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Nitin Saini Seminar

Computer Science and Engineering (MBM Engineering College)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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Quantum Computing
Seminar Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Computer Science Engineering
Submitted by
Nitin Saini: (Roll No. :- 19UCSE4010)

Under the Supervision of

Abhisek Gour
(Assistant Professor)

Department of Computer Science and

Engineering
MBM University, Jodhpur
April 2022

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Quantum Computing
Seminar Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree
of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Computer Science Engineering

Submitted by
Nitin Saini: (Roll No. 19UCSE401)

Under the Supervision of

Abhisek Gour
(Assistant Professor)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

M.B.M University, Jodhpur
April 2022

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Department of Computer Science & Engineering

M.B.M. University
Ratanada, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India –
342011

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work contained in this report entitled “Quantum Computing” is
submitted by Mr. Nitin Saini (Roll. No: 19UCSE4010) to the Department of Computer Science &
Engineering, M.B.M. University, Jodhpur, for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science Engineering.

I have carried out their work under my supervision. This work has not been submitted elsewhere for
the award of any other degree or diploma.

The seminar work in our opinion has reached the standard fulfilling the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science in accordance with the regulations of the Institute.

Abhisek Gour
Assistant Professor
(Supervisor)
Dept. of Computer Science & Engg.
M.B.M. University, Jodhpur

Dr. Nemi Chand Barwar

(Head)
Dept. of Computer Science & Engg.
M.B.M. University, Jodhpur

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DECLARATION

I, Nitin Saini, hereby declare that this seminar/project titled “Quantum Computing” is a record of
original work done by me under the supervision and guidance of Abhisek Gour.

I, further certify that this work has not formed the basis for the award of the
Degree/Diploma/Associateship/Fellowship or similar recognition to any candidate of any
university, and no part of this report is reproduced as it is from any other source without appropriate
reference and permission.

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

(Nitin Saini)
7th Semester, CSE
Enroll. - 18R/41151
Roll No. - 19UCSE4010

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure I, Nitin Saini presenting this seminar report as part of the curriculum of B.E in
Computer Science. I am extremely grateful to Mr. N.C. Barwar (HOD), Head of Department,
Department of Computer Science Engineering, for providing all the required resources for the
successful completion of my seminar report. My heartfelt gratitude to my seminar guide Mr. Abhisek
Gour(Assistant Professor, Computer Science Engineering) for his valuable suggestions and guidance in
the preparation of the seminar report. I express my thanks to my friends for all the help and
coordination extended in bringing out this seminar successfully in time. I will be failing in duty if I do
not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors of the and other literature referred to in this
seminar.

Thanking You
Nitin Saini

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ABSTRACT

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Quantum computing is a modern way of computing that is based on the science of quantum mechanics and
its unbelievable phenomena. It is a beautiful combination of physics, mathematics, computer science, and
information theory. It provides high computational power, less energy consumption, and exponential speed
over classical computers by controlling the behavior of small physical objects i.e. microscopic particles
like atoms, electrons, photons, etc.

Here, we present an introduction to the fundamental concepts and some ideas of quantum computing. This
seminar starts with Quantum Physics which is the base of Quantum Computing and then we discuss the
need for quantum computing and the imitations of the classical computers. After that we will start with an
introduction to quantum computing here we will discuss the superposition and the entanglement which are
the two main pillars of Quantum computing. After that, we will learn the Qubits and discuss how it is
different from the bits in our classical computers.

Then we will look into the history and origin of computing and after that, we will see what will be the
future of this technology. After this section, we will discuss some similar technologies through which we
can get the approx same compute capacity and power.

After that, we will look at some Application areas of quantum computing, and then we will also see the
limitations of quantum computing after that we will just conclude our seminar by giving a summary of the
study that we did in all the chapters.

