THE MEANING OF PARASYNTHETIC VERBS

Alina Villalva
Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa
alinavillalva@campus.ul.pt
May 2015

Parasynthesis is commonly found in Romance languages, including in Latin 1, but

it has also been reported in other languages, such as Greek or English. As you can see at
the beginning of the handout (and these are just some examples), this domain of
research on word-formation has received considerable attention from many
researchers2, and a recent state of the art is given by Serrano Dolader, in Mü ller (2015).
Curiously, if we take into account data from closely related romance languages,
such as Portuguese, Castilian, French and Italian, we can document a considerable
amount of variation. The set of parasynthetic words is not the same in all of them, either
because these languages make different choices of derivational resources (as can be
seen in the examples in (1)) or because the selection of prefixes and roots varies (as
shown in the examples in (2)), and no regular pattern of variation arises:

(1) PORTUGUESE CASTILIAN FRENCH ITALIAN

acalmar calmar calmer calmare
aconselhar aconsejar conseiller consigliare
agrupar agrupar grouper aggruppare
encurtar acortar raccourcir accorciare
melhorar mejorar améliorer migliorare
piorar empeorar empirer peggiorare

(2) PORTUGUESE CASTILIAN FRENCH ITALIAN

abraçar abrazar embrasser abbracciare
encostar encostare accoster accostare
descascar descascarar éplucher scortecciare

These contrasts are probably due to monolingual idiosyncratic differentiation,

but the possibility that there may by some otherwise significant contrast that should

1
Non-romance languages that have also deserved attention are Greek (cf. Efthymiou (2015)) and English
(cf. Padrosa Trias (2005)).
2
See Alcoba Rubio (1987), Serrano Dolader (1995) and Schroten (1997), for Spanish, Crocco-Galèas &
Iacobini (1983) for Italian or Padrosa Trias (2005) for Catalan. For a pan-romance approach see
Darmesteter (1894), Reinheimer-Ripeanu (1974), Allen (1981) and Iaconini (2010). Accounts of Latin
parasynthetics can be found in Darmesteter (1894) and also Dinu (2012).
somehow be considered for the analysis of such forms is the hypothesis that I will try to
substantiate.
In this paper, I will provide a description of parasynthesis in Portuguese 3 that will
resonate this hypothesis into other observable properties. Firstly, I will argue that
parasynthetic verbs must be accounted for together with all other denominal and
deadjectival verbs; secondly, I will discuss the status of the prefixes and suffixes that
occur in parasynthetic verbs; finally, I will try to demonstrate that there are two
different sorts of parasynthetic verbs in Portuguese and eventually in other languages.

Denominal and deadjectival verbs

Parasynthetic verbs, which form the most popular branch of parasynthetic
structures, are typically deadjectival and denominal verbs. The set that I will consider
(which is presented in Annex 1) includes 427 verbs (generally derived from simple
adjective or noun roots). This is a handmade selection of the most commonly used verbs,
although no frequency values have been taken into account.
Using the same criteria as those adopted to set the corpus of parasynthetic verbs,
I gathered a set of verbs formed by conversion (registered in Annex 2) and a set of verbs
formed by suffixation (gathered in Annex 3). The figures in table 1 show that
parasynthetics (427) come almost half in half with non-parasynthetics (635 verbs),
which means that this word formation resource has a considerable weight. Roughly,
parasynthetic verbs correspond to circa 40% of the total amount of deadjectival and
denominal verbs:

parasynthetic verbs 427 40,2%

non-parasynthetic verbs 635 59,8%
TOTAL 1062 100%

Usually, the semantics of parasynthetic verbs is quite grossly tackled. They are
described as change of state predicates, sometimes inchoative, sometimes causative, but
other meanings can also be found (as you can see in 3), no matter what their precise
structure may be:

3
Previous descriptions of parasynthesis in European Portuguese include Villalva (1994), Rio-Torto
(1994), Pereira (2002), Arim & Freitas (2003) and Rio-Torto et al. (2013), among others. For Brazilian
Portuguese, see Bassani (2008) and Valente et al. (2009).
(3) magr ADJroot o ‘thin’ e magr ec Vroot er ‘to loose weight’
torment Nroot o ‘torment’ a torment Vroot ar ‘to cause torment’
braç Nroot o ‘arm’ a braç Vroot ar ‘to put the arms around someone’
sop Nroot a ‘soup’ en sop Vroot ar ‘to soak something with soup’

There is one semantic exception that concerns some of the parasynthetic verbs
formed by the prefix des-, which have a meaning that can be found with none of the
other prefixes and none of the other verb-forming resources (conversion or suffixation),
as you can see in (4) – it implies a sense of ‘deprivation’ of what is referred to by the
base form:

