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Best Practice Job Analysis Techniques
Best Practice Job Analysis Techniques
1. Introduction 1
7. A final word 17
Glossary 18
SHL services 19
References 20
Further reading 21
1. Introduction
1
All terms in italics are described in the Glossary at the back of the booklet.
Examples
Job as it is at the moment: Employees are
constantly on the phone to branches, taking
down current sales figures, collating them and
reporting the results. Job analysis based on
the status quo would show Oral
Communication is an essential competency.
The most commonly used job analysis technique 2.1 The multi-method approach
is to talk to someone who is currently doing the
job and to consult existing documents, such as It is now generally recognised that a multi-method
Job Descriptions and Person Specifications. approach is needed to do justice to the richness of
most jobs. This is because, as mentioned before,
However, over the past 20 years, there has been the dividing line between Job, Worker and
an increasing awareness that the process should Behaviour oriented analyses is not clear, and
be based on something more rigorous and using several sources of job analysis methods
systematic. In this time, a number of different draws on all these types of information. This also
approaches to job analysis have been developed. allows the user to select the data which best fits
The ways in which they differ are: their chosen application.
• How it is analysed
Many techniques have been used with varying Training requirement: How much training is
success for analysing jobs (for a review see needed and available?
Dunnette [1976], Gael [1987], or Ghorpade [1988]).
In answer to the question as to which technique is Sample size: How many respondents does a
best, as with most things, there is no ideal method need for reliable results?
approach. Research by Levine et al. (1983) has
pointed out 11 practical issues that need to be Reliability: Will a method give results that
considered prior to using a particular method: are consistent?
Operational status: Has the method been tested Cost: What are the costs of a method in
and refined sufficiently? materials, consultancy, training and
person hours?
Availability: Is it available off the shelf?
Quality of outcome: Will a method yield high
Occupational versatility: Is it suitable for quality results, e.g. legally defensible?
analysing a variety of jobs?
Time to completion: How many calendar days will
Standardisation: Is it possible to compare the data collection and analysis take?
your results with others that have been
found elsewhere? The remainder of section 3 lists some of the
most effective job analysis methods; however
User acceptability: Is the method acceptable to the most appropriate blend of these will inevitably
the respondents? depend upon the ultimate objective of the job
analysis project.
Example incident (to be investigated The benefit of this approach is that it consults the
more thoroughly) line managers, and asks them in a structured way
“When I was working a Saturday night shift I to consider the qualities of actual people who
had to pacify and negotiate with a group of have performed the target job in the past.
young men who came into the restaurant
drunk. They started to be abusive to other
Example construct (to be investigated
staff and customers complaining about the
more thoroughly)
service they were receiving. I had to
intervene, calm the situation down, and “Jane and Jean prepare by reading and
discuss the problems with them. In the end planning before divisional meetings. Peter
all of the group paid for their meals and left relies on thinking on his feet, and his
without further upset.” contributions are usually not as useful.”
One of the most common modern uses of job 4.2 Data integration
analysis information is in the generation of
competencies that define the behaviours, skills The information from these techniques is then
and abilities that an individual needs to display combined, by distilling it down to the key themes
for effective performance within a role. An (competencies) for the role. There are no
example of this process, and some tools that can hard-and-fast rules for competency generation
be used, is given in this section. that can be applied in all situations. Instead it
depends upon the judgement of the job analyst
who understands the purpose of the analysis, the
4.1 Data collection role being analysed and the techniques involved.
SHL tends to use a combination of four of the
methods mentioned earlier: In order to be most useful, a set of competencies
will usually need to be:
Visionary Interviews, Repertory Grid, Critical
Incidents and The Work Profiling System.
Manageable: Too many competencies will tend to
This method has the advantage of capturing
become unwieldy and inefficient.
different types of job information from a variety
of perspectives.
Defined behaviourally: They should be defined in
terms of identifiable behaviours as opposed to
desired outcomes, e.g. they need to be specific
and observable.
The accuracy and validity of the job analysis 5.2 The purpose of the job analysis
information obtained may be maximised by
giving some detailed consideration to the What is the purpose of the job analysis? This may
following issues. sound obvious, but answering this simple question
helps to identify appropriate data collection
techniques and appropriate information sources
5.1 The role of the job analyst (i.e. participants).
The role of the job analyst is easily taken for
granted, and this can lead to problems. Effective For instance, if the purpose of the job analysis is
analysts should: to anticipate the competencies for a job that
currently does not exist, it would be inappropriate
• Be properly trained in job analysis techniques to ask current employees to participate, as they
are unlikely to know much about the new job
• Have a working knowledge of the organisation activities. Instead, the job analyst might seek out
and the job in question the persons responsible for designing the new job.
This may include human resources staff,
• Have good interpersonal skills consultants or human factors engineers, or staff
who will be providing training in the new job.
• Be comfortable working as a group facilitator.
• Use plenty of open questions during interviews In interview-based techniques there is naturally a
certain element of probing and questioning, such
• Don’t be nervous about asking “naive” that validation is an integral part of the process.
questions, especially regarding technical However, with structured questionnaires the
vocabulary or company jargon analyst may not be involved in the completion
process, and so it is important to validate the
• Be sure to ask for clarification. information collected.