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Contents

1. Introduction to the Topic

1.1. Quantum Physics

1.2. What is Quantum Computing?

1.3. Why Quantum Computing?

1.3.1. Limitations of classical computers

1.3.2. Moore’s Law

1.3.3. Study of matter at atomic level

1.4. Superposition

1.5. Entanglement

1.6. Bits n Qubits

1.6.1. Bits

1.6.2. Qubits

1.6.3. Bits vs Qubits

2. History, Evolution & Technical Details

2.1. History and Evolution

2.2. Future of Quantum Computing

3. Similar Technologies

3.1. The Memcomputer

4. Applications, Pros & Cons

4.1. Application of Quantum Computer

4.2 Limitations of Quantum Computing

5. Summary of Study

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References…………………………………………………………………
…..

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Quantum Physics

In the 1930s Max Planks came up with a new interpretation for the energy distribution of the light
spectrum. He started it all by unwillingly postulating that the energy of the photon was not
described by a continuous function, as believed by classical physicists, but by tiny chucks, which he
called quanta. He was about to start the greatest revolution in science in this century quantum
mechanics.

Some facts about the electrons acc to the Quantum Physics:-

● They can be both particles and waves:- I hope you remember an experiment we did in our
12th standard the Double Slit experiment in which a beam of light passed through a double
slit and strike a screen behind the slits an interference pattern of bright and dark bands is
formed on the screen. This proves that electrons act like waves but when the electron
propagates through space like a wave, it interacts at a point like a particle.

● An object can be in two places at once:- According to this property, an electron can be
placed at two positions at the same. This is the main property of an electron which is the
base model behind the Qubits which we are going to learn in this seminar later.

● According to a property of particles they have two copies and they are present in two different
universes and they are very far from each other but still, if we do some kind of changes in one
particle then it also reflects in another. It seems like a movie script but some research proves that.
And now scientists also trying to use this concept to transfer the data at a very higher speed.

1.2. What is Quantum Computing?

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Quantum computing is a type of computation that uses the power and properties of quantum states, such
as superposition, interference, and entanglement, to perform calculations. And the devices that perform
quantum computations are known as quantum computers.
Superposition and entanglement are two features of quantum physics on which these supercomputers are
based. This empowers quantum computers to handle operations at speeds exponentially higher than
conventional computers and at much lesser energy consumption.
1.3. Why Quantum Computing?

Before learning quantum computing there is a question will arise in the mind “why do we need the
Quantum Computers ?”.
There are some points below which help us to understand the need for quantum computing.

1.3.1. Limitations of Classical Computers

The classical computers though have become compact and fast, but cannot solve problems such as
factoring of a large integer. The large digit prime numbers are used to send messages in coded form. And
some NP-hard problems are also not solved by our classical computers because it takes too much time.
Currently, the single transistor on a chip is turned on or off by using hundreds of electrons.
Some major limitations of classical computers:-
• Power increase in a 1:1 relationship with the number of transistor.
•

1.3.2. Moore’s Law

Since 1949, the power of digital computers has grown exponentially. The trajectory of this growth
is known as "Moore's Law".
First proposed by Intel Co-Founder & CEO Gordon Moore in 1965, Moore noticed that the number
of transistors on an integrated circuit seemed to double at regular intervals.
In 1975, Moore predicted that computational power would double every 2 years for the foreseeable
future.
Moore's prediction has held accurate to the present day. It is now colloquially called a 'Law'.
1.3.3. Study of matter at the atomic level

Within a few short years scientists developed a consistent theory of the atom that explained its
fundamental structure and its interactions. Crucial to the development of the theory was new
evidence indicating that light and matter have both wave and particle characteristics at the atomic
and subatomic levels. Theoreticians had objected to the fact that Bohr had used an ad hoc hybrid of
classical Newtonian dynamic for the orbits and some quantum postulates to arrive at
the energy levels of atomic electrons. The new theory ignored the fact that electrons are particles

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and treated them as waves. By 1926 physicists had developed the laws of quantum mechanics, also
called wave mechanics, to explain atomic and subatomic phenomena.

1.4. Superposition:-

Quantum computers are based on quantum superposition.

Superposition allows quantum objects to simultaneously exist in more than one state or location.
This means that an object can be in two states at one time while remaining a single object. This
allows us to explore much richer sets of states. Using this property we introduced the Qubits.
Qubits is the smallest unit in a quantum computer, parallel to the bit in classical computers. A Qubit
can be both 0 and 1 at the same time, till the time it is observed. This property of the Qubit to be in
a superposition of 2 states at the same time is what provides the Quantum Computers with
exponential speedup when compared to Classical Computers.