(4) casc Nroot a ‘peel’ des casc Vroot ar ‘to take the peel off’
nat Nroot a ‘cream’ des nat Vroot ar ‘to skim’

Apart from this ‘deprivation’ meaning, the array of semantic possibilities that are
available for parasynthetic verbs also stands for other deadjectival and denominal verbs.
Examples in (5) uphold this claim for conversion:

(5) armadilh Nroot a ‘trap’ armadilh Vroot ar ‘to trap’

murch Nroot o/a ‘wilted’ murch Vroot ar ‘to shrivel’
igual ADJroot ‘equal’ igual Vroot ar ‘to make equal’
crític Nroot a ‘critique’ critic Vroot ar ‘to make a critique’

In the case of suffixation, it is worth noticing that the set of suffixes it requires is
the same as for parasynthesis (i.e. –ec(er), -e(ar) and –iz(ar), which means that base
selection should also be similar, but as we will see in a second, it may not be the case:

(6) escur ADJroot o/a ‘dark’ escur ec Vroot er ‘to darken’

alvor Nroot ‘dawn’ alvor ec Vroot er ‘to rise’
alt ADJroot o/a ‘high’ alt e Vroot ar ‘to put higher’
plan Nroot e ‘plan’ plan e Vroot ar ‘to plan’
imun ADJroot e ‘immune’ imun iz Vroot ar ‘to make immune’
escrav Nroot o/a ‘slave’ escrav iz Vroot ar ‘to enslave’

So, apparently, the choice of parasynthesis, conversion or suffixation is randomly

decided. But, again, there is one exception: apart from those that make use of the
‘deprivation’ prefix (see 7b), no parasynthetic verb is derived from a vowel-initial base
(see 7a):

(7) a. cabeça ‘head’ encabeçar ‘to head’

murro ‘punch’ esmurrar ‘to punch’

b. aba ‘eave’ desabar ‘to collapse’

ova ‘fish eggs’ desovar ‘to spawn’
unha ‘nail’ desunhar ‘to take a nail off’

Verbs formed by conversion (as in 8a) or by suffixation (as in 8b) show no such
phonetic constraint – they can select either vowel-initial or consonant-initial bases:

(8) a. agrafo ‘staple’ agrafar ‘to staple’

assobio ‘whistle’ assobiar ‘to whistle’
droga ‘drug’ drogar ‘to drug’
sonho ‘dream’ sonhar ‘to dream’

b. ar ‘air’ arejar ‘to aerate’

eterno ‘eternal’ eternizar ‘to perpetuate’
festa ‘party’ festejar ‘to celebrate’
urbano ‘urban’ urbanizar ‘to urbanise’

In sum, as you can see in table 2, almost a thousand verbs are derived from
consonant initial bases either by parasynthesis, conversion or derivation and a set of
120 verbs derived from vowel initial bases consistently avoid parasynthesis
(disregarding those three words mentioned in (7b), and that I will bring back to the
discussion later on):

parasynthetic verbs 424

consonant-initial base forms
515
non-parasynthetic verbs
vowel-initial base forms 120
TOTAL 1059

The existence of a phonetic restriction of this kind, which is morphologically and

semantically vacuous, allied to the semantic proximity of parasynthetic verbs to other
deadjectival and denominal verbs, and to the fact that only the presence of a prefix
ensures a significant difference between parasynthetics and the other verbs lead to the
conclusion that the analysis of verbal parasynthesis must be compatible with the
analysis of verb-forming conversion and suffixation, and vice-versa. Examples in (9)
clearly illustrate this claim, since all these verbs share the same meaning, which roughly
corresponds to the ‘process of giving some colour to some entity’:

(9) amarelo ‘yellow’ amarel-ar ‘to turn / to become yellow

amarelo ‘yellow’ amarel-ec-er ‘to turn/ to become yellow
azul ‘blue’ azul-ar ‘to turn/ to become blue’
vermelho ‘red’ a-vermelh-ar ‘to turn / to become red’
verde ‘green’ es-verd-e-ar ‘to turn / to become green’

Now, we need to understand what role the affixes involved in parasynthesis may
have.