It is reasonable to foresee the following trends • The use of job analysis data to identify job
in the field of job analysis in the not too families based upon skill and temperament
distant future: requirements. In the past, jobs were grouped
by the tasks or functions performed, but as the
• Continued refinements of computer-based rate of job change and the mobility of workers
systems for aiding the job analysis process. within an organisation continues to increase, it
These include computerised job analysis data may become more efficient to group jobs by
collection questionnaires, report printing competencies rather than by work outcomes
packages and sophisticated statistical
integration and analysis programs. This should • The use of job analysis data to identify not
make the job analysis process provide more only job relevant skills, e.g. reading but also the
information, of a better quality and more appropriate skill levels. Many job analysis
quickly, which will help make the whole activity methods only identify the need for a skills, e.g.
more cost effective reading, rather than the specific level required
by a job, e.g. reading at “level B” or
• Increased use of well documented job analysis “moderately complex”
information as a defence against claims of
unfair practice at work. As Equal Opportunities, • Improved links between job analysis
Race Relations and Redundancy case law information and human resources applications.
develops, so too will the use of structured job This includes improved Person-Job-Match to
analysis techniques as a means of designing identify “gaps” in a person’s competency
and auditing human resource procedures profile, which can be used to identify
at work development areas or used in pre-employment
screening. It also includes applying job analysis
• The further development of job analysis data to design skill-based compensation
questionnaires in languages other than English systems, performance management systems,
succession planning projects and organisational
• The increased use of job analysis based re-engineering initiatives. Visionary and
“competencies” as the standard unit of currency strategic job analysis are critical under
within an organisation (or an occupation). these circumstances.
Targeted selection, development, appraisal
initiatives and ERP systems, e.g. SAP,
PeopleSoft etc. at work are consistent with
this approach
Whilst it is generally agreed that a thorough job Information arising from a job analysis should
analysis should provide the foundation for any only be used to describe a job, and not as a way of
assessment or development project, it is evaluating the performance of any of the
important to be aware that jobs are not static individuals whose views have been used in the
entities. Jobs are constantly developing in analysis.
response to the multitude of changes that are
going on in an organisation at any one time. These guidelines should serve as a useful addition
Therefore, job analysis information should not be to a personnel practitioner’s library, but they
regarded as permanent, and should be revisited should not be seen as any substitute for formal
when appropriate. training in the application of the techniques which
have been mentioned.
It is also important that information arising from a
job analysis should always be interpreted in context These guidelines were prepared by Ian Newcombe
by appropriately trained individuals, and it must and James Bywater.
be treated as confidential.
Content validity: The behavioural domain of a Psychometric tests: The process of collecting a
job; that is, can be rationally related to the standardised sample of behaviour which can be
activities which make up the job. measured by a scale or category system.
Face validity: The extent to which an instrument Reliability: The extent to which a measure
appears to be measuring what it claims to produces consistent scores over time.
measure.
SHL is committed to maintaining high standards in SHL can provide a professional contribution in the
all aspects of assessment and development work, following areas:
and views job analysis as the essential precursor to
this type of work to maximise its effectiveness and • Job analysis to define competencies for a
fairness. Clients that have used our services in this current job
area in the past include representatives from the
following sectors: • Job analysis to define competencies for a
future job
Sectors
• Job analysis as a basis for Assessment or
Aerospace Leisure Development Centres
Banking Local Authorities
• Job analysis based test development and
Brewing Manufacturing
validation
Building Societies Media
Catering Petrochemical • International job analysis projects
Energy Pharmaceutical
• Training in job analysis on a public or in-house
Engineering Retail
basis
Health Service Telecommunications
Information Tobacco • Joint projects which allow client personnel to
Technology Transport observe a consultant conducting data
Insurance collection
R. Ash, E. Levine et al. (1980), Exploratory comparative study of four job analysis methods. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 64, 51 - 56.
M Dunnette (1976), The Handbook of Industrial and Organisational Psychology - Chicago: Rand McNally.
S. Gael (ed.) (1987), The Job Analysis Handbook For Business, Industry and Government - John Wiley
and Sons (1987).
J. V. Ghorpade (1988), Job Analysis: A Handbook for the Human Resource Director - Prentice Hall.
E. Levine, R. Ash et al. (1983), Evaluation of job analysis methods by experienced job analysts.
Academy of Management Journal, 26, 339-348.
Thompson E. E, and Thompson T.A. (1982), Court standards for job analysis in test validation.
Personnel Psychology, 35, 865-874.
Fairness in Selecting Employees. Second Edition. Arvey and Faley - Addison-Wesley (1994).
Fit for the Job. People Management IPD. T. Keenan. (25 May 2000).
Job Analysis - A Practitioner’s View. J. Spencer. Guidance And Assessment Review - British
Psychological Society (1989).
SHL Guidelines for Best Practice in the Use of Personnel Selection Tests. SHL (2000).
SHL Guidelines for Best Practice in Testing People with Disabilities. SHL (2000).
Strategic Job Analysis. Human Resource Management. B. Schneider and A.M. Konz. (1989).
Strategic Job Analysis: What will it take to run a post office in 2000 AD? Occupational Psychology
Conference Book of Proceedings. G. Tinline, S. Carroll, M. Hodgson. (1988).
The Job Analysis Handbook for Business, Industry and Government. Edited by S. Gael - John Wiley and
Sons (1987).
The Power of Job Analysis. Richard J. Mirabile - Training 27 (4), (April 1990).
The Practice of Competency Modelling. Personnel Psychology. J. Shippman, R. Ash, M. Battista, L. Carr,
L. Eyde, B. Hesketh, J. Kehoe, K. Pearlman, E. Prien (2000).
Towards Fair Selection - A Survey of Test Practice and Thirteen Case Studies. H. Baron, R. Wood -
Commission For Racial Equality (1993).
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