Since computing power directly correlates to the number of computational states which exists at
the same time. In order to explain this let's take an example of calculating the shorted path between
two points in this scenario in we take more paths parallel then we can calculate the shortest path so
quickly. And that’s what the Qubits in the Quantum computers are exactly doing. With the help of
quantum superposition, our Qubits can take values between 0 and 1 at the same time hence we can
explore 2 paths at the same time.

And this is how we basically achieve parallel processing in quantum computers.

Unlike classical particles, if two states A and B are valid quantum states of a quantum particle, then
any linear combination of the states is also a valid quantum state: qubit state = α*A+β*B. This
linear combination of quantum states A and B is called superposition. Here, α and β are the
probability amplitudes of A and B, respectively, such that |α|^2 +|β|^2=1.

Only quantum systems like ions, electrons or superconducting circuits can exist in the
superposition states that enable the power of quantum computing. A quantum particle such as an
electron has its own “facing left or facing right” property, for example spin, referred to as either up
or down, so the quantum state of an electron is a superposition of "spin up" and "spin down".

Generally, and to make it more relatable to classical binary computing, if a quantum system can be
in two quantum states, these states are referred as 0 state and 1 state.

1.5. Entanglement

Quantum entanglement is the state where two systems are so strongly correlated that gaining
information about one system will give immediate information about the other no matter how far

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apart these systems are. This phenomenon baffled scientists like Einstein who called it “a spooky
action at a distant” because it violates the rule saying that no information can be transmitted faster
than the speed of light.

According to the research two particles are connected together and if we perform some changes in
one particle then it also reflects on the other particle and this action is happening so quickly(greater
than the speed of light) event they are very far from each other.

For example, it is possible to prepare two particles in a single quantum state such that when one is
observed to be spin-up, the other one will always be observed to be spin-down and vice versa, this
despite the fact that it is impossible to predict, according to quantum mechanics, which set of
measurements will be observed.

As a result, measurements performed on one system seem to be instantaneously influencing other

systems entangled with it.

So now scientists are basically trying to use this concept to transfer the data from 1 point to another
and this data transfer will be very quickly even greater than the speed of light which make the
revolution in the existing technologies.

In quantum computers, changing the state of an entangled qubit will change the state of the paired
qubit immediately.

Application of Entanglement:-

In Cryptography:- Cryptography is the process of exchanging information between two parties

using an encrypted code and a deciphering key to decrypt the message.

The key to cryptography is used to provide a secure channel between 2 parties. Entanglement
enables that. If two systems are purely entangled that means they are correlated with each other
(i.e. when one changes, the other also changes), and no third party shares this correlation.
Additionally, quantum cryptography benefits from the no-cloning theorem which states that: “it is
impossible to create an independent and identical copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state”.
Therefore, it is theoretically impossible to copy data encoded in a quantum state.

1.6. Bits n Qubits:-

1.6.1. Bits

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A bit is a binary digit, the smallest increment of data on a computer. A bit can hold only one of two
values: 0 or 1, corresponding to the electrical values of off or on, respectively. Because bits are so
small, you rarely work with information one bit at a time.

1.6.2. Qubits

Since we know the fact that an electron can be placed in two states at the same time so we use this
concept to store the data.

A qubit (or quantum bit) is the quantum-mechanical analog of a classical bit. In classical
computing, the information is encoded in bits, where each bit can have the value zero or one.
In quantum computing, the information is encoded in qubits. A qubit is a two-level
quantum system where the two basis qubit states are usually written
as ∣0⟩ and ∣1⟩. A qubit can be in state ∣0⟩, ∣1⟩, or (unlike a classical bit) in a linear
combination of both states. The name of this phenomenon is superposition.
1.6.3. Bits vs Qubits:-

● Value Store:- Bits can store only 0 or 1 whereas the Qubits can store the 0, 1, or the
superposition of 0 and 1.

● Speed:- When bit storing the information of binary digits, qubits store the combination of
binary digits, which helps the qubits in quantum computing work three times as fast as a
conventional computer system. The information stored and the data transfer is huge, which helps to
transfer the information faster.