The role of suffixes

The ratio between verbs that use a suffix is not the same in parasynthetic and
non-parasynthetic verbs. The tendency to avoid suffixes is higher within the
parasynthetic set (as you can see in tables 3 and 4):

parasynthetics non-parasynthetics
100 100
80 80
59.8
60 60
40.2 35.6 40.4
40 40
19.4
20 20
4.6
0 0
total w/ suffix no suffix total w/ suffix no suffix

If suffixes only show up in less than 25% of the total amount of verbs, and in only
a bit more than 10% of parasynthetic verbs, than it is reasonable to question what their
effective role might be, bearing in mind that the presence of a suffix is not crucial for the
verb-forming process:

with suffix without suffix TOTAL

 49 378 427
parasynthetic verbs
11,5% 88,5% 100%

206 429 635

non-parasynthetic verbs
32,4% 67,6% 100%

Furthermore, the set of denominal and deadjectival suffixes available for verb-
forming parasynthesis and strict suffixation is shared by both, although not in the exact
same proportion, as you can see in table 5:

-ec(er) -ej(ar) -e(ar) -iz(ar) TOTAL

parasynthetic verbs 27 3 12 7 49

non-parasynthetic verbs 8 18 52 128 206

I will not further investigate the distribution of suffixes in this talk, for it would
bring us out of focus, but it is worth mentioning that –ej(ar) and –e(ar) are originally the
same suffix and that they may even compete diachronically for the same base, and that
they can both compete with –ec(er)4, as shown in (10a); furthermore, it is worth
mentioning that the suffix –ec(er) is used by a defective verb (as shown in 10b) to
facilitate rhizotonic inflected forms, reminding Romanian extension suffixes (cf.
Dindelegan (2013:29)) that Rudes (1980) characterizes as morphological left-overs; and
finally, as you can see in 10c), notice that the same base may be selected by different
suffixes or by conversion and suffixation to yield different words, with different
meanings.

(10) a. –ej(ar) vs–e(ar) vs –ec(er)

cf. esbravejar / esbravear; bravejar / bravear / esbravecer ‘to yell’

b. florir / florescer ‘to blossom’

cf. *flore vs. floresce

c. claro/a ‘light’ clar-e-ar ‘to become lighter’

clar-ific-ar ‘to clarify’

4
Cf. A. Villalva, J.P. Silvestre (2011) De bravo a brabo e de volta a bravo: evoluçã o semântica, aná lise
morfoló gica e tratamento lexicográ fico de uma família de palavras. ReVEL, v. 9, n. 17.
[www.revel.inf.br/files/artigos/revel_17_de_bravo_a_brabo.pdf].
 custo ‘cost’ cust-ar ‘to cost’
cust-e-ar ‘to pay’

morte ‘death’ a-mort-iz-ar ‘to amortise’

a-mort-ec-er ‘to cushion’

Another piece of evidence that brings together suffixed and non-suffixed

parasynthetic verbs and further supports the claim of the weak role of these suffixes, is
to be found in the following different versions of semantically equivalent verbs, derived
from the same base:

(11) amarel Nroot o ‘yellow’

amarel Vroot ar ‘to turn yellow’
amarel ec Vroot er ‘to turn yellow’

igual ADJroot ‘equal’

igual Vroot ar ‘to make equal’
igual iz Vroot ar ‘to make equal’

rij ADJroot o/a ‘stiff’

en rij Vroot ar ‘to stiffen’
en rij ec Vroot er ‘to stiffen’

Thus, since the presence of derivational suffixes is not indispensible from a

semantic point of view and they also seem quite irrelevant from a grammatical point of
view, these suffixes look like expletive suffixes. Of course, it remains to be explained why
some 250 verbs keep this kind of redundant information and why are they
diachronically introduced (as in 12a) or replaced (as in 12b). Some of these issues are
easier to understand then others, but, again, the discussion would lead us into an
undesired path for the time being.

(12) a. amadurar amadurecer ‘to ripen’

b. amolentar amolecer ‘to soften’

apodrentar apodrecer ‘to rotten’

The role of prefixes

 Let us now take a look at the set of prefixes that may occur in parasynthesis (in
table 6) and to their contribution to the nature of these words, which is not easy to
ascertain. If we look at the figures, we find out that verbs that contain prefixes a- and en-
clearly outnumber those that are make use of des- and es-:

a- 157
des- 39
parasynthetic verbs en- 192
es- 39
TOTAL 427

Three of these suffixes (i.e. a-, en-, es-) are exclusive of parasynthesis; the fourth,
unsurprisingly des-, coincides with two independent homophonous prefixes – one of
them selects adjectives and modifies them creating a negative adjective (as in 13a); the
second selects verbs and generates the opposite verb (see 13b):

(13) a. igual ‘equal’ desigual ‘non equal’

b. montar ‘to assemble’ desmontar ‘to disassemble’

