situations where water is present. During fires
of average intensity, members with a satisfactory cover of concrete over the reinforcing
bars suffer only surface damage without failure.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low-maintenance material.
5. As compared with other materials, it has a very long service life. Under proper
conditions, reinforced concrete structures can be used indefinitely without reduction of
their loadcarrying abilities. This can be explained by the fact that the strength of concrete
does not decrease with time but actually increases over a very long period, measured in
years, because of the lengthy process of the solidification of the cement paste.
6. It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs, basement
walls, piers, and similar applications.
7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of
shapes from simple slabs, beams, and columns to great arches and shells.
Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 1

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8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel,
and water) and requires relatively small amounts of cement and reinforcing steel, which
may have to be shipped from other parts of the country.
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared with other materials
such as structural steel
1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

To use concrete successfully, the designer must be completely familiar with its weak
points as well as its strong ones.
Among its disadvantages are the following:
1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile reinforcing.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently. In addition,
falsework or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in place for roofs, walls, floors,
and similar structures until the concrete members gain sufficient strength to support
themselves. Formwork is very expensive. In the United States, its costs run from one-third
to two-thirds of the total cost of a reinforced concrete structure, with average values of
about 50%. It should be obvious that when efforts are made to improve the economy of
reinforced concrete structures, the major emphasis is on reducing formwork costs.
3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy members. This becomes
an increasingly important matter for long-span structures, where concrete’s large dead
weight has a great effect on bending moments. Lightweight aggregates can be used to
reduce concrete weight, but the cost of the concrete is increased.
4. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will be
relatively large, an important consideration for tall buildings and long-span structures.
5. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its proportioning and
mixing. Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully controlled as is
the production of other materials, such as structural steel and laminated wood.

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1.4 Reinforced Concrete Members in Building Structures

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Structural members in any structure must be designed to safely and economically support
the weight of the structure and to resist all of the loads superimposed on the structure. In
ordinary buildings, superimposed loads typically consist of live loads due to the inhabitants, dead
loads due to items permanently attached to the building, and lateral loads due to wind or
earthquakes. Some types of buildings must also be designed for extraordinary loads such as
explosions or vehicular impact.
Unlike other typical types of construction commonly used in building structures, such as
structural steel and timber, reinforced concrete construction possesses inherent continuity. Cast-
in-place reinforced concrete structures are essentially monolithic with reinforcement that
extends into adjoining members. As such, reinforced concrete members are analyzed as
continuous members in a statically indeterminate structure where bending moments, shear
forces, and axial forces are transferred through the joints. Understanding the behavior and
response of a reinforced concrete structure is imperative in the proper analysis, design, and
detailing of the members in the structure.
A. Slabs
Reinforced concrete structural systems can be formed into virtually any geometry to meet
any requirement. Regardless of the geometry, standardized floor and roof systems are
available that provide cost-effective solutions in typical situations. The most common types
are classified as one-way systems and two-way systems. Examined later are the structural
members that make up these types of systems.
It is common for one type of floor or roof system to be specified on one entire level of
building; this is primarily done for cost savings. However, there may be cases that warrant a
change in framing system. The feasibility of using more than one type of floor or roof system
at any given level needs to be investigated carefully.
One-Way Systems
A one-way reinforced concrete floor or roof system consists of members that have the
main flexural reinforcement running in one direction. In other words, reactions from
supported loads are transferred primarily in one direction. Because they are primarily
subjected to the effects from bending (and the accompanying shear), members in oneway
systems are commonly referred to as flexural members.
Members in a one-way system are usually horizontal but can be provided at a slope if
needed. Sloped members are commonly used at the roof level to accommodate drainage
requirements.
The load that is supported by the slabs is transferred to the beams that span
perpendicular to the slabs. The beams, in turn, transfer the loads to the girders, and the

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girders transfer the loads to the columns. Individual spread footings may carry the column
loads to the soil below. It is evident that load transfer between the members of this system
occurs in one direction. Main flexural reinforcement for the one-way slabs is placed in the
direction parallel to load transfer, which is the short direction. Similarly, the main flexural
reinforcement for the beams and girders is placed parallel to the length of these members.
Concrete for the slabs, beams, and girders is cast at the same time after the forms have been
set and the reinforcement has been placed in the formwork. This concrete is also integrated
with columns. In addition, reinforcing bars are extended into adjoining members. Like all cast-
in-place systems, this clearly illustrates the monolithic nature of reinforced concrete
structural members.
Two-Way Systems
As the name suggests, two-way floor and roof systems transfer the supported loads in
two directions. Flexural reinforcement must be provided in both directions.
The slab transfers the load in two orthogonal directions to the column-line beams, which,
in turn, transfer the loads to the columns. Like a standard one-way joist system, this system
is not utilized as often as it once was because of cost.

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B. Beams
Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical
loads. Quite often they are classified according to the way they are supported, as
indicated the figure.
Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment; however, if they are
short and carry large loads, the internal shear force may become quite large and this force
may govern their design.

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C. Columns
Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads are
referred to as columns.
 Lateral Ties – confinement to prevent buckling. It helps maintain the vertical positions
of the bars.
 Buckling Effect– due to moment and instability because of the applied compressive
force.