● Compute Capacity:- Problems where we use the Brute force approach or the hit and
trial method. This kind of problem will take too much time on the computer because due to the fact
that one value is considered at a time, and parallel processing does not happen when the problem
has to be solved. But in the case of Quantum Computers, it is approached with parallel processing
by supporting all four values at a time and solving it at a faster pace.

● Power Increment:-When more qubits are added to the quantum computer, the power
to do the processing increases at an exponential rate. In contrast, when bits are added to the normal
computers, the power will not increase, and the operations will be done at the same pace as one at a
time. In quantum computing, this happens due to superposition.

● Ease of Making:- Building a Quantum computer is a very difficult task because they
need extreme isolation and quantum objects’ proper temperature(0K) which is not possible as of
now. This is not the case with traditional computers, which anyone with hardware knowledge can
build and make work for all the needed conditions for the user. Hence, the number of quantum
computers is very less, and their use is recently being increased.

● Storage:- If we want to The storage space required by traditional computers for bits is
huge, and it takes up lots of room. This can be avoided for qubits as huge information can be stored
in the system within a small area. As the systems and devices are getting smaller, qubits help
reimagine the technological world with really small size devices being handy to carry everywhere.

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Chapter 2
HISTORY, EVOLUTION AND FUTURE

2.1. History and Evolution

Einstein’s quantum theory of light, developed in 1905, laid the conceptual framework for the field
of quantum mechanics. Subsequent advances by Bohr, Heisenberg, de Broglie, and Schrodinger
further developed quantum theory over the next several decades. It was only in 1981, however, that
quantum mechanics departed from the realm of the theoretical. Richard Feynman declared in a 1981
MIT lecture: "Nature isn't classical, dammit, and if you want to make a simulation of nature, you'd
better make it quantum mechanical, and by golly, it's a wonderful problem because it doesn't look
so easy.” IBM set to work tackling this “wonderful problem”, releasing the first quantum
cryptography protocol in 1984. BB84 was a provably secure quantum key distribution scheme--an
exciting theoretical advancement, but not yet possible to implement. The next year, David Deutsch
at Oxford University proposed an idea for a universal quantum computer, and his Oxford colleague
Artur Ekert developed entanglement-based secure communication in 1991.
In 1994, Peter Shor at AT&T developed the algorithm that bears his name, capable of large integer
factorization on a quantum computer. Shor’s algorithm, if implemented, could
crack most of today’s public key encryption schemes; it inspired global interest in quantum
computers. Lov Grover’s 1996 quantum database search algorithm (though less powerful than
Shor’s algorithm) also threatened classical cryptography by accelerating brute-force computation
via a quadratic speedup. The United States Department of Defense began investing in quantum
research.
In 2000, the Los Alamos National Laboratory developed the first working 7-qubit quantum
computer. The next year, IBM and Stanford University succeeded in executing Shor’s algorithm to
factor the number 15 using 7 qubits and identical molecules. In 2004, China’s1018 University of
Science and Technology demonstrated five-photon entanglement and Oxford developed the first
working pure state NMR quantum computer.
In 2011, D-Wave Systems claimed to have developed the first commercially available quantum
computer, but this claim remains under dispute. Many argue that while the D-Wave One can
perform quantum calculations, these calculations can be executed on a classical computer at the
same speed. Meanwhile, the established tech companies were making progress.
In 2016, IBM released the Quantum Experience and public online interface for quantum simulation.
Google simulated a hydrogen molecule using 9 qubits. Last year, Google released a 72-qubit chip
called “Bristlecone” and Intel released a 49-qubit chip called “Tangle Lake.” This
year, IBM released its first commercial quantum computer, the Q System One.
2.2 Future of Quantum Computing
The practical uses of quantum computers are still being researched and tested. In the future, it is
possible that quantum computers will be able to solve problems that have been impossible to solve
before. For example, they have the potential to be used for modeling molecules or predicting how a
molecule will behave under different conditions.
We should also remember that a quantum computer is not faster than a regular computer - it's just
more powerful. That means that "running" a program on a quantum computer will take just as long
as on a regular computer - but with much better results because of their increased power.
Quantum computers will allow for the storage and processing of data in ways that we cannot even