The prefix des- that occurs in parasynthesis is none of the previous, and in fact it
is also not always the same: there are two parasynthetic des-. The first type of (hence)
des1-, that you can see in (14a) closely resembles all the other parasynthetic prefixes. It
has a vague semantic role, more like an intensifier than a meaningful modifier, which
can even occur in non-sanctioned words such as destrocar ‘to get change for a bill’,
instead of trocar (see 14b). Furthermore, it can be easily related to the prefix es-, from a
phonetic point of view and also semantically (as in 14c):

(14) a. feio ‘ugly’ desfear ‘to make ugly’

fruta ‘fruta’ desfrutar ‘to enjoy’
penha ‘cliff’ despenhar ‘to fall’

b. destrocar cf. trocar ‘to get change for a bill’

c. buraco ‘hole’ esburacar ‘to make holes’

vazio ‘empty’ esvaziar ‘to empty’
The second type of des- (hence des2-) occurs in verbs with the above-mentioned
‘deprivation’ meaning (cf. 15a), which can also be found with es- (cf. 15b):

(15) a. aba ‘eave’ desabar ‘to collapse’

ova ‘fish eggs’ desovar ‘to spawn’
unha ‘nail’ desunhar ‘to take a nail off’

b. ventre ‘belly’ esventrar ‘to eviscerate’

Parasynthetic verbs that contain the second kind of des2- have already been
isolated for several reasons, and they are indeed quite different from all the other
parasynthetic verbs. In this case (see the examples in (16)), the prefix is semantically
relevant – if it could not be present, which never happens, the meaning of the verbs
would be the opposite, not the same:

(16) membro ‘member’ desmembrar (cf. *membrar) ‘to take the members out’
telha ‘roof tile’ destelhar (cf. *telhar) ‘to take off the roof tiles’

This type of parasynthetic verbs is probably the only one that can be related to
other instances of bracketing paradoxes, and it is also closer to parasynthetic adjectives,
since their semantics clearly conflict with their structure:

(17) alma ‘soul’ desalmado ‘soulless’

disciplina ‘discipline’ multidisciplinar ‘multidisciplinary’
oceano ‘ocean’ transoceânico ‘transoceanic’

For now, we will leave this particular type of parasynthetics aside and resume the
analysis of the dominant type, which is where cross-linguistic contrasts, such as those
that were initially displayed and are repeated here under (18), occur. These contrasts
illustrate the presence/absence of a prefix in semantically equivalent verbs, formed
from cognate roots, which hints that the role of prefixes is as dubious as the role of
suffixes:

(18) Pt acalmar
Sp, Fr, It calmar, calmer, calmare

Pt, Sp aconselhar, aconsejar

Fr, It conseiller, consigliare
 Pt, Sp, It agrupar, agrupar, aggruppare
Fr. grouper

A similar contrast can be found between European and Brazilian Portuguese (see
19a) as well as in different synchronies of European Portuguese (see 19b): bravejar and
esbravejar ‘to roar’ are dominantly registered in different periods – apparently the first
one (without a prefix) was replaced by the second, which is parasynthetic:

(19) a. PE – balançar ‘to rock’

gatinhar ‘to crawl’

PB - embalançar ‘to rock’

engatinhar ‘to crawl’

b. bravejar > esbravejar ‘to yell’

The reverse case, that is the loss of the prefix, is displayed in (20) and it is even
easier to locate in corpora. Some of these evolutions fail to apply in some dialects or
sociolects, but they get heavily imposed by school education. Somehow, these prefixes
are used by some speakers as non-redundant intensifiers in the structure of the verb,
while others refuse to accept them at all:

(20) alimpar / limpar ‘to clean’

arrodear / rodear ‘to surround’
assaborear / saborear ‘to taste’
asserenar / serenar ‘to become serene’
assoprar / soprar ‘to blow’
assossegar / sossegar ‘to become quiet’

Another interesting diachronic feature concerns the replacement of a prefix by

another prefix, in semantically equivalent verbs, as in (21):

(21) acurralar encurralar ‘to corral’

acoucear escoicear ‘to kick’
arrijar enrijar ‘to stiffen’
arrugar enrugar ‘to wrinkle’
atulhar entulhar ‘to fill with rubble’
avergonhar envergonhar ‘to shame’
 Typically, these alternations affect two pairs of affixes: a- and en-, on one side (in
22a), and des2- and es2-, on the other (in 22b):

(22) a. cama ‘bed’ acamar encamar ‘to put in the bed’

cavalo ‘horse’ acavalar encavalar ‘to put something over something else’
prisão ‘prison’ aprisionar emprisionar ‘to put in prison’
rolha ‘cork’ arrolhar enrolhar ‘to put a cork’

b. carne ‘meat’ descarnar escarnar ‘to take the meat off’

fio ‘thread’ desfiar esfiar ‘to reel off’
pedaço ‘bit’ despedaçar espedaçar ‘to take bits off