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D. Walls
In general terms, a wall is a member, usually vertical, that is used to enclose or
separate spaces in a building or structure. Walls are usually categorized as non–load-
bearing and load-bearing: A non–load-bearing wall supports primarily its own weight,
whereas a load-bearing wall supports loads from the floor and roof systems. Like columns,
load bearing walls are typically designed for the effects due to axial loads and bending
moments, and are referred to as members subjected to combined axial load and bending.

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E. Foundation
Foundation systems transfer the loads from the structure above to the soil or rock
below the building. There are primarily two types of foundation systems: shallow
foundations and deep foundations.
Footings and mats are two common types of shallow foundations. A spread
footing spreads the load from the superstructure above to the soil so that the stress in
the soil is less than its allowable bearing capacity.
Piles and drilled piers are deep foundations that are frequently used to support
columns and walls in building structures. Both types of foundation members extend
below the strata of poor soil to a level where the soil is adequate to support the loads
from the structure above.
1.5 Materials Used in Reinforced Concrete
A. Cement
Before the introduction of ordinary Portland cement, the lime was used as a cementing
material. Most of the cement concrete work in building construction is done with ordinary
Portland cement at present. But other special varieties of cement such as rapid hardening
cement and high alumina cement are used under certain circumstances. The cement should
comply with all the standard requirements.
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) recognizes five types of portland
cement. These different cements are manufactured from just about the same raw materials,

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but their properties are changed by using various blends of those materials. Type I cement is
the normal cement used for most construction, but four other types are useful for special
situations in which high early strength or low heat or sulfate resistance is needed:
Type I—The common, all-purpose cement used for general construction work.
Type II—A modified cement that has a lower heat of hydration than does Type I cement
and that can withstand some exposure to sulfate attack.
Type III—A high-early-strength cement that will produce in the first 24 hours a concrete
with a strength about twice that of Type I cement. This cement does have a much higher
heat of hydration.
Type IV—A low-heat cement that produces a concrete which generates heat very slowly.
It is used for very large concrete structures. Type V—A cement used for concretes that
are to be exposed to high concentrations of sulfate.
B. Aggregates
These are the inert or chemically inactive materials which form the bulk of cement
concrete. These aggregates are bound together by means of cement. The aggregates are
classified into two categories – fine and coarse.

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C. Steel
The steel reinforcement is generally in the form of round bars of mild steel. The diameters
of bars vary from 5 mm to 40 mm. Sometimes the square bars or twisted bars or ribbed-
torsteel are used as steel reinforcement. For road slabs and such other constructions, the
reinforcement may also consist of sheets of rolled steel of suitable thickness. The hybrid
which is a steel lath may also be used as steel reinforcement
D. Water
This is the least expensive but most important ingredient of concrete. The water,
which is used for making concrete, should be clean and free from harmful impurities such as
oil, alkali, acid, etc. In general, the water which is fit for drinking should be used for making
concrete.
It may be noted that sometimes the ingredients other than above are added in
concrete to give it certain improved qualities or for changing different physical properties in
its fresh and hardened stages. These ingredients or substances are known as the admixtures.
The addition of an admixture may improve the concrete with respect to its strength,
hardness, workability, water-resisting power, etc.

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E. Admixtures
Materials added to concrete during or before mixing are referred to as admixtures. They
are used to improve the performance of concrete in certain situations as well as to lower its
cost. There is a rather well-known saying regarding admixtures, to the effect that they are to
concrete as beauty aids are to the populace.
1.7 Loads on Structure

Once the structural form has been determined, the actual design begins with those
elements that are subjected to the primary loads the structure is intended to carry, and
proceeds in sequence to the various supporting members until the foundation is reached. In
order to design a structure, it is therefore necessary to first specify the loads that act on it.
A.) Gravity Loads - the vertical loads, due mainly to the occupancy, self-weight and snow
or rain, are commonly referred to as gravity loads.
B.) Dead Loads -dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members and
the weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure. The values for
dead loads are shown in NSCP Section 204, Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for common material
densities and minimum design dead loads for common components.
C.) Live Loads - live loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be
caused by the weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or
natural forces. NSCP Section 204, Table 205-1 provides recommended design live loads
depending on the use of the space.
D.) Impact Loads - when live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger
stresses than those that would be produced if the same loads would have been applied
gradually. The dynamic effect of the load that causes this increase in stress in the structure
is referred to as impact.
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E.) Wind Loads - when structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is
converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading. The effect of
wind on a structure depends upon the density and velocity of the air, the angle of
incidence of the wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the roughness of its
surface.
F.) Earthquake Loads - earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its
interaction with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings result from
the structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the lateral resistance of the
structure.
Symbols and Notations:

D = dead load
E = earthquake load
Em = Estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed on structures
L = live load
Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
W = load due to wind pressure

ARSTRUC Module1 Introduction To Reinforced Concrete Design

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DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE

ARSTRUC423: ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

1.1 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 1

1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 2

1.4 Reinforced Concrete Members in Building Structures

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 3

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 4

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 5

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 6

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 7

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 8

1.5 Materials Used in Reinforced Concrete

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 9

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 10

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 11

1.7 Loads on Structure

Symbols and Notations:

Introduction of Reinforced Concrete Design 13

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