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comprehend today. They also offer more complex calculations than traditional computers and
therefore can easily solve problems that would take years to solve on a traditional computer.
Some experts believe that they could be used to calculate complex formulas with no time limit,
which will make them an invaluable tool in medical science, AI technologies, aeronautical
engineering, and so on. So far, quantum computing has been used to solve optimization problems,
which are too complex for traditional computer models. It's also been used to study protein folding
and drug interactions within the body.
Quantum computers are powerful computers that work on the principles of quantum mechanics.
They use qubits, not bits to represent data and they can access potentially more than two values at
the same time. Quantum computers will be able to break all of the encoding and encryption we have
today. Quantum computing is changing the world of cybersecurity. Quantum computers are capable
of running sophisticated simulations in parallel, making them much faster than classical computers.
The ability to run simulations in parallel means that quantum computers can quickly find solutions
to difficult problems. Quantum computers will disrupt many industries like finance, healthcare, and
education.
While it's still unclear how big of an impact quantum computing will have on marketing in the
future, there are already some significant uses happening now. One example is in ad targeting
where companies can analyze customer behavior with astounding precision by processing large
amounts.

Chapter 3
SIMILAR TECHNOLOGIES

3.1. The Memcomputer

For some computer scientists, the solution lies in building a quantum computer—devices that take
advantage of the inexplicable weirdness of atomic-level physics. The only downside? Quantum
computers require cool, carefully tended environments that are beyond our current technological
capabilities. But Massimiliano Di Ventra, a physicist and computer scientist at the University of
California, San Diego, has an entirely different solution. He and a team of his colleagues have just
designed and built the first brain-like computer prototype that bypasses certain structural limits of
our modern electronics. Called the memcomputer, it's the first computer to store and process info
simultaneously.
According to Di Ventra, despite his new technology's futuristic promise, "memcomputers can be
built with standard technology and operate at room temperature. This puts them on a completely
different level of simplicity and costs in manufacturing compared to quantum computers."

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The fault in our computers:-

In short, a big problem with modern computers is that they store data and solve problems with it in
two entirely different areas: the memory, and the central processing unit (CPU). And all that
shuffling back and forth takes its toll, says Di Ventra. "To make a quick comparison: our own
brain expends about 20 watts to perform 10^16 operations per second," he says, while a
supercomputer would require 10 million times more power to do the same number of operations. "A
big chunk of that power is wasted in the back and forth transfer of information between the CPU
and the memory," says Di Ventra.
Di Ventra's memcomputer sprung out of an easy-to-understand thought experiment from the 1970s.
What if, like our brains, a computer-stored data in the exact same place it crunched the numbers?
And better yet, what if the actual process of crunching data was used as memory?
This type of memory-crunching computer (hence: memcomputer) would sidestep the costly data
shuffle. Furthermore, mathematicians have actual power that that 2-for-1 process would also allow
memcomputers to solve certain fantastically complex problems in a single step.
To build his memcomputer, Di Ventra and his colleagues had to physically rebuild and reprogram a
computer from its most basic components. Rather than classical silicon transistors (the building
blocks that combine to build all electronics), at the core of Di Ventra's machine are what he calls
memprocessors. Di Ventra's simple computer uses 6 of them.
Here's how they work. A classical transistor's job basically boils down to one thing, either letting
energy through or not, depending on one what it's been told to do. A memprocessor does this exact
same job, but it also physically changes some of its properties ("such as its [electrical] resistance,"
says Di Ventra) depending on how much energy is trying to move through. Even when the
memprocessor loses power, it stores that change. In this way, while totally functioning as a
classical, data-crunching CPU, memprocessors can also be coded to store resistance-laden
information at the same time. No more back and forth.

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Chapter 4
APPLICATION AND LIMITATIONS

4.1. Application of Quantum Computer

* Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

AI and ML are the most prominent areas in computer science right now and some algorithms like
image recognition and voice recognition required a very high computing power which we don't
have that much so in this kind of algorithms we can use the power of quantum computers. Because,
as the number of applications increases, it becomes a challenging task for traditional computers, to
match up the accuracy and speed. And, that’s where quantum computing can help in processing
complex problems in very less time, which would have taken traditional computers thousand of
years.