The existence of these alternations is crucial to the semantic analysis of

parasynthetic prefixes, since they set the basis for two semantic subclasses: in the first
one, the change of state could be paraphrased by an expression such as ‘to put
something somewhere’ , which I will call the plus meaning, and, in the second case, the
expression ‘to take X off’, which I will refer to as the MINUS meaning, could tentatively
be considered. Problems arise from the use of such paraphrases, since many words fail
to respond adequately, especially in the case of es- (cf. esburacar ‘to make holes’,
esvaziar ‘to empty’). Nevertheless, this semantically based division helps to perceive that
the similarity between verb-forming conversion and suffixation competes exclusively
within the first category, never within the second that is related to the MINUS meaning.
In sum, although prefixes apparently look like good candidates to the status of
morphological left-overs, just like suffixes, the existence of these two fundamental
semantic types (the very productive PLUS type, and a much more modest MINUS type)
point in the opposite direction. The opposition can be clearly illustrated by pairs such as
those in (23):

(23) carne ‘meat’ cadeia ‘chain’

encarnar ‘to embody’ encadear ‘to link’
descarnar ‘to take out the meat’ escadear ‘to layer’

caroço ‘seed’ garra ‘claw’

encaroçar ‘to lump’ agarrar ‘to grip’
descaroçar ‘to pit’ desgarrar ‘to loose’
 carril ‘rail’
encarrilar ‘to put on track’ cavaco ‘splinter’

descarrilar ‘to derail’ encavacar ‘to feel uncomfortable’

escavacar ‘to destroy’

trono ‘throne’
palha ‘straw’
entronizar ‘to enthrone’
empalhar ‘to stuff’
destronar ‘to dethrone’
espalhar ‘to spread’
Finally, let’s look at verbs that contain the same root, no suffix and one of the
PLUS parasynthetic prefixes. These verbs (see 24) have different meanings, eventually
depending on the semantic of the base:

(24) fio ‘edge’ fio ‘thread’

a-fi-ar ‘to sharpen’ en-fi-ar ‘to thread’

terra ‘land’ terra ‘earth’

a-terr-ar ‘to land’ en-terr-ar ‘to bury’

sombra ‘shadow’ sombra ‘shadow’

en-sombr-ar ‘to shade’ a-sombr-ar ‘to haunt’

To complement the previous set of examples, there is a new set (in 25) formed by
pairs of verbs that also contain the same root, one of them is obtained by conversion and
the other one is a parasynthetic verb. Again, they don’t have the same meaning:

(25) caminho ‘way’

caminhar ‘to walk’ jardim ‘garden’
encaminhar ‘to refer’ jardinar ‘to do nothing’
ajardinar ‘to landscape’
curva ‘curve’
curvar ‘to bend’ largo ‘large’
encurvar ‘to curve’ larger ‘to let go’
alargar ‘to enlarge’
forma ‘form’
formar ‘to form’ lista ‘list’
enformar ‘to shape’ listar ‘to list’
 alistar ‘to enlist’
prova ‘proof’
namoro ‘engagement’ provar ‘to prove’
namorar ‘to be engaged’’ aprovar ‘to approve’
enamorar ‘to fall in love’
rolo roll’
nota ‘note’ rolar ’to roll’
notar ‘to note’ enrolar ‘to wrap’
anotar ‘to make a note’
salto ‘jump’
papa ‘porridge’ saltar ‘to jump’
papar ‘to eat (babies)’ assaltar ‘to assault’
empapar ‘to turn into porridge’
seguro ‘secure’
pastel ‘tart’ segurar ‘to secure
pastelar ‘to be lazy’ assegurar ‘to ensure
empastelar ‘to jam’

So, with respect to prefixes, we have identified two semantic types: PLUS prefixes
and MINUS prefixes, which account for a considerable number of semantic contrasts.
Consequently, the expletive nature of prefixes should be utterly rejected, but the set of
verbs that have had a parasynthetic version that is now lost or the opposite, as well as
crosslinguistic contrasts for cognate and semantically equivalent verbs favours the
status of prefixes as left-overs, and the existence of different verbs that make use of
different prefixes that belong to the same semantic class also seems to sustain this view.