* Computational Chemistry
IBM, once said, one of the most promising quantum computing applications will be in the field of
computational chemistry. It is believed that the number of quantum states, even in a tiniest of a
molecule, is extremely vast, and therefore difficult for conventional computing memory to process.
The ability for quantum computers to focus on the existence of both 1 and 0 simultaneously could
provide immense power to the machine to successfully map the molecules which, in turn,
potentially opens opportunities for pharmaceutical research. Some of the critical problems that
could be solved via quantum computing are — improving the nitrogen-fixation process for creating
ammonia-based fertilizer; creating a room-temperature superconductor; removing carbon dioxide
for a better climate; and creating solid-state batteries.

* Drug Design & Development

Designing and developing a drug is the most challenging problem in quantum computing. Usually,
drugs are being developed via the trial and error method, which is not only very expensive but also
a risky and challenging task to complete. Researchers believe quantum computing can be an

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effective way of understanding the drugs and their reactions to humans which, in turn, can save a
ton of money and time for drug companies. These advancements in computing could enhance
efficiency dramatically, by allowing companies to carry out more drug discoveries to uncover new
medical treatments for the better pharmaceutical industry.

* Cybersecurity & Cryptography

The online security space currently has been quite vulnerable due to the increasing number of
cyber-attacks occurring across the globe, on a daily basis. Although companies are establishing the
necessary security frameworks in their organizations, the process becomes daunting and impractical
for classical digital computers. And, therefore, cybersecurity has continued to be an essential
concern around the world. With our increasing dependency on digitization, we are becoming even
more vulnerable to these threats. Quantum computing with the help of machine learning can help in
developing various techniques to combat these cybersecurity threats. Additionally, quantum
computing can help in creating encryption methods, also known as, quantum cryptography.

* Financial Modelling
For a finance industry to find the right mix for fruitful investments based on expected returns, the
risk associated, and other factors are important to surviving in the market. To achieve that, the
technique of ‘Monte Carlo’ simulations are continually being run on conventional computers,
which, in turn, consumes an enormous amount of computer time. However, by applying quantum
technology to perform these massive and complex calculations, companies can not only improve the
quality of the solutions but also reduce the time to develop them. Because financial leaders are in
the business of handling billions of dollars, even a tiny improvement in the expected return can be
worth a lot for them. Algorithmic trading is another potential application where the machine uses
complex algorithms to automatically trigger share dealings by analyzing the market variables,
which is an advantage, especially for high-volume transactions.

* Logistics Optimisation
Improved data analysis and robust modeling will indeed enable a wide range of industries to
optimize their logistics and scheduling workflows associated with their supply-chain management.
The operating models need to continuously calculate and recalculate optimal routes of traffic
management, fleet operations, air traffic control, freight, and distribution, and that could have a
severe impact on applications. Usually, to do these tasks, conventional computing is used; however,
some of them could turn into more complex for an ideal computing solution, whereas a quantum
approach may be able to do it. Two common quantum approaches that can be used to solve such
problems are — quantum annealing and universal quantum computers. Quantum annealing is an
advanced optimization technique that is expected to surpass traditional computers. In contrast,
universal quantum computers are capable of solving all types of computational problems, not yet
commercially available.

* Weather Forecasting
Currently, the process of analyzing weather conditions by traditional computers can sometimes take
longer than the weather itself does to change. But a quantum computer’s ability to crunch vast
amounts of data, in a short period, could indeed lead to enhancing weather system modeling
allowing scientists to predict the changing weather patterns in no time and with excellent accuracy
— something which can be essential for the current time when the world is going under a climate
change.

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Weather forecasting includes several variables to consider, such as air pressure, temperature, and air
density, which makes it difficult for it to be predicted accurately. The application of quantum
machine learning can help in improving pattern recognition, which, in turn, will make it easier for
scientists to predict extreme weather events and potentially save thousands of lives a year. With
quantum computers, meteorologists will also be able to generate and analyze more detailed climate
models, which will provide greater insight into climate change and ways to mitigate it.

4.2 Limitations of Quantum Computing

Hardware limitations
The major hardware limitation to building a Quantum Computer is the fact that quantum
decoherence can be affected by heat and light. When Quantum particles are subjected to such
conditions they lose their quantum properties like entanglement which further leads to a loss in data
stored in these qubits. Hence we need to maintain a 0K temperature (-273* C) which is not possible
in today's world. Secondly, rotations in quantum computers’ logic gates are prone to error and these
are also crucial to changing the state of the qubit. Any wrong rotation can cause an error in the
output. The requirement of computers with a greater circuit length and error correction( with
redundancy for every qubit) is also crucial for the field of quantum machine learning.

Software limitations
If we somehow remove the hardware limitations after that also it is very difficult for our developer
to make an algorithm for Quantum computers. Because along with the knowledge of computer
science we also have to be concerned about quantum physics. While a classical algorithm can be
developed along the lines of the Turing machine, to develop an algorithm for Quantum computers,
the developer has to base it along the lines of raw physics with no simple formulas that would link it
to logic.

The critical issue in such a design is always scalability. Designing a program to operate on larger
data with more processing power. Very little information is available to develop such algorithms for
quantum computing. Most of the development is therefore intuitive. Most known Quantum
algorithms suffer from a proviso of specific simulations that limit their practical applicability and it
becomes difficult to develop models that can have a significant impact on machine learning. The
third limitation in quantum computing is that the number of qubits one can have on a quantum
circle is limited. Though these limitations are applicable to quantum computing in general, the
augmentations of fields such as machine learning can grab more eyeballs and push the field in the
right direction.

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF STUDY

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Quantum computing is a technology that uses the laws of quantum mechanics to solve problems
that are too complex for classical computers.
In our classical computers, we use bits to store the information which can take a value of 0 or 1.
Whereas in qubits, it represents 0s, 1s, and a superposition of both the values. That means it can be
used to represent the combination of 0s and 1s in quantum computing.
When bit storing the information of binary digits, qubits store the combination of binary digits,
which helps the qubits in quantum computing work three times as fast as a conventional computer
system. The information stored and the data transfer is huge, which helps to transfer the information
faster.
When the problem is to be solved on the computer, bits approach the problem as if in a hit and trial
run. This is due to the fact that one value is considered at a time, and parallel processing is not
happening when the problem has to be solved. When the same problem has to be solved using
quantum computing, it is approached with parallel processing by supporting all four values at a time
and solving it at a faster pace.
For example, if we want to make a drug by mixing some elements by some context with some hit
and trial method (Brute force algorithm) then in such case our classical computers will take too
much time to go through each and every case but it will be very easier for our quantum computers.

Quantum computers can use in many areas like-

● Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

● Computational Chemistry

● Logistics Optimisation

● Financial Modelling

● Cybersecurity & Cryptography

● Drug Design & Development

● Weather Forecasting and many more

Quantum computers have the potential to revolutionize computation by making certain types of
classically intractable problems solvable. While no quantum computer is yet sophisticated enough
to carry out calculations that a classical computer can't, great progress is underway.
Because right now we have some limitations of the quantum computer due to which we are now
able to build a complete quantum computer. For example, the quantum computer can be affected by
temperature, etc so we have to operate the quantum computers at a temp of 0K (-273* C) which is
not possible to obtain so due to these hardware limits and some software limits quantum computers
are still in the research phase. But in the future, this will make a revolution in the world of
technologies.

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References

[1] Practical Quantum Computing for Developers By Vladimir Silva, 2018 Edition

[2] Learn Quantum Computation using Qiskit https://qiskit.org/textbook/preface.html

visited on 15 April 2022.

[3] Introduction to Quantum Computing WRITTEN BY Surya Teja Marella and

Hemanth Sai Kumar Parisa. Submitted On: August 23rd, 2020, Reviewed On: September
18th, 2020, Published On: October 29th, 2020 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.94103
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73811 visited on 15 April 2022.

[4] Qubits vs Bits By Priya Pedamkar https://www.educba.com/qubits-vs-bits/ visited on 15

April 2022.

Downloaded by Ajay Kumar (ajay2007199@gmail.com)