Closing remarks
To conclude, I will try to correlate the finding from the previous three sections.
First, as regards to the field of deadjectival and denominal verbs, the basic semantic
distinction between PLUS verbs and MINUS verbs is apparently quite useful: verbs
belonging to the PLUS class can be yield by conversion, by suffixation and by
parasynthesis; verbs belonging to the MINUS class can only be obtained by des2- or es2-
parasynthesis (as you can see in the table 7):
 Word-
Semantic
formation EXAMPLES
class
strategy
cabeça claro cravo fio flor fundo piolho sombre terra
Base
‘head’ ‘clear’ ‘stud’ ‘thread’ ‘flower’ ‘deep’ ‘lice’ ‘shadow’ ‘land’
Conversion cravar fiar florir fundar
clarear
Suffixation cabecear cravejar florear fundear sombrear
clarificar

PLUS a- aclarar afiar aflorar afundar assombrar aterrar

en- encabeçar encravar enfiar ensombrar enterrar
Parasynthesis

des1- desfiar
es1- esclarecer
des2- descabeçar desflorar desterrar
MINUS
es2- espiolhar
 Now, the existence of non-synonymous verbs within the PLUS class, which are
derived from the same base, by means of different prefixes demonstrates that the
meaning of each verb requires further attention. Schroten (1997) argued that the
distinction between en- verbs and a- verbs, in Spanish, is related to the semantic nature
of the base (stative telic quale, in the first case, and active telic quale, in the second). This
hypothesis might also hold in Portuguese, in some cases, but it certainly doesn’t when a-
verbs and en- verbs are derived from the same base. In fact, no systematic semantic
feature seems to cover the diversity of possibilities.
So, to conclude, I would like to suggest that the many possibilities for deadjectival
and denominal verb-formation are lexically constrained: conversion can apply once,
suffixation can apply as many times as the number of different available suffixes, and
parasynthesis can apply as many times as the combination of the prefixes and
conversion, or and suffixes will allow. Thus, the formation of actual verbs hinges from
the number of changes of state that the base may require – the amount of formal
possibilities is not a problem.

The term parasynthesis was introduced by Darmsteter, still in the 19 th century, to

cope with Latin verbs such as:
cor, cordis ac-cord-are *cordare
femina ef-femin-are *feminare
ferus ef-fer-are *ferare
rudis e-rud-ire *rudire

which were depicted as a very rich sort of compounds, yield by compounding and
derivation over the same root. This characterization was popularly interpreted by most
grammarians as simultaneous prefixation and suffixation. I tend to privilege the fact that
one root is the target of two processes: from left to right, prefixation and conversion (or
suffixation in a small number of cases). The data presented in this talk certainly allow to
claim from a converging structure comes

no suffix -ec -ej -e -iz TOTAL

a- 144 6 1 4 2 157
parasynthetic
des- 36 0 0 1 2 39
verbs
en- 171 18 0 1 2 192
 es- 27 3 2 6 1 39
27 3 12 7
TOTAL 378 427
49

V initial 58 4 3 8 47 120
non-parasynthetic C initial 371 4 15 44 81 515
verbs 8 18 52 128
TOTAL 429 635
206

35 21 64 135
TOTAL 807 1062
255
Annex 1
a- des- en-
abandalhar agrupar aprofundar desabar embainhar encalhar encurralar engraxar
abastardar ajardinar aprontar desbaratar embalsamar encaminhar encurtar engrossar
abotoar ajoelhar aprovar desbastar embandeirar encanar encurvar enjaular e
abraçar ajuizar aproveitar desbravar embaraçar encanastrar endeusar enlaçar
abrandar alaranjar aprovisionar descabeçar embarrilar encapotar endireitar enlamear
abrasar alargar aproximar descabelar embasbacar encaracolar endividar enlatar
acalmar aligeirar aprumar descampar embebedar encarapinhar endoidar enervar e
acamar alinhar apunhalar descarnar embeiçar encarar enervar enevoar
acampar alisar aquartelar descaroçar embirrar encarcerar enfaixar enojar
acariciar alistar aquietar descarrilar embonecar encarniçar enfardar enquadrar
acarretar alongar arraçar descascar embrechar encaroçar enfarinhar enqueijar
acasalar alourar arrebanhar descompassar embrenhar encarquilhar enfarpelar enraizar
acastanhar amaciar arrecadar descortinar embruxar encarrapitar enfarruscar enredar
acautelar amadurar arredondar desfear embuçar encarregar enfartar enrelvar
acelerar amaldiçoar arregaçar desfigurar embuchar encarreirar enfastiar enrijar e
acertar amansar arregalar desfraldar emoldurar encarrilar enfatuar enrolar
achatar amanteigar arregimentar desfrutar empacotar encartar enfeirar enrugar
acinzentar amarar arrevesar desgarrar empalhar encasquetar enfeitiçar ensaboar
aclarar amassar arrolhar desgrenhar empandeirar encasquilhar enfeixar ensacar
acobardar amesquinhar arrombar desmantelar empanturrar encavacar enfiar ensanguentar
acobertar amestrar arruar desmembrar empapar encenar enfileirar ensarilhar
acolchoar amofinar arruinar desmemoriar emparceirar encerar enforcar ensebar
no suffix

acomodar amontoar assalariar desmesurar emparedar encerrar enformar ensombrar

acondicionar amordaçar assaltar desmiolar emparelhar encestar enfornar ensopar
aconselhar amornar assegurar desnatar empastar encharcar enfrascar entaipar
acorrentar amortalhar assinalar desovar empastelar enchouriçar enfrenesiar entalhar
acostumar amotinar assoalhar despedaçar empedrar enchumaçar enfrentar entediar
acreditar anichar assombrar despencar emperrar encimar enfronhar enterrar
acumular anotar assoprar despenhar empestar enclausurar engaiolar entesar
adiantar anular atamancar destampar empinar encobertar engalanar entortar
adensar apadrinhar atapetar destelhar empoçar encolerizar engarrafar entrançar
adiar apainelar atarefar desterrar empoeirar encorajar engatar entrapar
adoçar apaixonar atarraxar destronar empoleirar encorpar engatilhar entroncar
afadigar apalavrar aterrar desunhar empossar encortiçar engavetar entulhar
afamar apanicar atormentar emprenhar encostar engelhar envasar
afixar aparafusar atraiçoar empunhar encovar engessar envenenar
afiançar aparentar atravancar enamorar encravar englobar enveredar
afiar aperfeiçoar atravessar encabeçar encrespar engomar envergonhar
afivelar apimentar atropelar encadear encriptar engordar envernizar
aflorar aplainar avaliar encadernar encrostar enfolar enviesar
afocinhar aportuguesar aveludar encafuar encruar engordurar envidraçar
afrancesar apossar averbar encaixar encubar engraçar enviuvar
afrontar apoucar avermelhar encaixotar
afrouxar apropriar avinagrar
afundar aprovar avistar
afunilar aprazar avivar
agravar apreçar avolumar
agigantar aprimorar avultar
anoitecer
emagrecer empobrecer
amanhecer enlouquecer entardecer
embranquecer endoidecer
anoitecer enrijecer enternecer
embrutecer endurecer
-ec

amadurecer enriquecer entristecer

emudecer enfraquecer e
amolecer ensurdecer envelhecer
empalidecer engrandecer
apodrecer

apedrejar
-ej

acarear
acobrear
desnortear enlamear
-e

afoguear
arroxear

amortizar desodorizar encolerizar

-iz

aterrorizar desratizar entronizar

Annex 2
abismar adornar alfinetar ancorar arvorar ilustrar intervalar
abobadar adubar algemar anestesiar asfaltar imaginar invejar
aboborar adulterar alimentar anilhar assobiar impacientar obsequiar
abortar agoirar alinhavar ansiar aumentar improvisar ondular
açafroar agrafar aliviar apelidar avisar incensar
acenar aguarelar almofadar apostar espumar incentivar
açoitar alavancar amargar arbitrar estacar incomodar
açucarar albardar amargurar armadilhar idolatrar incrementar
adjetivar alcatifar ambicionar arquivar igualar influenciar

babar chagar dotar grelar nausear projetar soltar

bailar cheirar doutorar grelhar necrosar pronunciar soluçar
baixar chocalhar doutrinar gretar negativar prosperar somar
balançar chumbar dragar gritar negligenciar psicanalisar sondar
baloiçar cicatrizar drenar lacrar negociar publicar sonhar
banhar cifrar drogar ladrilhar nevar purgar soprar
baralhar cimentar drunfar lamentar nivelar quilometrar sovar
barricar circular fabricar lançar notar rabiscar sufixar
bastar coagular facetar largar noticiar rachar sufocar
batalhar cobiçar fadar lascar numerar rançar sumariar
batucar colar faiscar lastimar paginar rapinar suplementar
beijar comandar falhar legitimar palmilhar rascunhar suplicar
beijocar compartimentar faltar liderar palpitar raspar suportar
beneficiar compendiar fantasiar limitar papar rasurar suspeitar
berrar complementar fardar limpar parodiar recusar suspirar
betumar concertar fartar linchar partilhar reformar sussurrar
bicar conciliar fatiar liquidar pasmar refugiar suturar
bichanar confortar fatigar listar pastar regar tardar
bichar confrontar faturar livrar patinar registar taxar
biografar consolar fechar lixar patrulhar regozijar teclar
boicotar conversar fender lotar pavimentar regrar teimar
borbulhar copiar ferir macular pedalar regressar telefonar
borrar coroar fiar mamar penar reinar telegrafar
borrifar cortejar filmar manchar peneirar relaxar temperar
bradar costumar filtrar mandatar penhorar remar testar
brigar costurar fintar manifestar penitenciar rematar tombar
brilhar cravar firmar manilhar perguntar remendar torturar
brindar criticar fisgar maravilhar perpetuar replicar tosquiar
brocar cruzar flagelar marcar pescar reservar tossir
brotar culpar florir marchar pespontar resgatar trabalhar
cadastrar cultivar focar mariscar pesquisar respeitar traçar
cadenciar curvar fomentar martelar petiscar respeitar traficar
caducar cuspir forçar mascarar pigmentar revoltar tragar
calcular custar formar massacrar pincelar riscar tramar
calibrar dançar formular matricular piorar ritmar trancar
caluniar datar forrar medalhar plagiar rodar transitar
caminhar detalhar fracassar medicamentar plantar rondar tratar
cancelar dialogar fragmentar medicar plasmar rotular travar
candidatar digitar fraturar melhorar platinar salientar tricotar
caçar dignar frequentar melindrar policiar salivar troçar
capotar dinamitar fritar mendigar polvilhar salpicar vacinar
caprichar diplomar frutar mimar posar saltar vadiar
caricaturar disciplinar fumar minar potenciar salvar vagar
carimbar discursar fundar ministrar pousar secar variar
castigar disfarçar furar mirar prefixar segurar vigorar
catalogar disparatar furtar misturar pregar selar vincular
cativar dispersar galhofar modelar preguiçar serrar vindimar
causar distanciar galopar moldar premiar silenciar violentar
cegar ditongar gangrenar movimentar prensar sinistrar vitimar
celebrar dobrar gelar murar principiar socar vitoriar
censurar documentar glosar murchar privilegiar socorrer vomitar
centrar domesticar governar muscular profanar sofismar votar
cercar domiciliar gozar namorar programar soldar zangar
Annex 3
alvorecer alardear agudizar escalpelizar hierarquizar imobilizar internacionalizar
amarelecer altear alfabetizar escandalizar hifenizar imortalizar inutilizar
escurecer arquear atualizar especializar higienizar impermeabilizar ironizar
obscurecer espingardear agonizar escravizar homogeneizar imunizar oficializar
estrondear alcoolizar estabilizar horrorizar incompatibilizar organizar
alvejar ombrear amenizar esterilizar hospitalizar individualizar urbanizar
arejar ondear americanizar estigmatizar hostilizar industrializar utilizar
azulejar hastear antipatizar eternizar humanizar infantilizar
autorizar exteriorizar idealizar infernizar
economizar harmonizar imbecilizar interiorizar

favorecer balear banalizar regularizar

fortalecer bambear brutalizar responsabilizar
humedecer banquetear canalizar rivalizar
robustecer baratear canonizar ruborizar
barbear capitalizar satirizar
bafejar basear caracterizar sensibilizar
cravejar bombear categorizar simbolizar
festejar branquear celebrizar simpatizar
fraquejar bronzear centralizar sinalizar
gaguejar cabecear civilizar sincronizar
gotejar casear colonizar singularizar
gracejar chalacear compatibilizar socializar
pestanejar chatear concretizar solenizar
praguejar chicotear cristalizar sonorizar
rastejar clarear dicionarizar suavizar
rumorejar coxear dinamizar superiorizar
travejar custear divinizar suscetibilizar
varejar falsear docilizar teatralizar
velejar florear familiarizar teorizar
versejar folhear favorizar tiranizar
galantear fertilizar tranquilizar
golpear finalizar trivializar
guerrear fiscalizar urbanizar
lisonjear flexibilizar utilizar
nomear formalizar valorizar
nortear fossilizar vaporizar
pentear legalizar verbalizar
piratear liberalizar vitalizar
planear localizar vulgarizar
pratear magnetizar
preguear martirizar
presentear materializar
relancear mineralizar
rodear mobilizar
sapatear modernizar
saquear moralizar
sarabandear nacionalizar
saracotear nasalizar
serpentear naturalizar
sombrear neutralizar
sortear normalizar
tourear notabilizar
vaguear organizar
ziguezaguear particularizar
pasteurizar
penalizar
polarizar
popularizar
profetizar
quotizar
racionalizar
realizar
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